著者

横川 末吉

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.29-35,83, 1957-04-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

9

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In studying the history of the construction of rice-fields in the Kochi Plains, I divided it into the following four periods; the Primitive Age, the Remote Age, the Medieval Feudal Age and the Modern Feudal Age. Especially I took up the construction of the irrigation ditches as the fundamental condition for the cultivation of rice-fields. Furthermore, laying stress on the relation to the administrative power which made the construction of the irrigation ditches possible, I summed up the features of each period as follows-the Primitive and the Medieval as the constructive period of the irrigation ditches on a small scale by separated power, and, the Remote and the Modern as the constructive period of the irrigation ditches on a large scale by concentrated power.

著者

神田 孝治

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.59-76, 2004-02-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

66

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In this paper, I explore various aspects of the geographical concept of homeland and the case of some homeland movements in Wakayama city in the early days of the Showa era.Generally, homeland is considered to be an important geographical concept because it is deeply related to forming individual and national identities. More precisely, I regard a homeland not only as the center of one's identity, but also as the other place upon which one's ideals or desires are projected. That is, one can realize a homeland in another place. To consider this ambivalent geographical concept, I focus attention on individual and social relationships, imaginary and material factors, and some geographical points of view: moving, positionalities, spatial scales, and so on.In 1931, Iba Takeshi, who advocated promoting the Homeland Art Movement, founded a magazine, "The Nanki Art", in Wakayama city. Nanki, another name for Kishu, is the old name for the geographical region covering Wakayama city and the areas to its south. He said that his lovely homeland of Nanki was suffering severely low cultural activity, despite the fact that Nanki had flourished culturally during the old Edo period. This was because most cultural activities had become excessively concentrated in Tokyo in modern Japan. Influenced by discussions of Romain Rolland's "The People's Theatre", Iba dreamed of his homeland of Nanki becoming a center of culture that could produce better works and a happier life than Tokyo. Thus, he published an enlightening magazine to stimulate a renaissance in his homeland, including many high cultural works created by famous writers and painters. Ironically, he had been a Tokyo dweller, and Nanki had not been his birthplace. When moving to Wakayama city from Tokyo, however, he felt that Nanki was his homeland. Thus, the homeland of Nanki for Iba was not his birthplace but an other place. Therefore, this homeland concept had the ambivalent nature, that was to say, he regarded it as a culturally inferior place, yet idealized it as a region that had the potential for new creations.After this magazine was discontinued in 1934, some of its contributors and local intellectuals organized a cultural group called "The 10th Day Club". This group hoped to boost Wakayama city's cultural life and improve its comfort level. The group's key person was Kitamura Susumu, who had contributed some writings to "The Nanki Art" and, in 1933, had returned from Tokyo to his birthplace of Wakayama city because he had felt a fondness for his homeland. He also felt that there was a possibility of leading a humanistic life, as opposed to the mechanical lifestyle of Tokyo. However, on his return, he criticized Wakayama as a confused and dirty city. He wanted to emphasize the city's attractions for tourists and boost the City Beautiful Movement. At first, the concept of homeland for him had been almost the same as Iba's, but, because his practices had a closer relationship to a real homeland, he gradually noticed his homeland's negative aspects. Furthermore, he criticized Wakayama people because he felt that they were too egotistical and needed to possess a public spirit from his city dweller's point of view.To compensate for his disillusionment, he gradually focused on his homeland's great history, and paid attention to the discussions of the Homeland Education Movement, which was concerned with nourishing the public spirit, the love for one's homeland, and the national soul. Because of these changes, The 10th Day Club's activities eventually ceased. The Research Institute of Kishu Culture was established in Wakayama city in 1936, and was joined by several intellectuals involved with participants of the Homeland Art Movement and many local teachers.

著者

千田 稔

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.26-64, 1970-02-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

189

被引用文献数

1

著者

中村 周作

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.192-205, 1993-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2

著者

後藤 拓也

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.150-171, 1998-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

