著者

Sota Koeda Kosuke Sato Kenichi Tomi Yoshiyuki Tanaka Rihito Takisawa Munetaka Hosokawa Motoaki Doi Tetsuya Nakazaki Akira Kitajima

出版者

園芸学会

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CH-105, (Released:2014-05-10)

被引用文献数

3 19

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‘No.80’ (Capsicum chinense) from the Caribbean is a valuable genetic source from the aspect of its non-pungent and highly aromatic traits. In the present study, the non-pungency, volatile components, and phylogenetic origin of ‘No.80’ were analyzed with another C. chinense cultivar, ‘No.2’ from Brazil, which is also non-pungent but less aromatic. Expressions and deduced amino acid sequences of acyltransferase (Pun1) of ‘No.80’ and ‘No.2’ were normal compared with a pungent cultivar, ‘Habanero’. Insertions of 7-bp and 8-bp resulting in frameshift mutations were found in the coding regions of putative aminotransferase (p-AMT) of ‘No.80’ and ‘No.2’, respectively. Co-segregation of these insertions with the non-pungent phenotypes in F1 and F2 populations obtained from crossing ‘No.80’ or ‘No.2’ with ‘Habanero’ suggested that non-pungency in these cultivars arose from genetic mutations of p-AMT that occurred independently. Moreover, molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that ‘No.80’, a close relative of ‘No.2’, originates from capsicums migrated from the South American mainland. In addition to pungency, we assessed the volatile components of the highly aromatic ‘No.80’, the less aromatic ‘No.2’, and their F1 hybrid using gas chromatography. ‘No.80’ contained higher levels of aroma-contributing volatiles than ‘No.2’, which correlated with the stronger and weaker aromas of two cultivars. Further, the fruit of F1 progenies emitted a number of volatile compounds between or higher than their corresponding parents. Based on these results, the approaches for breeding highly aromatic non-pungent cultivars are discussed.

著者

Tadahisa Higashide Akimasa Nakano Ken-ichiro Yasuba

出版者

園芸学会

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CH-048, (Released:2014-05-09)

被引用文献数

2 19

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To improve the yield of a Japanese tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar and determine how fruit yield changes as a result of grafting, we investigated the effects of a Dutch rootstock [‘Maxifort’ (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites): Mx] on the dry matter (DM) production and fruit yield of Dutch and Japanese cultivars. The Japanese cultivar (‘Momotaro York’: My) grafted onto Mx (My/Mx: scion/rootstock) had significantly higher fresh and dry weights of fruits per unit area than My/My. Fruit fresh weight yield per unit area was highly correlated with fruit dry weight (DW) yield (r = 0.96–0.97, P < 0.001), and DW yield was significantly correlated with total aboveground DM (r = 0.71–0.96, P < 0.001) and with DM allocation to the fruits (r = 0.52–0.75, P < 0.01). Total aboveground DM (TDM) was significantly and highly correlated with light-use efficiency (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between light-use efficiency and the maximum photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, or the light-extinction coefficient. Although stomatal conductance significantly (P < 0.05) differed between the rootstocks at 57 and 119 days after transplanting (DAT), there was no significant difference in the maximum photosynthetic rate between the scion/rootstock combinations at 57 and 119 DAT. These results indicated that the fruit yield of My could be improved by grafting onto Mx, and that the increases in yield and TDM were mainly determined by the increase in light-use efficiency.

著者

Masahumi Johkan Asami Nagatsuka Ayako Yoshitomi Takuya Nakagawa Toru Maruo Satoru Tsukagoshi Masa-aki Hohjo Na Lu Akio Nakaminami Kazuo Tsuchiya Yutaka Shinohara

出版者

園芸学会

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CH-096, (Released:2014-05-03)

