著者

苧阪 直行 池田 尊司 Naoyuki Osaka Takashi Ikeda 京都大学大学院文学研究科 京都大学大学院文学研究科 Department of Psychology Graduate School of Letters Kyoto University Department of Psychology Graduate School of Letters Kyoto University

出版者

日本色彩学会

雑誌

日本色彩学会誌 = Journal of the Color Science Association of Japan (ISSN:03899357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.197-203, 2006-12-01

参考文献数

27

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視覚的に呈示された色情報の短期的保持が言語(言語的ワーキングメモリ)に依存するのか、あるいは視覚(視覚的ワーキングメモリ)に依存するのかは、当該色が色カテゴリーの境界をクロス(跨ぐ)するかしないかで異なるというモデルを提案した。機能的磁気共鳴脳画像法(fMRI)を用いて、代表的なワーキングメモリ課題であるNバック課題を導入してモデルを検証した。色の記憶における言語と視覚のワーキングメモリの寄与について検討した結果、基本色名で定義される色カテゴリーをクロスする条件では、左半球の下前頭回や下頭頂小葉が強く活動することがわかった。左の言語半球のこれらの領域の活性化は色の名前を音韻ループで保持する言語性ワーキングメモリが働いていることを示している。一方、同じ色カテゴリー内に留まる色差の小さい色の場合は、右半球の下前頭回が強く活動すること、つまり視覚的ワーキングメモリは視空間的スケッチパッドで保持されていることが示された。記憶すべき色刺激が左の音韻ループ(言語性ワーキングメモリ)で保持されるのか、右の視空間スケッチパッド(視覚性ワーキングメモリ)で保持されるのか、その認知負荷のバランスは色カテゴリーの境界を手がかりとした認知的方略によることが明らかになった。脳は色差に応じて色をことばであるいは知覚イメージで短期保持するのである。We proposed a model that colors could be memorized either in verbal or visual working memory depending on the color category borders. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the model was tested by introducing a 2-back working memory task. We investigated the involvement of verbal and visual working memory in color memory. Colors between (cross) the categories defined by basic color names strongly activated the left inferior frontal gyms (IFG) and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) corresponding to the phonological loop as verbal working memory, while colors within the category boarder strongly activated the right IFG corresponding to the visuospatial sketchpad as visual working memory. The choice of colors to memorize might modulated the cognitive load balance between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad.

著者

Kyoto University and Kyoto Seika University MANGA Project

出版者

Kyoto University General Affairs and Public Relations Office

巻号頁・発行日

2009-12

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Kyoto University MANGA Project Production Notes

著者

English Writing-Listening Instructors Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences i-ARRC Kyoto University

出版者

English Writing-Listening Instructors Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, i-ARRC, Kyoto University

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1-75, 2022-01

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<Foreword> To Students & Teachers [1]

著者

松井 彰子 乾 隆帝 甲斐 嘉晃 Shoko Matsui Ryutei Inui Yoshiaki Kai 京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センター 徳島大学大学院ソシオテクノサイエンス研究部 京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センター舞鶴水産実験所 Field Science Education and Research Center Kyoto University Institute of Technology and Science the University of Tokushima Maizuru Fisheries Research Station Field Science Education and Research Center

雑誌

大阪市立自然史博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the Osaka Museum of Natural History (ISSN:00786675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, 2014-03-31

