著者

乾 敏郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.2_5-2_20, 1995-05-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

39

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The topic of information integration in the brain is discussed at three levels of explanation: computational theory, representation and algorithm, and implementation. We initially discuss how outputs of early vision modules are integrated into one unique representation: a 21/2D sketch. In this problem Bayesian estimation framework is useful to explain many psychophysical data obtained by a cue-conflict paradigm. A method on how to construct a stable visual world through body and eye movements is presented next. Outputs from different modalities are integrated for space constancy. Several recent physiological data support multiple-coordinated-reference-frames view, the notion being that as the body moves relative to external space, the brain updates these different frames of reference and remaps their relationship to each other. Finally, we discuss information integration in shape perception and visual selection. In this section, two new hypotheses for information integration are introduced: principal component analysis (KL-expansion) and integrated competition.

著者

野村 亮太 岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.226-244, 2014

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How do expert storytelling artists captivate audiences with a single performance? In<br/> study 1, we observed the eyeblink responses of expertized 7 of 20 audience members<br/> (10 male and 10 female, aged 16 to 67 years; <i>M </i>=40<i>.</i>6, <i>SD </i>=16<i>.</i>4) at the performance<br/> of two professional story-telling Rakugo artists. With using a surrogate data method,<br/>the statistically significant synchronization of eyeblinks among audience members was<br/> detected when performers changed scenes and characters and immediately after the<br/> performer delivered words essential to the understanding of the story. In study 2, we<br/> conducted a laboratory experiment with 32 (19 male and 13 female) participants aged<br/> 20 to 34 years (<i>M </i>=22<i>.</i>56, <i>SD </i>=2<i>.</i>85) to examine whether the expertise of the story-<br/>teller affected the frequency and intensity of synchronization of eyeblinks by recording<br/> each participant's eyeblinks. The synchronization of eyeblinks was also detected in this<br/> study that each participant viewed videotapes alone, which eliminated potential au-<br/>dience interaction. The participants who were assigned to the watching a videotaped<br/> performance of an expert storyteller displayed frequent synchronized eyeblinks and had<br/> a higher score of transportation into the narrative world of Rakugo compared to those<br/> were assigned to watch a videotaped performance of a novice. These results imply<br/> that expert performers gain a listener's unintentional process of attention as well as<br/> somatic-emotional responses, evidenced by synchronized eyeblinks.

著者

鈴木 宏昭 高木 光太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.4, pp.403-406, 2012-12-01 (Released:2014-10-31)

参考文献数

20

著者

西山 佑司

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1_135-1_140, 1994-05-20 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

11

著者

三藤 博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.2_86-2_89, 1994-11-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

14

著者

鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.212-224, 2001-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper reviews the history of cognitive studies on thinking from the dynamical point of view. In the early 1970s, researchers employed the formal approach to thinking where its processes were modeled as applications of domain-independent formal rules. However, in the 1980s, various studies revealed that human thinking is best characterized as a knowledge dependent process. Although knowledge plays critical roles, this approach had difficulties in dealing with flexible use of knowledge, its origin, and interaction with the external environment. In the 1990s, dynamics of thinking is more and more a topic within the scope of cognitive science, by virtue of biological approaches such as cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and extended connectionism, as well as the research on analogy, creative thinking and scientific reasoning. Finally, methodological issues to further develop the dynamical approach are discussed.

著者

小方 孝 内海 彰 森田 均 潟沼 潤

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.307-310, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

9

著者

牧岡 省吾

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.4, pp.721-722, 2008 (Released:2010-04-23)

参考文献数

2

著者

酒井 正明 齋藤 洋典 白石 知子 井藤 寛志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.433-447, 2009 (Released:2010-09-10)

参考文献数

14

---

Designers are expected to create beautiful and functional products. Based on a concept of user-friendliness, users expect to understand functions mounted on a product without special knowledge and experience with the manipulation of the designers' real product, while usability of products is measured in terms of users' observation and manipulation. The purpose of this study was to focus on users' observation and to examine whether users can correctly understand functions of a designed product (digital sphygmomanometers), regardless of their medical knowledge, without manipulation. We conducted two experiments to test whether users, regardless of their expert knowledge, elicit high marks in the function-estimation task as well as in the beauty-evaluation task. Two groups of students with or without nursing education were asked to estimate functions and evaluate beauty of two types of digital sphygmomanometer (an old design model and its new model redesigned) based solely on the observation of the products' pictures without manipulating the real products. The results indicated that the two groups of participants showed higher correct responses to the old type than the new type in the function-estimation task, while they showed higher evaluations of the new type than the old type in the beauty-evaluation task. In particular, the results of nursing students in the function-estimation task indicated that medical knowledge in the nursing group did not contribute to the correct estimation of the operation procedure for the new model. These results suggest that designer's efforts for the new model were successful in production of beauty but were not successful in production of perceptive functionality under the present observation condition without manipulation of the real products. We discussed these results based on a framework of co-existence of beauty and functionality in the designers' work.

