著者

山本 雄二 Yamamoto Yuji 関西大学 Kansai University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.70-83, 1988-10-03

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P. Willis's Learning to Labour is one of the most important books in the field of sociology of education. In this book, he attempts to explain how working class kids get working class jobs and why they let themselves. To answer this question, he adopts an ethnographical approach which elucidates what happens to them in school. By setting two classes a priori outside the text (=his ethnography), he takes out some traits of working class culture in which working class kids willingly select manual labour. With his approach, he loses some possibilities of interpretation that lead us to see the text as a whole world in its own right. Therefore, this paper attempts to read the text without setting concepts for explanation such as "class" outside the text. It is contended that this text can be read as a story of self-discipline. Self-discipline can be defined by saying that the temporary self is not a "real self" and that one has to deny oneself to aim at a "real self". Willis's framework of the actors, that is, ear'oles, lads, and teachers may be interpreted in the following manner. Ear'oles, committed to self-discipline, have no concrete culture while lads, being far from self-disciplined, are integrated into a concrete group culture. This difference causes gaps between the two groups in the way they define themselves. Ear'oles cannot define themselves but in contrast lads believe themselves to be complete. Teachers, agents of self-discipline, feel ambivalent towards both ear'oles and lads. The Distinction betwetn self-discipline and two other similar notions -"individualism" by Willis and "internalized norms" by Bowles & Gintis, are made clear in the final part of the paper. Self-discipline, as the ethos of modern education, helps us not only understand the relations among members in school but also causes us to reconsider what modern education is about.

著者

江原 武一 Ehara Takekazu 京都大学 Kyoto University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.56-69, 1988-10-03

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This paper seeks to trace the teacher education system since the Meiji era in Japan and clarify the characteristics and pressing problems of present-day teacher education in Japanese higher education. Teacher edutation for elementary school teachers at the higher education level began in 1943, when "The Law for Normal Schools and Higher Normal Schools Amendment" was enacted. It was, however, only implemented after the Second World War under the newly legislated education laws. The idea of teacher education in the postwar period consists of the following three princibles : "teacher education at the university", "the open system of teacher education" and "an emphasis on in-service teacher training". The first principle means that, as a rule, all candidates for the teaching profession are trained in four-year (new-system) universities. The second means that students, both at teachers' colleges and at other general higher educational institutions could obtain teacher's licences, if they obtain the required basic qualifications and credits. The final principle has been emphasized especially after the 1970s. The first two principles have been steadily realized in the Japanese teacher education system in the past forty years. Among full-time teachers at the upper secondary level and below, the proportion of university graduates in 1983 stood at 79.4% in senior high schools, 74.5% in junior high schools, 58.0% in elementary schools, and 9.1% in kindergartens. 78.3% of teachers in kindergartens graduated from junior colleges. We also see that the proportion of non-teachers' college graduates among the full-time teaching staff who entered into those schools in 1987 was 57.3% (four-year non-teachers' college graduates 27.8%, junior college graduates 29.5%). At the same time, however, some pressing problems have arisen. They are (1) the relative degradation in social status of the teaching profession among modern occupations, (2) the difficulty of keeping the balance of supply and demand, (3) the failure to establish a systematic teacher education curriculum in higher education, and (4) related problems such as lower standards of programs compared to those of other professional education. What is needed now for teacher education reform is the development of an educational theory which synthesizes both pre-service and in-service teacher training processes in a broader perspective, making it possible to reconstitute the roles and functions of higher education in teacher education.

著者

永井 聖二 Nagai Seiji 群馬大学 Gunma University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.45-55, 1988-10-03

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Since the 1970's, teacher professionalism has been criticized because of its consensual optimism, elitism and similarity to cultural reproduction. In this paper, I comment on the organizational traits of the school, that is, school is an organization which functions with vague organizational goals. In accordance with the traits of schools, teachers are required to conduct their everyday teaching activities, which have vague organizational goals, by their own volition and using their creativity. In addition, it is important to note that the school in Japan must be regarded as integrated not institutionally but culturally through the process of vocational socialization, allocation of resources and manipulation of symbols. In such an organizational situation, teacher professionalism must be reconsidered in relation to its invisible control over teachers based upon teachers' culture. According to this viewpoint, the problem is that the traits of teachers' culture -that is, collectivism as well as egalitarianism, and the paradigm of the school organization may easily congeal. Consequently, in this situation, the invisible control brought about by overemphasizing the autonomy based upon teacher professionalism may lead to a justification of the status quo and preventing innovations to take place in the school.