3 2

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In recent years, the producers of agricultural processing products in Japan havebeen forced to reorganize their contract farming areas under the influence of trade liberalization and the overproduction of agricultural products. This paper attempts to make clear the changes in the vertical integration of agricultural production under these impacts, taking the case of contract farming of processing tomato, from a viewpoint of economic geography.Affected by the trade liberalization of agricultural products during the 1960s, the import of tomato raw materials (tomato-paste and tomato-puree) was liberalized in 1972. After that, in addition to the increase of inexpensive foreign raw materials, the excess of raw materials in stock became notable in the latter 1970s, with the declining demand for tomato products. Such a situation forced tomato processing makers (especially Kagome &Co., Ltd. and Japan Del Monte & Co., Ltd.) to undertake drastic reorganization of their domestic producing areas.Because tomato processing makers were obliged to reduce the cost of raw materials with the increasing inflow of foreign raw materials and the overproduction of domestic raw materials, they purchased inexpensive raw materials from abroad and drastically reduced their dependency on expensive domestic raw materials. At the same time, they reorganized their producing areas in three aspects, that is, the reorganization of (1) processing tomato collecting zones, (2) processing plants, (3) contract price. The spatial consequences of these actions were, (1): processing makers withdrew from the prefectures with low productivity and the prefectures distant from the intensified processing plant, (2): processing makers concentrated processing tomatoes to the main tomato juice manufacturing plants, (3): processing makers introduceds a discriminative strategy in contract price based on the transporting cost to processing plant. In short, processing makers carried out the reorganization high-handedly, attaching great importance to cost reduction. However, at the prefectural level, the Prefecture Affiliated Organs of Agri-Coop-Ass'ns played an important role in the control of organizing contract farming areas.Against such behavior by processing makers, contract farmers responded to the situation by abandoning processing tomato cultivation. However, there are considerable regional differences in the decrease of tomato producing areas. A quantitative analysis of 41 processing tomato producing areas in Nagano prefecture revealed that processing tomato cultivation tended to be maintained relatively in areas with unstable agricultural producing conditions, and given up in areas with stable agricultural producing conditions. This is attributed to the characteristics of contract farming:“price stability”, “low profit” and“lack of speculation”. The result is ironic for processing makers, since they always desire stable production of the raw materials.After all, it is shown that the reduction of domestic production by processing makers resulted in production under more unstable farming conditions. In fact, the ageing of contract farmers is very serious and has led to the abandonment of cultivation after the last reduction of producing (carried out in 1988). As a result, domestic raw materials have been short in supply since 1990. Taking this existing situation into consideration, it seems contract farming areas of processing tomato will not be retained over an extended period of time.

著者

横山 昭市

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.6, pp.609-629, 1965-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1 1

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This report is part of the author's doctorial thesis ‘Study on the Industrialization of Hong Kong and the Analysis of its Factors (1965)’.The full-fledged industrialization of Hong Kong as seen in the last ten years clearly shows a switch from the traditional dependence of the colony upon entrepôt trade to revolutional self-supporting industrial activities. This remarkable change has brought about a new main source of income, and at the same time, Hong Konghas become more dependent upon foreign trade than ever before. For the colony produces little raw material and its inside market is small. Accordingly, all the industries have assumed the form of processing trade and foreign trade has become the most fundamental condition for the industrialization of the colony. For instance, the exports are estimated at 80 per cant of Hong Kong's total industrial output. No other country in the world exports so high proportion of its output. And in 1961, of all the textile goods exported from developing countries, 14 per cent were from Hong Kong. Also, the exports of miscellaneous goods from Hong Kong represented 34 per cent of the total exports from those countries.From these trends of recent years, Hong Kong is viewed as a country that typifies the combined development of commerce (trade) and industry, and also, a rapid increase in the export of manufactured goods shows Hong Kong's strong international competitive power.The reason for taking up plastic industry here is that this is a new type of industry, and it has grown rapidly, establishing itself as one of the most important industries. Above all plastic flowers (made of polyethylene) have become wellknown as ‘Hong Kong flowers’, which have given a blow to the Japanese manufacturers of artificial flowers.The author is going to analyze and explain in detail the development, location, actual condition of management, structure of trade and competitive power of plastic flowers in comparison with that of Japanese artificial flowers.The results are as follows;1) Most of the industries in Hong Kong are conducted on the basis of intensive productive labor. Plastic industry is no exception. The exports of plastic goods have remarkably increased in a short period and plastic industry has come to play a major role (Fig. I and Table 4). The outputs of items of this industry are varied. It shows diversified develoments of the industry. But since 1960, the plastic flower has become the most important item of all and it has occupied half of the total production of plastic industry.2) The pioneering firm was established in 1947, but the actual production of plastic flower began in 1957. This was motivated by the introduction of the Hong Kong labor to the industry by an American merchant of keen insight. Of course, there was a concentration of the Chinese capital upon the new industry, too. The factories are mainly located in the urban areas in Hong Kong and Kowloon, but partly, they have advanced to the new industrial areas, such as Tsuen Wan, Kwun Tong and Sai Wan (Fig. 2). Such location is conditioned by the scale of firms-almost all the firms are home industrial (cottage type)-and it is based on the fact that capital, though small, can be easily procured and cheap supply of labor is available at any time. The number of workers in most of the registered factories is less than 100 (Table 3). The number of workers in smaller factories is not included in the official figures. The number of outworkers is not included there, either. Under such circumstances, it is very difficult to improve quality and stabilize market, and, what is worse, such a state has worsened, so that plastic industry is now a typical industry in Hong Kong that has both a strong point and a weak point.3) The exports of plastic goods have remarkably increased since 1959.