著者

浜田 秀

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.319-326, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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Represented by story grammar, the conventional analysis with a cognitive science approach regarded narratives as a process in which the character solved problems. This idea was invoked by folklore narratives and is insufficient for a display of narrative structures. With the idea that three conditions compose narratives in general—that are, 1) actual temporality, 2) flow of time, and 3) detachment from the narrator, this paper aimed to show that narratives are comprised of four layers: speech, foreground and background, and comment. As for the background, there are two types that exist: the microscopic type which magnifies the process part of motion, and the macroscopic type which compresses multiple events and presents them as a whole. Furthermore, to explain that these four layers are in figure and ground relationships with each other, and reflect these layers linearly onto discourse, recognition of presence of specific border expressions for each borderline is described.

著者

市川 伸一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.183-189, 2001-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

被引用文献数

1

著者

羽尻 公一郎 岡田 美智男 小川 均

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.3, pp.3_87-3_99, 1998-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

16

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Incremental production has been a recent topic in language production studies. There are several levels in the sentence production process, such as the conceptual level, syntactic formulation level, phonetic formulation level, and so on. In incremental sentence production frameworks, a fragmental, incomplete segment can trigger a part of the sentence production process. For example, since an input to the syntactic formulator may be lacking case information on the noun to be produced, the syntactic formulator must complete the missing case information in order to produce an utterance incrementally. Furthermore, if the completed information causes inconsistency with the actual case information to be supplied later, the syntactic formulator must somehow dissolve this inconsistency. To examine how these processes are done in human sentence production, we conducted psycholinguistic experiments on incremental sentence production. Consequently, we found that the completion of missing case information is performed in a regular way, where a nominative case is assigned to the leftmost element in the sentence, and that the dissolving of inconsistency is done by means of passive voice construction or self-repair.

著者

羽尻 公一郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.376-383, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

25

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A consideration on the extreme north literary text has been done in this paper. Based on the mathematical proof and other theoretical deduction, here the incompleteness of the autonomous generation of the extreme north literary text has been shown. The extreme north literary text has much similarity to the production of it within a cognitive process, however, it is not in today's computation from the axiomatic definition of it. Moreover, general text generation within computation is far more difficult than the extreme north literary text. Thus, it is obvious that general text generation is impossible by the today's computation. As an alternation, the other computation based on circular structure and function has been proposed. Moreover, the alt-computation might be a breakthrough to this incompleteness issue. For constructing a complete language performance system is the final and the most integrative problem for A. I., this proposition might be not only the milestone of the language system study, but also of the fundamental A. I. study.

著者

土倉 英志

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.155-172, 2014

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Many cognitive scientists have studied people's use of tools and artifacts, in other<br> words, resources. However, there are two features of resources that have not been ad-<br>dressed by cognitive scientists. The first is the configuration of resources. Resources<br> do not exist scatteredly; they exist in an order. Actions are organized in accordance<br> with the order of resources. Therefore, it is important to consider the configuration of<br> resources when studying people's actions in everyday life. The second feature that has<br> not been addressed is that people arrange resources in their environment to conduct<br> everyday life and work well. To clarify the features supporting everyday life based on<br> these two points, I believe that it is important to examine the adjusted relationship<br> between actions and resources and its attendant developmental processes. Therefore, I<br> propose a perspective called the development of functional systems. Functional systems<br> consist of actions and resources; the relationship between actions and resources adjust<br> as time progresses. I call this process of change in the relationship between actions and<br> resources the development of functional systems. Based on this proposal, I examine the<br> theme of human agency, learning, and child development from the perspective of the<br> development of functional systems. At the end, I discuss the limitations of this paper<br> and suggest directions for future research.

著者

上野 直樹 ソーヤー りえこ 茂呂 雄二

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.173-186, 2014

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According to the viewpoint of this paper, artifacts can be regarded as a socio-<br>technological arrangement. Further, agency is not independent from a socio-<br>technological arrangement but is something emerging from a socio-technological ar-<br>rangement, while agency has traditionally been defined as a human capacity of having<br> needs and preferences and of seeing possible actions. If so, the design of an artifact is<br> not the design of a single artifact but the design of a socio-technological arrangement<br> and of agency. Thus, in this paper, first of all, we attempt concretely to analyze the<br> design of an artifact as that of socio-technological arrangement, based on our field-<br>works concerning the cases of open data and integrated learning. Second, we show how<br> agency emerges from a socio-technological arrangement, also based on our fieldworks.<br> Third, we propose some viewpoints for designing artifacts dependent on the first and<br> the second analysis.