著者

杉尾 宏 Sugio Hiroshi 兵庫教育大学 Hyogo University of Education

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.31-44, 1988-10-03

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This paper proposes that the definition of the situation should be a central concept to the sociological investigation of teachers' behaviours and that the theory of the teachers' working process should be built to locate the teachers' educational behaviours in the public educational system within the capitalistic socio-economic structure. The role and role-conflict is negatively examined in terms of its conceptual ambiguity and its human and social model. The definition of the situation proceeds from the classification and categorizing of the immediate events (1st phase) to the evaluation of the 1st phase, and to the planning of the actions and its legitimation (2nd phase). It varies with the actor's orientation of actions (goal, intention, interests at hand), the actor's environment (material conditions, social and cultural structures) and his or her predisposition (identity, commitment, ideology). Sociological studies of teachers' behaviours have focused upon the teachers' perception of the pupils (1st phase), and their planning of actions and legitimation (2nd phase). Teachers' perception of pupils has been considered to be a problem of the teachers' typification of the pupils by H.S. Becker, D. Hargreaves, R.C. Rist, N. Keddie, G. McPherson, P. Woods, and other symbolic interactionists. The teachers' planning of actions has been approached in terms of the strategies by A. Hargreaves, P. Woods, A. Pollard and other new sociologists of education. The teachers' legitimation of their educational behaviours has been approached in terms of the frame, structure and structuring (H. Mehan, A. Edwards, V. Furlong, G.C.F. Payne) and in terms of the front performance or impression management (E. Goffman). In this paper, each aspect of the above described teachers' behaviours is examined and it is suggested that the exploration of the dialectical relationship between the teachers' orientation of action, their environment and their predispositions is needed to approach the process of the teachers' definition of the situation. Finally, it is contended that a macro-approach is needed to place the teachers' educational behaviours in the public educational system, because the teachers' educational behaviours are supposed to lie in the dilemma between the teachers' working process and the process of the man-power production loaded upon teachers by the public educational system.

著者

新井 郁男 Arai Ikuo 上越教育大学 Joetsu University of Education

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.18-30, 1988-10-03

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This article looks chronologically at the main teacher education related reports and recommendations submitted by government councils (mainly, the Central Council for Education and the Council for Training of Teaching Personnel) after World War II, and, based on an analysis of these reports and recommendations, points out some basic issues. Before the war, the main institution of teacher training was 'normal schools'. After the war, however, the normal school system was abolished and instead teacher training came to be conducted at the university level. It became possible for any institutions of higher education to provide teacher training programs, although universities specifically designed for teacher training were also established. At present, the basic level of education required of elementary and secondary school teachers is four years of undergraduate education, but the government has recently been planning to introduce a higher certificate which requires a master's level of graduate education. This means that the government places an emphasis upon formal education rather than on experience as a main channel of raising the quality of teachers. This principle is also reflected in the plan to abolish the system under which teachers with at least fifteen years of teaching experience can obtain a teacher's certificate of higher level without receiving any formal education at universities. The government, however, has also been considering a tpecial way which certifies those who do not hold regular teacher certificates but have knowledge and skills necessary for teaching. This plan is contradictory to the emphasis on formal education as the main channel for teacher supply. The government considers that the introduction of such a system could activate the ailing schools but it is doubtful. The fundamental issue here is whether teachers need only be knowledgeable in the content of teaching subjects or whether they need special professional education. This question was discussed by the government council formed immediately after the war, and has been debated since. The recent government teacher policy seems to be a compromise between these two extreme stances. It is concluded that more discussion and research needs to be made on this question. Otherwise, the plan to raise the basic qualification of teachers, even if it is institutionalized, will not function properly.

