著者

西村 友 鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.136-138, 2006-03-01

被引用文献数

3

著者

小山 義徳

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.559-568, 2011-12-01

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This study examined relation between English listening, working memory capacity and serial information processing skill. English passages were presented word by word to Japanese university students (<I>N</I>=22) to measure serial information processing skill, and to examine its role in English listening comprehension in relation to working memory capacity. The result of this study showed that even learners with high capacity of working memory perform poorly on listening comprehension test, if they have low serial information processing skill. Working memory capacity measured by the reading span test is not a good predictor of L2 listening comprehension, and found that the participants' serial information processing skill is a possible variable that influences L2 listening comprehension. This study showed the need for continued investigation on L2 listening comprehension from the perspective of serial information processing.

著者

冨田 隆 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.4, pp.501-515, 2002-12-01

被引用文献数

2

著者

川合 伸幸

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.455-461, 2007-09

著者

横澤 一彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.2_64-2_82, 1994 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

33

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Visual search tasks to discover target in distractors are used for performance test of early vision. Fast and spatially parallel detection is taken as evidence that features in question are coded early in the visual process. Targets that are defined by conjunctions of features are usually found through a serial process of checking and rejecting distractors. The search time increases linearly with the number of distractors, suggesting that attention must be focused to each item in turn in order to conjoin features. Based on these recent studies of visual search, a model of visual attention is proposed. It is assumed that a visual image is encoded in a multi-resolution pyramid and attention function selects a sampling area from the pyramid. The function, guided by top-down and bottom-up mechanisms, give priority to sampling. New sampling is reconstructed by combining with previous samplings so that the reconstruction is as visually recognizable as possible at any moment. A computer simulation of the model produces the same general characteristics as human.

著者

内海 彰

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.352-359, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

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This paper presents cognitive/computational models of rhetoric I have proposed: an affective-similarity-based model of metaphor comprehension and an implicit-display-theoretic model of irony interpretation. This paper also mentions poetic/aesthetic effects of metaphor and irony evoked through the interpretation process.

著者

山梨 正明

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.571-573, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

著者

金井 明人 小玉 愛実

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.444-458, 2010-09-01

被引用文献数

1

著者

内海 彰 金井 明人

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.233-235, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

被引用文献数

1

著者

永井 由佳里

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.185-191, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

8

著者

石井 成郎 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.4, pp.469-485, 2003-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

6

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We investigated, through a cognitive psychological experiment and its protocol analysis, experts' and novices' interactive process between the mental operation by which participants considered their ideas and the external operations by which they actually produced physical objects in creative activity. In our experiment, the participants were required to build toy robots with creative features with LEGO Mindstorms. The experimental results showed that the experts could create work that fulfilled both high originality and practicality simultaneously. Moreover, the following four points were confirmed as characteristics of the experts' creative process: (1) the experts globally considered their initial ideas, (2) the experts predicted and considered their ideas by focusing on various aspects of important viewpoints, (3) the experts reconstructed their ideas more actively, and (4) the experts reconstructed their ideas by considering comprehensively the relationship among the elements constructing their plans.

著者

長岡 千賀 小森 政嗣

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.24-38, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3

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The present research brings insight into listener's responses in psychotherapeutic counseling and advice sessions, as well as temporal changes in these responses. Four 50-minute counseling sessions were analyzed, of which two were negatively evaluated and two were positively evaluated (high evaluation counseling). In addition, two 50-minute ordinary advice sessions between two high school teachers and the clients from the high evaluation group were analyzed. All sessions represented role-playing. Three judges labeled the listeners' utterances into (a) utterances starting with an answer to the speaker's questions, (b) utterances starting with back-channels, (c) utterances starting with laughter, and (d) others. The results indicated that (a) and (c) are rather rare in counseling, and (b) occurs at a higher rate in counseling, as compared to advise sessions. Further, the occurrence of (b) and (d) in the two high evaluation counseling cases showed a similar time-series pattern, and this pattern corresponded to the time-series pattern of body movement synchrony. This pattern suggested a temporal structure in counseling sessions, that involves processes of counselor's understanding of the client and the client's changes.

著者

秋元 頼孝 邑本 俊亮

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.292-302, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

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The present study aims to verify whether the perception of irony occurs after pragmatic insincerity is detected from the speaker's perspective or from the listener's egocentric perspective. Under the manipulation of shared common ground (CG) between the listener who had ironic environment and the speaker, effects of cognitive load on irony comprehension were explored. In Experiment 1, participants read passage and rated the degree of perceived irony with⁄without cognitive load. In Experiment 2, participants also had to judge whether the utterance was irony or not as quickly as possible. On low-CG condition, cognitive load increased the degree of perceived irony (Experiment 1) and decreased the reaction time of irony judgment (Experiment 2). These results showed that participants didn't inhibit the unintended ironical meaning because they were unable to consider common ground under cognitive load. On high-CG condition, cognitive load affected neither the degree of perceived irony nor the reaction time of irony judgment. It was suggested that listeners initiate the processing of ironical meaning when they notice the pragmatic insincerity from their egocentric perspective, not when they recognize it from the speaker's perspective.

著者

南 哲人 乾 敏郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.149-157, 2002-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1

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The major function of prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known as working memory, which retains relevant information on-line. Rao et al. (1997) found neurons contributing to both object and spatial working memory. However, its mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we propose a neural network model of working memory in order to shed light on the mechanism. Our model has two input streams and can cope with the task in which two kinds of information have to be retained at the same time. We simulated some physiological results with this model. As a result, we could simulate temporal activity patterns of the neuron responding to both object and location information as shown in Rao et al. (1997). And we considered domain-specificity by constructing three architectures of neural networks and the physiological results could be simulated best by no-domain specificity model. This result suggests that there should be no domain-specificity in PF working memory.