著者

諏訪 僚太 中村 崇 井口 亮 中村 雅子 守田 昌哉 加藤 亜記 藤田 和彦 井上 麻夕里 酒井 一彦 鈴木 淳 小池 勲夫 白山 義久 野尻 幸宏 Ryota Suwa Takashi Nakamura Akira Iguchi Masako Nakamura Masaya Morita Aki Kato Kazuhiko Fujita Mayuri Inoue Kazuhiko Sakai Atsushi Suzuki Isao Koike Yoshihisa Sirayama Yukihiro Nojiri 京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センター瀬戸臨海実験所 九州大学付属天草臨海実験所 琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター瀬底研究施設 琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター瀬底研究施設 琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター瀬底研究施設 琉球大学大学院理工学研究科 琉球大学大学院理工学研究科 東京大学海洋研究所 琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター瀬底研究施設 産業技術総合研究所 琉球大学 京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センター瀬戸臨海実験所 国立環境研究所地球環境研究センター Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Field Science Education and Research Center Kyoto University Amakusa Marine Laboratory Kyusyu University Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Graduate School of Engineering and Science University of the Ryukyus Graduate School of Engineering and Science University of the Ryukyus Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST) University of the Ryukyus Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Field Science Education and Research Center Kyoto University Center for Global Environmental Research National Institute for Environmental Studies

出版者

日本海洋学会

雑誌

海の研究 (ISSN:09168362)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.21-40, 2010-01-05

参考文献数

102

被引用文献数

3

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産業革命以降の二酸化炭素(CO_2)排出量の増加は,地球規模での様々な気候変動を引き起こし,夏季の異常高海水温は,サンゴ白化現象を引き起こすことでサンゴ礁生態系に悪影響を及ぼしたことが知られている。加えて,増加した大気中CO_2が海水に溶け込み,酸として働くことで生じる海洋酸性化もまた,サンゴ礁生態系にとって大きな脅威であることが認識されつつある。本総説では,海洋酸性化が起こる仕組みと共に,海洋酸性化がサンゴ礁域の石灰化生物に与える影響についてのこれまでの知見を概説する。特に,サンゴ礁の主要な石灰化生物である造礁サンゴや紅藻サンゴモ,有孔虫に関しては,その石灰化機構を解説すると共に,海洋酸性化が及ぼす影響について調べた様々な研究例を取り上げる。また,これまでの研究から見えてきた海洋酸性化の生物への影響評価実験を行う上で注意すべき事項,そして今後必要となる研究の方向性についても述べたい。The increase of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO_2) concentration after the industrial revolution caused global climate change. During the last several decades, coral reef ecosystems have been devastated by the mass-scale coral bleaching events caused by abnormally high seawater temperature in summer. In addition, increased atmospheric CO_2dissolves in the ocean, acts as an acid and finally decreases the pH level of seawater. This phenomenon, known as ocean acidification, is now being considered as a future threat to the calcifying organisms in coral reef ecosystems. In this review, we summarize basic backgrounds of ocean acidification as well as its potential impacts on coral reef calcifiers. Together with the distinctive mechanisms of calcification among specific groups, we review the impacts of ocean acidification on major reef-builders such as scleractinian corals, calcareous red algae and reef-dwelling foraminifera. Finally, we point out some recently-recognized problems in acidified seawater experiments as well as the future direction of this research field.

著者

香川 考司 Koji Kagawa 京都大学数理解析研究所 Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences Kyoto University.

出版者

日本ソフトウェア科学会

雑誌

コンピュータソフトウェア = Computer software (ISSN:02896540)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.5, pp.377-386, 1994-09-16

参考文献数

18

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破壊的代入,入出力などの副作用を関数型言語で模倣するプログラムを書く際に,副作用をmonadというある種の条件を満たす型構成子として表現すると,プログラムの可読性,変更のしやすさなどが増すことがわかってきている.しかし,従来では代表的な副作用である"状態"を扱う場合に,1つの(平板な)構造しか状態として扱うことができず,関数型言語の特徴の1つである,組やリストなどの階層的データをその構造を生かして状態として扱うことは難しかった.その結果,状態を扱うプログラムをこれらのデータ型を介して部品化することができないため,あるデータ型の状態を対象として書かれたプログラムの部品を,他のデータ型を状態として持つ場合に再利用することが難しく,関数型言語にmonadを導入する動機の1つである命令的プログラムの書換え,再利用の容易性が達成されたとはいい難かった.例えば,配列を2つ以上扱いたい時に,どのように配列を1つだけ扱うプログラムの部品を再利用してプログラムを書けばいいのか,その方法がわからなかった.この論文では,階層的なデータ型の中の構成要素の"位置"をmonad morphismとして表現し,その位置にあるデータを局所的状態として扱うことにより,複合的,階層的なデータをその構造に自然な形で状態として扱う方法を提案する.その結果,プログラムの部品化を容易に行なうことができるようになる.結果としてのプログラミングのスタイルは,オブジェクト指向プログラミングを思い起こさせるものとなる.ここでは,オブジェクト指向との対応についても述べる.