被引用文献数

1 12

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To produce tomato fruits with 6% average Brix without decreasing yield, we investigated the effect of moderate salinity stress on Brix and yield in a single-truss, high-density tomato production system. Because tomato fruit development can be predicted from cumulative temperature, we also assessed cumulative temperature after anthesis as a potential indicator for determining the starting points of salinity stress treatments. When transverse diameters of the first fruit reached 4 cm (i.e., early increase treatment) or the first fruits were at the mature green stage (i.e., late increase treatment), nutrient solution electrical conductivity was slowly increased until the breaker stage from 1.8 dS·m−1 to 6.0 dS·m−1. Plants subjected to the late increase treatment produced tomato fruits with Brix values of 6% without reductions in marketable yield. We also increased nutrient solution electrical conductivity based on cumulative temperature after anthesis and found that early-treated plants produced tomatoes with higher Brix levels and yields than late-treated plants. In summary, moderate salinity stress to avoid excessive stress on plants increased sugar concentrations without decreasing fruit yield and resulted in tomato fruits with average Brix of about 6% when nutrient solution electrical conductivity was increased at a rate of 0.1 dS·m−1·day−1. Because seasonal differences in cumulative temperature influence the appropriate timing of salinity stress applications, further study is needed to optimize year-round growth under moderate salinity stress in single truss, high-density tomato production systems.

著者

Hisayo Yamane

出版者

園芸学会

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CH-Rev4, (Released:2014-05-01)

被引用文献数

4 49

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Bud dormancy allows most deciduous fruit tree species to avoid injury in unsuitable environments, synchronize their annual growth, and adapt to a temperate zone climate. Because bud dormancy affects next season’s fruit production and vegetative growth, it is considered one of the most important physiological factors that control fruit production. Recent global climate changes require us to better understand the genetic factors regulating bud dormancy, especially those that induce dormancy release and subsequent bud break. In this review, environmental factors that affect the seasonal dormancy depth of Japanese apricot (P. mume Siebold & Zucc.) and peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch] are first outlined. Next, recent progress of genetic, biochemical, and molecular biological studies of Prunus dormancy regulation is described. Recent advances in functional genomics have promoted the discovery of gene function and gene networks associated with bud dormancy regulation. A group of candidate genes for bud dormancy regulation, the DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-box (DAM) genes in Prunus, are focused. Recently reported expressional analysis suggests a significant role for DAMs in dormancy release and bud break of Japanese apricot and peach vegetative buds. Transformation studies of PmDAM6 have demonstrated that it has an inhibitory effect on the apical growth of poplar (Populus spp.). As bud dormancy is a quantitative polygenic trait, not only DAMs, but also other genes and gene networks appear to regulate bud dormancy. Ongoing and future studies will undoubtedly facilitate the unveiling of the molecular aspects of bud dormancy regulation in temperate fruit tree species of Prunus.

著者

Yuichi Sugihara Hideto Ueno Toshiyuki Hirata Hajime Araki

出版者

園芸学会

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CH-061, (Released:2014-04-23)

被引用文献数

3

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In order to improve the use efficiency of a cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), and supplemental chemical N fertilizer, N release and uptake patterns from HV, fast-release N fertilizer (Fast), and slow-release N fertilizer (Slow) in fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production were investigated using the 15N-labeling method. In the incubation of soil-added N at two mix rates, 20% Fast + 80% Slow (FS) and 100% Slow (S), a large amount of inorganic N, mainly NH4+-N, was released by FS in 4 weeks. Tomato ‘House momotaro’ was grown in 1/2000 a Wagner pots incorporating such N fertilizer and 15N-labeled HV residue (30 g DW/pot, about 200 kg N·ha-1). Plant biomass in tomato grown with HV was larger than that grown without HV. HV-derived N (Ndfhv) was taken up by the tomatoes mainly until 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). The uptake amount of Ndfhv was the same in the pot with HV-FS and HV-S. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%Ndfhv) was 43% in HV-S, higher than that in HV-FS (34%) in 4 WAT; however, such a difference disappeared after 4 WAT. N uptake by tomato plants continued until 12 WAT. Based on these results, HV acted as a fast-release fertilizer. There was competition in N uptake between chemical fertilizer N and HV-released N in the early stage of tomato cultivation. A large amount of chemical fertilizer tended to suppress the uptake of Ndfhv. N uptake by tomato plant continued until the late stage. These results can be applied to establish a suitable combination of HV and chemical fertilizer for tomato production.