著者

今津 孝次郎 Imazu Kojiro 名古屋大学 Nagoya University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.5-17, 1988-10-03

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This paper consists of two parts. The first part describes how the situation of teachers in Japan has changed from 1970's to 1980's. The second part points out what kinds of problems we have concerning the study of teachers. Firstly, the changing situation of teachers can be described from the following points of view: (1) educational expansion which was brought about by a high rate ecomomic growth; (2) pathological phenomena in education such as vandalism, bullying and delinquency which have been criticized by public opinion; (3) governmental educational policies which intend to improve the quality of teachers; (4) a political teacher union, though its menbership rate has been declining, which is against those educational policies; and (5) arguments with regard to teacher role and teacher evaluation. The changing situation demands us reconsider the concept of professionalism in teaching. Secondly, considering that teachers are facing the turning point, we can point out two major problems of the study of teachers. They are as follows: (1) The basic feature of the teaching profession is characterized by "marginality." It comes from a nature of teacher role, that is, the inconsistency between professional and bureaucratic-employee roles on the one hand, and the role of the stranger in the community on the other hand. This marginality is supposed to cause the role conflicts and the loneliness of teachers. (2) Teachers are learners because they have to acquire much more knowledge and skills, and change their attitude toward a new role in a world of rapid change. There are two phases in teacher education. They are pre-service training and in-service training and the latter is more important for teachers as life-long learners.

著者

木原 孝博 岡山大学

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, pp.212-213, 1986-10-15

著者

油布 佐和子 Sawako Yufu 東京大学大学院 Graduate School Tokyo University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.165-178, 283, 1985-09-30

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Recently, it has been pointed out that the studies about the process of schooling is very important. Especially since Pygmalion in the Classroom was published, it has been argued that teachers have much influences upon their students. However, in Japan there are few studies that refer to the relevance of teachers' perceptions to educational problems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the formation of teachers' perceptions for the analysis of the Japanese educational problems. First of all, I reviewed some American and English studies which are concerned with teachers' perceptions and their formation. Then I examined the variables which seem to be useful when the educational problems are analyzed. I pointed out the significance of societal prejudice (social consciousness) that shapes the perceptions of students. Nevertheless we couldn't perfectly explain the formation of teachers' perceptions in Japan from the point of societal prejudice. Secondly, I investgated two educational trends that affected the teachers' perceptions: 1) the transformation of school function, 2) specializations of teacher's work. In conclusion, I can consider that teachers' perceptions based on their students' achievements are formed under these educational trends.

著者

山本 雄二 Yuji Yamamoto 京都大学大学院 Graduate School Kyoto University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.126-137, 280, 1985-09-30

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There are many articles about the conflicts or dilemmas with which teachers confront. In these studies, conflicts are treated from two aspects: the one is structural conflicts which include status conflict or role conflict (Ambivalence), and the other is conflicts on the level of action (Dilemma). They treat dilemmas, however, just as the restatement of ambivalences, that is, they do not examine the particular features of dilemmas. This paper focuses on the dilemma itself with which teachers confront in the face-to-face situation. Such dilemma should be caused when teachers find out no response from their students (situational dilemma). When one tries to resolve a dilemma in one situation, it might bring out another new dilemma. In some cases, this causes a vicious cycle. There are very few sociological studies on the features of such a vicious cycle and the mechanism by which it is created. This paper analyzes, using the concepts of "situational dilemma" and "strategy," the problematic face-to-face situation and the vicious cycle which comes out in the effort of the resolution of dilemma. Firstly, I describe the features of the dilemma with which teachers confront in the interaction with their students (situational dilemma). Secondly, I explain the significance of strategies teachers use as a means of avoiding such a dilemma. By using the concepts of "situational dilemma" and "strategy" as the core of the study, we shall be able to make clear the process of the reproduction of teachers' alienated situation. Furthermore, it should provide a new perspective for the studies of staffroom culture, occupational socialization and deviance of teachers.