著者

三谷 文夫 Fumio Mitani 京都大学農学部水産学教室 Department of Fishery Faculty of Agriculture Kyoto University

出版者

日本動物学会

雑誌

動物学雑誌 = Doubutsugaku zasshi (ISSN:00445118)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, 1956-02-15

被引用文献数

1

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Having examined in detail 103 specimens of Hippocampus coronatus T. & S. obtained from the coast of Maizuru Bay for about two months from the end of June till that of August, 1955, I have found that the species shows not a few individual variations both in form and coloration. In Table 1 is shown the fluctuation in the number of caudal segments and in Table 2 that of dorsal and pectoral fin rays respectively. In Plate 1 and Figuer 3 are shown degrees of development of tubercles and fleshy appendages spreading like twigs on the surface of the body. The minimum size of the specimens with an elliptical area on the base of the tail having blackish brown pigments, which is a secondary sexual character of males, in 48.0mm. and of incubating males 63.0mm. in total legth, respectively. The species, as aforementioned, varies so greatly both in color and pattern of the body that it is roughly divided into 3 types, as shown in Figure 4; A) Specimens with brown blotches on the ground color of light, dark or orange yellow, B) those which are blackish brown or rather violet all over the body, and C) those with silvery blotches on the ground of uniformly greyish or dark green. The first type has a tendency to appear mainly in the specimens with few fleshy appendages; the secondtype, in the smaller ones with well-developed appendages; and the thirdtype, those including both larger and smaller ones with well-developed appendages. Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker has been distinguished from H. coronatus T. et S., mainly in having a shorter snout, a lower coronet and more numerous fleshy appendages on the surface of the body. But these differnces between the two may not serve, I presume, for dividing the species into two different ones, as indicated in Figs. 1 and 2 and Table 3. Accordingly, H. mohnikei Bleeker may presumably be regarded as a synonym of H. coronatus T. et S.

著者

Yasue Kunio Department of Physics Kyoto University

出版者

Published for the Research Institute for Fundamental Physics by Physical Society of Japan

雑誌

Progress of Theoretical Physics (ISSN:0033068X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.p318-328, 1977-01

被引用文献数

12

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Assuming that the space-time consists of elementary domains proposed by Yukawa, we attempt to extend the stochastic quantization procedures introduced by Nelson in the non-relativistic case to the relativistic one. In our view, the conventional Minkowski structure of space-time is to reflect the macroscopic property, so that it may be derived from our stochastic formulation as its continuum limit. The relativistic wave equation is set up to describe the behavior of successive inter-elementary-domain transitions of an excitation. It is found that the equation is of the Fock-Nambu-Feynman type.

著者

Kugo Taichiro Ojima Izumi Department of Physics Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences Kyoto University

出版者

Publication Office, Progress of Theoretical Physics

雑誌

Supplement of the Progress of theoretical physics = Supplement of the Progress of theoretical physics (ISSN:03759687)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.1-130, 1979-12-20

被引用文献数

4 928

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A manifestly covariant and local canonical operator formalism of non-Abelian gauge theories is presented in its full detail. This formalism, applicable to Yang-Mills theories as well as to gravity, not only provides us a transparent understanding in the scattering theoretical aspects, but also makes it possible to discuss other important problems directly related to the (Heisenberg) operators and the state vectors: As for the former, the physical S-matrix unitarity is proved quite generally on the basis of the representation of the algebra of the BRS charge, and asymptotic field analysis is explicitly performed for some examples. As for the latter, the problems of observables and the well-definedness of charge operators are discussed and clear results are obtained, where the locality and covariance of the formalism are indispensable. Observables are shown to be invariant under the BRS transformation as well as the unbroken global gauge groups. By analyzing the structure of "Maxwell" equations in YM theories, the converse of the Higgs theorem is found to hold. This turns out to lead to a remarkably simple criterion of quark confinement in QCD. The present formalism is found useful also for the U(1) problem and the charge universality proof in the Weinberg-Salam model. General theory of indefinite metric quantum fields is developed to some extent.