著者

岡本 知 金崎 肇

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.282-290,321, 1953-10-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

11

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Nanatsuka-cho in Ishikawa Prefectre is a very peculiar settlement located on a coastal dune.The surface of ground water being so deep, and consequently drinking water being inconvenient to get, they sink a well by means of a special technique handed down from time immemorial. Every well there is a common well.They exclusively crop the fields aud there is no paddy-fields. Before the war, more than half of the arable land was occupied by mulberry-fields, which were changed to others for raising the staple food during the war. Today the fruit-tree is the chief crop there. However, the arable land belonging to each farm-house being limited, farming can't be the main industry in the settlement. What are prosperous in Nanatsuka-cho are fishering and silk iudustry. The former is remarkable in the north half of the settlemet, and the latter in the south half. Therefore, it combines two characters of silk industry settlement and fishing industry one. This fact gives rise to the problem as to dividing the settlement into two areas.

著者

福宿 光一

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.6, pp.498-509,580, 1959-12-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

26

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The author investigated the seasons for charcoal making and its main factor in the Izu Islands, and has obtained the following results:1) The charcoal makig in the Izu Islands reaches more than 50 per cent of the annual output between December and March, and the method of production is a typical one employed in a winter season. The same kind of method is found in the mainland of Japan on the slopes of mountainous districts facing the Pacific Ocean.2) The reason why the production of charcoal became an important industry in winter is due to the fact that the farmers have more leisure in winter in the area where the mountain slopes face the Pacific Ocean. But in the case of the Izu Islands the reasons are different in each island.a) In Izu-Oshima island, a great deal of charcoal is made in winter (from November to March) because during this season a number of settlers come from Yamagata Prefecture to do the job of charcoal making. This practice is very rare in other parts of Japan. b) In Miyake island and Hachijo island, charcoal making is done by using the leisure hours of both farmers and fishermen. Particularly it is done in the interval (from November to February) between the gathering of agar-agar, in summer and the fishing of flying-fish in spring.c) It is an exceptional case with regard to Aoga-shima island. Since this island suffers much from inconvenient maritime transportation, especially in winter, the suspension of steamship service is very common, and the charcoal making is done only in summer and in autumn when there is any possibility of shipment.

著者

ズール リチャード 大山 修一

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.1, pp.73-86, 2017 (Released:2017-04-28)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1 6

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ザンビアにおける都市と地方の不均衡な開発は,地方から都市への人口移動を引き起こしたが,都市における住宅開発は順調に進まなかった。本稿は,ザンビアの土地政策の歴史をみたうえで,経済の自由化と土地商品化の動きにともなう都市の住宅問題,宅地をめぐる争議を検討する。主要な問題は,都市における住宅のうち80%がインフォーマル,あるいは,開発計画の適用地域外であるということにある。これらの地域では,水や電気の供給,下水道やゴミ収集といった衛生に関する行政サービスは乏しく,洪水が起きたり,あるいは,コレラや赤痢などの感染症の発生もみられる。ザンビアでは,1964年の独立時に,人々の移動が自由となった結果,都市の住宅不足が深刻な問題となった。さらに1995年に土地法が改正されたことにより,貧困削減を目的として,土地の資産価値を認め,首都への資本集中を進めた。この土地法の改正は,土地所有権の強化と都市の開発を進めることになった。ザンビアにおける住宅開発は,住民の主体性に任せる「自助努力による住宅開発」にもとづいているため,地価や物価の上昇のなかで住宅を確保できない住民も多い。ザンビアにおける潜在的な問題として,都市部における住宅地の競合と行政による土地接収に対する都市住民の過激な反応にともなう社会秩序の混乱を指摘しておきたい。

著者

鈴木 公

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.236-255, 1962-06-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