著者

Kyutaro Kishimoto Hiroyuki Maeda Tomoaki Haketa Naomi Oyama-Okubo

出版者

園芸学会

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CH-093, (Released:2014-04-23)

被引用文献数

6

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Ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala f. tricolor) cultivars of Japanese seed companies are grown in Europe. Unpleasant odors from cut flowers have become a problem in this region. We investigated volatiles emitted from cut flowers of ‘Hatsubeni’ and ‘Haresugata’, two major Japanese ornamental cabbage cultivars in Europe, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Dimethyl disulfide was identified as the major odor-active component emerging from plants as well as from vase water. Vase water was a major source of unpleasant scents, and odor development was prevented by changing the water frequently. We tested the effects of potential suppressors of dimethyl disulfide emission from cut flowers applied to vase water. Cyprodinil, an inhibitor of the synthesis of dimethyl disulfide from methionine, and aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of enzymatic reactions involved in dimethyl disulfide biosynthesis, did not show any effects. In contrast, isothiazolinonic germicide, a cut-flower preservative, inhibited the rot of cut ends of flower stems and reduced dimethyl disulfide emission from cut flowers by 30–40%. In addition, this germicide significantly inhibited emissions from vase water. Isothiazolinonic germicide is a promising candidate inhibitor of unpleasant scents from cut flowers of ornamental cabbage.

著者

棚瀬 幸司 大津 佐和子 佐藤 茂 小野崎 隆

出版者

園芸学会

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.2, pp.179-187, 2013 (Released:2013-04-19)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

4 16

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花持ちに優れるカーネーション‘ミラクルシンフォニー’(MS),系統 006-13,系統 62-2,対照品種‘ホワイトシム’(WS)の花におけるエチレン生成,エチレン生合成遺伝子,老化関連遺伝子の解析を行った.WS では収穫 6 日後に典型的な老化の兆候である花弁のインローリング,生重の急激な減少,急激なエチレン生成量の増加が観測された.MS,006-13,62-2 では典型的な老化の兆候は観察されなかったが,花持ち日数と収穫 15 日後のエチレン生成量に違いが見られた.006-13,62-2 では収穫 15 日後に低レベルのエチレン生合成遺伝子(DcACS1,DcACO1)の発現が確認され,わずかにエチレンを生成していた.一方,MS ではエチレン生成量,DcACS1,DcACO1 の発現のいずれも極めて低レベルであった.006-13,62-2 では収穫 15 日後に老化関連遺伝子(DcCP1,DcbGal,DcGST1,DcLip)の発現上昇が観察された.これらの遺伝子は外生エチレン処理により発現量が上昇することから,わずかなエチレン生成が老化関連遺伝子の発現を誘導し,花弁の老化を引き起こすと考えられる.一方,外生エチレン処理により発現が低下する DcCPIn は老化とともに発現量が低下するが,MS,006-13,62-2 における収穫 15 日後の DcCPIn の発現量には大きな差が見られなかった.これらの結果から,花持ちに優れるカーネーションでは,エチレン生成量,エチレン生合成遺伝子および老化関連遺伝子の発現量が低下し花持ちが延長している可能性が示唆された.

著者

澤村 豊 間瀬 誠子 髙田 教臣 佐藤 明彦 西谷 千佳子 阿部 和幸 増田 哲男 山本 俊哉 齋藤 寿広 壽 和夫

出版者

園芸学会

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.3, pp.222-226, 2013 (Released:2013-10-12)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

4 13

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ニホンナシは配偶体型自家不和合性を有し,結実には他家受粉が必要となる.本研究では,ニホンナシの自家和合性個体を作出するため,自家不和合性品種の‘幸水’にガンマ線を緩照射し,その‘幸水’より採取された花粉を無照射の‘幸水’に受粉し,交雑実生を獲得した.その結果,自家受粉で 74.4%の結実率を示す自家和合性個体 415-1 を得た.PCR 法により S-RNase の遺伝子型を解析したところ,415-1 は‘幸水’と同じ S4S5 であった.415-1 の自家和合性が花粉側変異,花柱側変異の何れによるものかを受粉試験により調査した.415-1 に同じ S 遺伝子型をもつ品種(‘秀玉’および‘王秋’)の花粉を受粉しても結実が確認できなかったことより,415-1 の S4- および S5-RNase は機能していると考えられた.一方,‘秀玉’および‘王秋’に 415-1 の花粉を受粉したところ,種子を有する果実の結実が確認された.これらの結果から 415-1 は花粉側の自家和合性変異体であると判断した.