著者

飛田 哲男 井合 進 汪 明武 仲山 賢司 Tetsuo TOBITA Susumu IAI Ming-gu WANG Kenji NAKAYAMA 京都大学防災研究所 京都大学防災研究所 京都大学防災研究所 京都大学大学院 Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering Kyoto University

出版者

日本自然災害学会

雑誌

自然災害科学 = Journal of Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science (ISSN:02866021)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, pp.595-602, 2005-02-28

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2

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A major earthquake (M 6.8, 37.289 N, 138.870E, Depth 13km) occurred on October 23, 2004, at 5 : 56PM (local time) near Ojiya City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The JMA seismic intensity of 7 was recorded in Kawaguchi-machi for the first time after seismic intensity meters were installed. Aftershocks with the JMA seismic intensity scale of more than 5 minus had been measured for more than two weeks in the affected area. Forty people were killed, more than 4,500 were injured and more than 100,000 were evacuated for days. The number of totally collapsed houses exceeded 2,800. Strong shaking triggered more than 1,600 landslides, and some of them blocked up river channels in mountain area. The earthquake also caused major damage on civil structures. The Joetsu Shinkansen bullet train was derailed for the first time in its history of 40 years. The number of passengers was 151 and miraculously no one was injured.

著者

木村 拓也 Takuya KIMURA 京都大学経済研究所 Institute of Economic Research Kyoto University

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.165-186, 2007-05-31

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The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the use of "Comprehensive and Multi-dimensional Evaluation" as the basis for University Entrance Examinations. Though the phrase "Comprehensive and Multi-dimensional Evaluation" itself was first articulated in the 1997 report of the Central Council for Education (Chuou Kyoiku Shingikai), the concept itself came into existence immediately after the postwar period. In fact, "comprehensive evaluation" was merely an excuse for avoiding having to add the score of Japanese Scholastic Aptitude Test (Shingaku Tekisei Kensa, used from 1947 to 1954) into the total score of the University Entrance Examination. Moreover, the term "multi-dimensional evaluation" appeared in the outline of the University Entrance Examination (Daigaku Nyugakusha Senbatsu Jisshi Youkou), as it is proposed in the first report of the National Council on Educational Reform (Rinji Kyoiku Shingikai) in 1985. In fact, the report of the Central Council for Education (Chuo Kyoiku Shingikai) in 1971 stated that "Comprehensive and Multi-dimensional Evaluation" was scientifically valid as a basis for University Entrance Examinations. The report is famous as the only report based on evidence, and is generally known as the "1971 Report" (Yonroku Toushin). In the interim report, the Central Council for Education stated that follow-up surveys by the National Institute for Education and the Educational Test Research Institute (Nouryoku Kaihatu Kenkyujyo) had proven that a "Comprehensive and Multi-dimensional Evaluation" could be a valid selection method for predicting a good Grade Point Average after entrance to university. However, the two surveys cited contained simple statistical errors. The first, survey by the National Institute for Education, failed to control for the "Selection Effect." A "Selection Effect" is a "restriction in range problem," caused by cutting off the distribution at the passing grade. As a result, there is a tendency to misunderstand the fact that, in actuality, academic achievement tests on University Entrance Examinations have little relationship with Grade Point Average after entering university. To tell the truth, this problem had been pointed out as early as 1924 by Japanese psychologists who were interested in Entrance Examinations. In the second survey, by the Educational Test Research Institute, the inevitable nature of multiple correlation coefficients was ignored. As the number of independent variable increases one by one, the multiple correlation coefficient necessarily reaches the maximum of 1. In this paper, the follow-up research data from the Educational Test Research Institute is recalculated using a multiple correlation coefficient adjusted for the degrees of freedom. The conclusion is different from that reached by the Central Council for Education. This demonstrates that there is absolutely no scientific ground for the use of "Comprehensive and Multi-dimensional Evaluation." In other words, it is not necessarily correct that putting a lot of effort into University Entrance Examinations and using anything more than academic achievement tests as reference for University Entrance Examination will lead to more students gaining good grades after entering university. If this mismeasure of academic achievement is not properly recognized, the number of university students who cannot achieve even low basic competence level will surely increase.