著者

橋爪 貞雄 Hashizume Sadao 愛知教育大学 Aichi University of Education

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, pp.60-72, 1980-09-20

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The supply of qualified teachers to compulsory education has undergone various difficulties since the end of World War II, and it was especially true during the period of economic prosperity in 1960's. But the situation seems to be changing gradually after this prosperity began to decline in l970's. The consequent "over-supply" of teachers can even be recognized these days. Main factors influencing this "over-supply" may be listed up as follows: (1) The comparative easiness for university graduates to get teacher licences (especially of secondary education) under the present Teacher Licence Law. (2) A steady increase of university graduates applying for government officials including public school teachers. (3) A remarkable raise of teacher salaries in compulsory education was made possible through the promulgation of a special law in 1974. School teachers are now paid more than average local government officials graduated from universities. (4) A longer leave given to female teachers after every child birth. This has made teaching a more attractive and secure job for female graduates. (5) The decrease of younger population expected in the near future and the consequent decrease in the demand for school teachers, although the total situation will be made a little easier by the long-range plan of improving class-size. Recent dicussions on teacher training have been more or less influenced by this "over-supply" as well as by theoretical opinions about education and teaching profession in general. Four viewpoints or trends can be identified in the discussions: (1) That any kind of teacher training should be given by a "university". This means that a teacher training institution must maintain an acadmic standard at the level as high as any other institutions of higher education. (2) That teaching even at the elementary level is a "profession" which can be trained and recruited only in a curriculum emphasizing the inevitable interrelation between academic study and educational practice. (3) That a more strict enforcement of regulations on teacher licences is urgently needed in order to exclude inappropriate teacher applicants. (4) That some "realistic" measures must be taken in response to the recent increase of teacher applicants. These four trends cutting across each other also form different opinions on the division between pre-and in-service training of teachers. Two examples, i. e. the so-called "peak system" in pre-service education for elementary school teachers and the student teaching are referred to briefly.

著者

伊藤 敬 Ito Kei 静岡大学 Shizuoka University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.50-63, 1979-09-30

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In this paper I attempt to clarify the characteristics of works of 4 "sociology of teachers". Then, they are restricted to the following papers. That is, they are, (1) papers that applied sociological viewpoints, frameworks and ideas to analysing teachers, (2) papers that were classified into the next areas of "sociology of teachers", namely (a) teachers as educational workers and professionals, (b) occupational socialization of teachers, (c) educational organization and autonomy of teachers, in connection with educational research of teachers, and (3) papers that had proceeding ones in each area. I pay attention specially to the intentions or aims and the viewpoints expressed in papers and point out significant results to "sociology of teachers" and educational research.

著者

永井 聖二 Nagai Seiji 筑波大学大学院 Graduate School Tsukuba University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, pp.93-103, 1977-09-30

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The study of teacher socialization has been relatively neglected in the field of educational sociology in Japan. In this paper, the author aims to delineate teachers' culture as a first step of the study of teacher socialization. According to the data of questionnaire survey administered to the primary school teachers in Tokyo metropolitan area (613 respondents), following findings were obtained: (1) The outstanding criterion with which teachers are ranked high by their colleagues is skillful teaching performance in their classrooms. (2) And much more notably, the criterion without which teachers are evaluated low by their colleagues is to act in concert with them. It can be pointed out that teachers working in such cultural situation can scarcely have chance to make use of originality in their schools.

著者

伊藤 敬 Itoh Kei 静岡大学 Shizuoka University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.152-167, 1971-10-15

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After World War II, the idea of education and teaching profession changed completely in Japan. The old concepts were replaced by the new ones, chiefly of professionalism and unionism. The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes toward 'professionalism' which the present-day teachers assumes. Our questionnaires were sent to 1,085 teachers of senior and junior schools and primary schools in three prefectures. Our aim of this questioning was to explore the three aspects which we thought to be the most important as the elements of the profession. They are (I) autonomy in teachers' instructional activities, (II) autonomy of the professional organization, and (III) professional ethics and belief. We received 736 auswers from the teachers. And as a whole, (I) showed the most remarkable result and (II) the least. Teachers are discreet enough to think it important to select textbooks freely and adopt his own teaching methods, but they considerably allow for the role of their principals. There are few who think that the professional organization should participate in the decison of the criteria of the teacher's certificate. Most teachers assume that they are performing an essential function of the society, but not many regard the belief in public service as of importance. There is a close relation between attributes of teachers and (I) and (II). It is the teachers lower in rank-members of Japan Teachers Union (JTU) and of its friendly organizations, graduates of national or municipal universities or collges, and teachers from twenty to thirty-nine years of age-who constantly demand their professional autonomy; whereas it is the head teachers and those next to them in rank-members of anti-JTU associations, graduates of normal schools, and teachers over fifty years of age-who are committed to (III). On the whole, their professional consciousness is inferior to that of the former. And we proceed to examine the relation between the conception of profession and morality, for it functions as a standard of demmand in teaching. These analysis give the result that the morality of the teacher more attached to professionalism is lower than that of those less attached.