著者

清水 大地 岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.240-243, 2012-06-01

著者

関 博紀

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.204-223, 2013-06-01

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This study attempted to describe detailed observations of the actual process of ar-<br>chitectural design, which have been performed by a professional architect in Japan.<br> The observations were made on the basis of two surveys: a document survey and an<br> interview survey. The following results were obtained.<br> First, a proposal was composed of multiple modifications that emerged simultane-<br>ously under the different constraints. Second, the emergence of one modification could<br> lead to another, which was called the 'linkage between modifications'. Third, the link-<br>age was observed not only at the level of the modifications, such as 'making the ceiling<br> form like steps' to the next modification 'changing the ceiling height', but also at the<br> level of proposals which were made at intervals of few days. The linkage at the proposal<br> level, which was called the 'coupling of the modifications', tended to include qualitative developments. <br> These results show that understanding the activities involved in architectural design<br> can be one method to pick-up and realise the potentialities of developing architectures<br> that are intrinsic to the building site and not merely a reflection of the architects '<br>aesthetics,self-centredness or calculating activities. This issue might be worth dis-<br>cussing in connection with the concept of 'dwelling perspective', which was presented<br> in anthropology with an ecological perspective by Tim Ingold (2001).

著者

伊東 昌子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.287-296, 2010 (Released:2010-12-17)

参考文献数

39

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This study investigated effects of sentence-final particle “no$rdquo; on sentence memory in order to clarify whether the non-referential function of “no$rdquo; could trigger fortuitous interaction in discourse. Sentence-final particle “no$rdquo; has two basic functions in terms of a local chain of communication. One is to imply a message sender's vague commitment to the utterance. The other is to imply awaiting the receiver's involvement in the unsettlement. Based on psychological studies on memory, it was predicted that the both functions of “no$rdquo; would promote memory by awaking receivers' attention in comparison with declarative sentences. In experiment 1 each of twenty simple sentences was visually presented one by one and read aloud in either declarative sentence or adding “no$rdquo; sentence. In experiment 2 a mixed list of ten declarative and ten adding “no$rdquo; sentences was visually presented one by one and read aloud. The results of the two experiments showed that the sentence-final “no$rdquo; sentences were significantly more memorized than the declarative ones. In experiment 3 sentence-final “yo$rdquo; was used in order to examine other sentence-final particle could influence on memory. The “yo$rdquo; implies a message sender's clear commitment to the utterance that specifies a new plot. The result showed that the “yo$rdquo; did not have any effect on memory.

著者

石黒 千晶 岡田 猛

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.90-111, 2013-03-01

被引用文献数

1

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The creation of a work of art is indicated to result from <i>expressive awareness</i>,achieved<br> as the artist matches images and methods. This study examined how novices, who tend<br> to produce artistic expressions reproductively, acquire such <i>expressive awareness </i>over<br> several weeks of practice of photography. We conducted case studies with two con-<br>ditions: 1) one participant took photographs and reflected on her own work; 2) one<br> participant imitated eminent works of creative expression in the domain and reflected<br> on her own work. The results showed that the participants acquired <i>expressive aware-<br>ness </i>in both conditions, but the scope of the <i>expressive awareness </i>was different. The<br> participant who practiced only reflection on her own work started to focus on precise<br> methods of expression, while the participant who practiced imitation as well as reflec-<br>tion started to produce creative expressions and tried consciously to control her creative<br> processes. The findings of this study are potentially useful for developing educational<br> practice in art schools.

著者

北野 旦浩 今井 章

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.670-680, 2010 (Released:2011-03-08)

参考文献数

14

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This study investigated the effects of domain-specific geographical and meteorological knowledges and general visual-spatial abilities on the comprehension of simple weather maps. Thirty participants with low meteorological knowledge and 16 with high knowledge, were both administered tests of geographical and meteorological knowledges, four kinds of visual-spatial abilities, and the task of weather map comprehension. The results indicated that the participants having high meteorological knowledge generally showed better performance at both of the meteorological test and the task of weather map comprehension than participants having low knowledge. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the total score and the basic-level score of the task of weather map comprehension were explained by the meteorological knowledge about 46% and 31%, respectively. Additionally flexibility of closure as the one of the general visual-spatial abilities, together with the meteorological knowledge, contributed 58% to the advanced-level score of the task of weather map comprehension. For the low knowledge participants, speed of closure was significantly important to resolve the task of weather map comprehension. It is suggested that the meteorological knowledge is crucially important, and the flexibility of closure may aid, for the comprehension of simple weather map.