著者

江原 武一 Ehara Takekazu 京都大学 Kyoto University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.56-69, 1988-10-03

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This paper seeks to trace the teacher education system since the Meiji era in Japan and clarify the characteristics and pressing problems of present-day teacher education in Japanese higher education. Teacher edutation for elementary school teachers at the higher education level began in 1943, when "The Law for Normal Schools and Higher Normal Schools Amendment" was enacted. It was, however, only implemented after the Second World War under the newly legislated education laws. The idea of teacher education in the postwar period consists of the following three princibles : "teacher education at the university", "the open system of teacher education" and "an emphasis on in-service teacher training". The first principle means that, as a rule, all candidates for the teaching profession are trained in four-year (new-system) universities. The second means that students, both at teachers' colleges and at other general higher educational institutions could obtain teacher's licences, if they obtain the required basic qualifications and credits. The final principle has been emphasized especially after the 1970s. The first two principles have been steadily realized in the Japanese teacher education system in the past forty years. Among full-time teachers at the upper secondary level and below, the proportion of university graduates in 1983 stood at 79.4% in senior high schools, 74.5% in junior high schools, 58.0% in elementary schools, and 9.1% in kindergartens. 78.3% of teachers in kindergartens graduated from junior colleges. We also see that the proportion of non-teachers' college graduates among the full-time teaching staff who entered into those schools in 1987 was 57.3% (four-year non-teachers' college graduates 27.8%, junior college graduates 29.5%). At the same time, however, some pressing problems have arisen. They are (1) the relative degradation in social status of the teaching profession among modern occupations, (2) the difficulty of keeping the balance of supply and demand, (3) the failure to establish a systematic teacher education curriculum in higher education, and (4) related problems such as lower standards of programs compared to those of other professional education. What is needed now for teacher education reform is the development of an educational theory which synthesizes both pre-service and in-service teacher training processes in a broader perspective, making it possible to reconstitute the roles and functions of higher education in teacher education.

著者

山本 雄二 Yuji Yamamoto 京都大学大学院 Graduate School Kyoto University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.126-137, 280, 1985-09-30

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There are many articles about the conflicts or dilemmas with which teachers confront. In these studies, conflicts are treated from two aspects: the one is structural conflicts which include status conflict or role conflict (Ambivalence), and the other is conflicts on the level of action (Dilemma). They treat dilemmas, however, just as the restatement of ambivalences, that is, they do not examine the particular features of dilemmas. This paper focuses on the dilemma itself with which teachers confront in the face-to-face situation. Such dilemma should be caused when teachers find out no response from their students (situational dilemma). When one tries to resolve a dilemma in one situation, it might bring out another new dilemma. In some cases, this causes a vicious cycle. There are very few sociological studies on the features of such a vicious cycle and the mechanism by which it is created. This paper analyzes, using the concepts of "situational dilemma" and "strategy," the problematic face-to-face situation and the vicious cycle which comes out in the effort of the resolution of dilemma. Firstly, I describe the features of the dilemma with which teachers confront in the interaction with their students (situational dilemma). Secondly, I explain the significance of strategies teachers use as a means of avoiding such a dilemma. By using the concepts of "situational dilemma" and "strategy" as the core of the study, we shall be able to make clear the process of the reproduction of teachers' alienated situation. Furthermore, it should provide a new perspective for the studies of staffroom culture, occupational socialization and deviance of teachers.