著者

天野 正子 Amano Masako 東京教育大学大学院 Graduate School Tokyo University of Education

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.140-157, 1969-10-10

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This article aims to grasp the process of professionalization of teaching as an occupation from two aspects: specialization and autonomization. Conclusively, teaching is regarded as an occupation still "in the process of professionalization" or "marginal" among various occupations aiming at professionalization, or as a "semi-profession," because two important features of professional occupations, highly specialized knowledge and techniques and a considerable autonmy for occupational activities of individual teachers and of teachers as a group, are still unsubstantial. If teaching is to be professionalized, it is not sufficient to provide only institutional guarantee for specialization and autonomization, but teachers themselves should also be determined to turn this institutional guarantee into a reality. This realization led me to analyze the structures of consciousness of teachers who are the most immediate professionals to assume the responsibility for realizing the specialization and autonomization of teaching, on the basis of the findings of the survey administered by myself to 374 elementary and lower secondary school teachers in K City of K Prefecture.

著者

教師集団研究会(牧野巽代表) Human Relation Research Group (Tatsumi Makino Chief Investigator) Teachers 東京大学 University of Tokyo

出版者

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.2-49, 1962-10-10

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I The Significance of the Study and Its Viewpoint II The Consciousness of the Teachers in their Daily Life III The Process of Organization of the Teachers' Group and Its Morale In this report are summarized the results of the study conducted since 1959 by some of the members of the Japanese Association of Educational Sociology living in Tokyo. An attempt has been made to analyze the teachers' group of a school as a unit, which forms the core of the school administrative organization and so-called the system of educational movements, in relation to school administration, teachers union movement and to the school board. Theoretical explanations have been made concerning the significance of the study of teachers' group which is regarded as an integrating subject in educational practice. Both in urban and rural areas 52 primary find junior high schools were sampled in terms of the size of the schools, and individual teachers in those schools were asked to answer the questionnaire. The survey was conducted in 1961. The following are the summarized results of the study. First of all, if the collectivity of the teachers is compared with other occupational groups, the teachers' consciousness in their daily life is very similar to that of the ordinary white-collar workers. In their informal human relations emotional influence is strong, particularly among women teachers. It seems that teachers are burdened with miscellaneous clerical duties which handicap their educational practice and fail to uplift their morale. Also assignment of duties in accordance with seniority seems to disturb the unity of the teachers group. Secondly, in observing the process of organization of teachers' groups, some of them are being organized smoothly, while others are not; at the same time there are some undifferentiated groups. In primary schools there are more undifferentiated groups than in junior high schools, in which almost half of the groups are smoothly organized, while the others are not. The types of principals in terms of both personal and administrative position, (for instance, bureaucratic type) influence the process of the organization of teachers groups and the morale of the teachers' groups to a great extent. In this respect it can be stated that the status of the organization of the teachers groups is closely related to the morale in education.

著者

二関 隆美 日比 行一 河野 重男 Ninoseki Takami Hibi Koichi Kono Shigeo 東京学芸大学 成蹊大学 お茶の水女子大学 Tokyo Gakugei University Seikei University Ochanomizu Women's University

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.25-42, 1960-10-10

著者

西 滋勝 Nishi Shigekatsu 和歌山大学 Wakayama University

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.12-24, 1960-10-10

著者

編集部(高野桂一) Staff (Keiichi Takano) Editorial 東京都立教育研究所 Tokyo Institute of Educational Research

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.2-11, 1960-10-10

著者

小川 勝治 Katsuharu Ogawa 明治学院大学

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.54-62, 1955-11-05

著者

大橋 幸 Oohashi 東京大学大学院

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.56-67, 1953-11-01