著者

三宅 なほみ 三宅 芳雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.372-376, 2010-06-01

被引用文献数

2

著者

駒崎 久明 楠見 孝 繁桝 算男

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.97-107, 1998-12-01

被引用文献数

8

著者

福田 玄明 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.64-78, 2011-03-01

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

3

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It is thought that we can discriminate between animate and inanimate things. This ability is called animacy perception. Our discrimination between animate and inanimate things is considered to be an important ability for our social cognition, because animacy perception is assumed to serve as a foundation for considering objects as others that have their own goals, intentions and&frasl;or emotions. We investigated neural mechanism underlying animacy perception using a real animate thing (turtle) and an inanimate thing (robot) in this study. As far as we know, brain activity related to animacy perception in the course of approaching a real animate thing has not been investigated. In experiment 1, we compared Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) when participants performed reaching actions for the animate thing (animate condition) with those when they performed reaching actions for the inanimate thing (inanimate condition). We found that the amplitude of ERPs in left infero-frontal region, which is said to correspond to mirror system, was significantly higher in the animate condition than in the inanimate condition. Moreover, we found more significant mu suppression in the animate condition than in the inanimate condition, which is said to be an evidence of the activation of mirror system. These results suggest that mirror system is related to animacy perception. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to observe an object, either of the animate thing or the inanimate thing, which was covered in a box so that they could not judge by appearance what it was and to answer whether they felt it as animate or inanimate. We compared ERPs when they performed reaching actions for the objects that they felt as animate with those when they performed reaching actions for the objects that they felt as inanimate. As well as in Experiment 1, we found that the amplitude of ERPs in left infero-frontal region was significantly higher in the former condition than in the latter one. In conjunction with the results in Experiment 1, this result suggests that the activation of mirror system takes a role in subjective attribution of animacy to objects.

著者

阿部 慶賀

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.231-240, 2009 (Released:2010-06-21)

参考文献数

18

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Previous studies (Frank, 1988; Toda, 1992) have shown the sense of unfairness to be an adaptive module within social environments. While adaptive modules can function effectively in practical contexts, they can be obstacles to solving insight problems (Knoblich, 1999; Hiraki & Suzuki, 1998; Abe & Nakagawa, 2007).   The purpose of this study is to test the effects of the sense of unfairness on problem solving. We hypothesize that the sense of unfairness will make it difficult to find the correct answer for this problem.To that aim, the ‘Transportation expenses problem’ is employed, which is a kind of insight problem with a social context.  In order to investigate our hypothesis, we asked participants to solve the problem. The results indicated that the participants did not make a correct and unfair response but a fair and incorrect one. Furthermore, we compare solution rates for the standard ‘Transportation expenses problem’ problem with isomorphic problems that do not involve need to think about unfairness. The results indicate that the solution rates for the isomorphic problems were higher than for the standard version of the problem. The results are supportive of our hypothesis.  The results of experiments suggest that the sense of unfairness interferes with the problem solving.In particular, it changes weight of each choice participants can select.

著者

仁科 繁明 乾 敏郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.4, pp.432-443, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

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Two major problems in human object recognition are how we recognize objects from various viewpoints and how we memorize the shape of many objects. View-based object recognition theories have proposed that viewpoint independent recognition can be achieved by obtaining a certain number of views of an object. These theories do not involve the use of 3-dimensional information. In our previous research, however, we showed that the 3-dimensional structural information of objects could be utilized for recognition if enough time is available. The generalization from a familiar view to unknown views improved after trials only under the long reaction time conditions. According to the results, we supposed that there are two kinds of modules that compare the internal representation of objects and the input images. One is a 2-dimensional module that simply matches the images, and the other is a 3-dimensional module that involves transformation between relatively far viewpoints.In this study, we first showed that 3-dimensional complexity of the objects affects the generalization range. The effect was seen only under the long reaction time conditions. This result strongly supports the above hypothesis. In the second part of this study, we replicated our previous result that the generalization range was broadened as a subject becomes more familiar with objects. And we found that the improvement mainly depends on familiarity with each category of objects rather than each object itself. These results cannot be explained by purely view-based theories which are modeled simply with the GRBF (Generalized Radial Basis Functions) network or its derivations, because in such theories each view of each object is independently acquired.

著者

山崎 由美子 小川 昭利 入來 篤史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.366-377, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

9

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Researchers studying symmetry, one of the requirements for establishing stimulus equivalence, have contrasted inferences made by human and nonhuman animals and suggested that inference in each animal species is determined by several biological factors developed in the course of the evolution of a given species. This paper reviews the relevant experimental studies with human and nonhuman animals, including studies of young children, individuals with developmental disabilities, and nonhuman mammals. This work indicates that developmental, ethological, and behavioral factors are closely related to produce symmetry. In searching for the neural factors of symmetry, evidence from fMRI studies suggests that brain activity associated with equivalence relationships occurs in the processing of stimuli with or without temporal order. Thus, further research on the processing of temporal-spatial factors of stimuli is needed in both human and nonhuman animals. A detailed analysis of human subjects failing to establish equivalence relationships, and of nonhuman animals performing prerequisites for symmetry, such as identity matching and matching by exclusion, is crucial for understanding the biological origins of symmetry inferences.