著者

立澤 文見 斎藤 規夫 鴫原 淳 本多 利雄 土岐 健次郎 篠田 浩一 遊川 知久 三吉 一光

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.2, pp.215-220, 2010 (Released:2010-04-22)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

6 16

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青花シラン‘紫式部’の青紫色花被から新規アシル化アントシアニンを単離した.この色素はシアニジン 3,7-ジグルコシドをデアシル体とし,2 分子のカフェ酸でアシル化していた.化学構造は化学およびスペクトル分析による構造解析の結果,シアニジン 3-O-(β-グルコピラノシド)-7-O-[6-O-(4-O-(6-O-(4-O-(β-グルコピラノシル)-trans-カフェオイル)-β-グルコピラノシル)-trans-カフェオイル)-β-グルコピラノシド]であることがわかった.本研究の結果から,青花シランにおける花色のブルーイング効果について考察した.

著者

斎藤 規夫 立澤 文見 星野 敦 阿部 幸穎 市村 美千代 横井 政人 土岐 健次郎 森田 裕将 飯田 滋 本多 利雄

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.4, pp.452-460, 2011 (Released:2011-10-22)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

11 14 4

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アサガオ(Ipomoea nil または,Pharbitis nil)の speckled 変異により淡黄色花を咲かせる 54Y 系統と c-1 変異により白花を持つ 78WWc-1 系統の F1 並びに F2 植物について,花弁に含まれるアントシアニンとその関連化合物を解析した.speckled 変異が優性の遺伝因子である speckled-activator と共存すると,花弁に吹掛絞が現れる.Speckled と C-1 遺伝子座は強く連鎖しており,78WWc-1 系統にのみ speckled-activator が存在する.このため,F1 植物は赤紫花を咲かせ,F2 では赤紫花,白花,吹掛絞(淡黄色地に赤紫の斑点模様)の花,淡黄色花の植物が 8 : 4 : 3 : 1 の割合で分離する.解析の結果,F1 と F2 の赤紫花,さらに吹掛絞の斑点部分には同じアントシアニンが含まれていた.いずれもウェディングベルアントシアニン(WBA)が主要な色素であり,その前駆体など 9 種のアントシアニン(ペラルゴニジン誘導体)も蓄積していた.一方,54Y と淡黄色花の F2,さらに吹掛絞の淡黄の地色部分では,カルコノナリンゲニン 2'-グルコシドが主要なフラボノイドとして検出されたほか,少量のカフェ酸とオーロシジン 4-グルコシドやクロロゲン酸もみいだされた.また,78WWc-1 と白花の F2 には,クロロゲン酸とカフェ酸が存在した.これらの結果から,speckled 変異と c-1 変異を持つアサガオでは,それぞれカルコン異性化酵素(CHI)とカルコン合成酵素(CHS)が触媒する反応過程でアントシアニン色素生合成が遮断されていることが強く示唆された.また,吹掛絞の斑点部分では,完全に色素生合成系が活性化していると思われた.さらに,F2 の赤紫花と吹掛絞の斑点部分に含まれるアントシアニン構成が個体毎に異なることから,これまで報告されていない未知の遺伝的背景が WBA の生合成を制御している可能性が高い.

著者

山田 邦夫 乘越 亮 鈴木 克己 西島 隆明 今西 英雄 市村 一雄

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN:18823351)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.3, pp.356-362, 2009 (Released:2009-07-28)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

26 38

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開花は園芸学的に重要な現象であるにもかかわらず,その形態学的研究に関する報告は限定されている.バラ花弁の成長発達において,いつ細胞分裂が停止し,また細胞の形態がどのように変化するのかなどは明らかとはなっていない.本研究では,バラ花弁の発達にともなう細胞形態の変化を詳細に明らかにすることを目的とした.バラ(Rosa hybrida L. ‘Sonia’)花弁を 6 つの開花ステージごとに採取した.細胞の形態の変化は,花弁横断切片を光学顕微鏡,透過型電子顕微鏡および走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて観察し,表皮細胞数はノマルスキー微分干渉顕微鏡を用いて測定した.表皮細胞の数は開花にともない増加したが,背軸側の表皮細胞数の増加速度は向軸側に比べより早い時期から緩やかとなった.表皮細胞の面積は,開花後期のステージで,細胞数の増加と比較して著しく急激に増大していた.これは,開花後期のステージでは花弁成長は主に細胞肥大によるものであることを示唆している.開花にともない,花弁における海綿状組織の細胞は独特の肥大成長によって多くの空隙を作りだしていた.また花弁頂部側の表皮細胞では水平方向への肥大成長が著しく,特に向軸側の表皮細胞では液胞の巨大化がともなう細胞肥大が観察された.細胞肥大のパターンが花弁内の組織によって異なっていることが,バラ花弁の開花に伴う反転に寄与していると思われる.