33

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The solution of the city problems in Japan is one of the most important things in land planning. The chief object of this paper is to deal with cities in Kagoshima Prefecture, a so-called “backward Prefec-ture, ” which have suffered vicissitudes over two different periods, one being (A) the “Fumoto” period (times of the castle town, 1602-1869) and the other (B) the contemporary times (1869-), and to analyze and classify them to understand the characteristics of both types, and the distribution of the cities, and thus to contribute some materials for the impending problem of the cities which are to be solved in the coming years.The elements analyzed of a city in the case of (A), are (1) the amount of Koku of rice produced in a Go (village), (2) the population of Shizoku (samurai) and Sotu (the footman soldier or servant to samurai) in a Go, (3) the standing army in the year 1870 when the militery government was established, (4) Kakushiki (the situation) and the power of defence of Fumoto (the little castle town) and (5) the facilities of the commercial transportation (e.g. stage, fair, harbour). Then, we define that each of these items gets a full mark, (100 maximum) and we can get valuations by percentage.In the case of (B) the five items ((1) the population (2) the industry (3) the commerce (4) the communication (5) the culture and the sightseeing) and the thirty subitems are given. we also define that each of these items gets full malk, (100 maximum) and we arrive at the valuations by percentage. The figures are totalized and divided by thirty to get the average. The materials used in this paper are from the national and the prefectural statistical books and from some opinionaires.The results of this research tell us that, in Kagoshima Prefecture which had been reformed from a han (a feudal domain) “Kagoshima han”, Kagoshima City where its prefectural office is so remarkably large as to be ranked in the top class of minor cities in all Japan, but other cities are small ones with no particular attraction of urban life. From the point of their distribution, in the “Fumoto” period the defencetowns on the prefectural border were large next to the castle towns, and after them came the defence-towns around Kagoshima City; nowadays they are annexed to that main city or have developed into little satellite towns.In the middle region about 50km away from Kagoshima City, whence it is unusual that people come on shopping trips or commute to the central city, there are a few larger cities belonging to the A class of little cityies in our division, such as Sendai, Kanoya, which show some alterations from years to years. Generally speaking, in this prefecture, there are no tourist towns nor newly-developed industrial ones, so the distribution of the cities has scarcely changed, but remains almost as it had been in the “Fumoto” period. And so, the less-changing of the distributon of the cities is characteristic of Kagoshima Prefecture.

著者

アシムウェ フローレンス アキイキ

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.1, pp.87-99, 2017 (Released:2017-04-28)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

1 2

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本稿では,ウガンダの高収入世帯において,土地や財産の所有について女性が副次的な位置づけで,女性による土地や財産の管理がいかにはばまれてきたのかについて分析する。女性の財産所有に対する権利は弱く,「貧困の女性化」といわれるように女性は貧困状態におちいっている。女性は結婚後に家計にとって副次的な役割しか担うことができず,離婚や別居することになると,自分自身で生きていかなければならなくなる。土地や財産所有権に関するジェンダー間の不平等は,家父長制を重んじる文化や社会の価値観だけでなく,女性のエンパワーメントの障害をつくりだす法制度によっても生み出されてきた。本稿では,高学歴の女性が,土地購入や家屋の建築に際して経済的な貢献をしたにもかかわらず,所有権を取得できない事例を示している。また,別の事例では,女性がみずからの名前を土地所有証明書に入れることができず,女性は土地の所有権を保有できず,土地の使用権のみを保有するにすぎなくなっている。これらの事例では,夫が財産をみずから単独の所有物として登録している。本稿は,ウガンダにおける世帯の所有する土地や財産の権利の複雑な動態を理解する一助となり,サハラ以南アフリカだけでなく,発展途上国において女性がもつ土地・財産に対する権利の現状に関する知見を提供するものである。

著者

応地 利明

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.5, pp.410-428, 1982-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1

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One of the characteristics of the history of Japanese geography in the modern period is the fact that the establishment of chairs was rather late compared with other sciences. It was not until 1907 that the chair of geography was founded at Kyoto Imperial University, the first one at any Japanese University. Before 1907, a few geographical books were written by non-specialists of geography and they received a warm welcome. Eminent among them were “Jimbun Chirigaku Kogi (Lecture on Human Geography)” (1888) and “Nihon Fukei Ron (On the Beauties of Natural Scenery of Japan and their Implications)” (1894) by S. Shiga, “Chirigaku Ko (Consideration of Geography, The Earth and Man)” (1894) by K. Uchimura, and “Jinsei Chirigaku (Geography of Life)” (1903) by T. Makiguchi.Shiga and Uchimura were graduates of Sapporo Agricultural College, predecessor of the present Hokkaido University. Makiguchi, who was not a graduate of S.A.C., was a teacher at a normal school in Sapporo at the time he wrote his book, from 1897 to 1901. In addition to the above, I. Nitobe, who was a classmate of Uchimura's at S.A.C., introduced Meitzen's concept of the morphology of rural settlements for the first time in Japan in his book “Nogyo Honron (Main Discourse on Agriculture)” (1898). He was one of the promoters of The Research Society for Study of the Native Land, which exerted a considerable influence on the rise of human geographical studies in the 1910's and 20's.We can safely say that Sapporo is one of the birthplaces of modern Japanese geography. However, Sapporo Agricultural College had no department of geography. Geography was not taught even as a separate subject, though S.A.C. had unique characteristics of a liberal art college compared with the other higher educational institutions at that time.At the Library of Hokkaido University, there are collected various notebooks of the lectures delivered by American professors and recorded by Japanese students. Among them, there is found a notebook under the title of “Lecture on the Geography of Europe by Dr. J.C. Cutter, M.D., Notes by S. Ibuki, 1881”. Dr. Cutter was invited as a professor of physiology, comparative anatomy and English literature. In the introductory part of his lecture on English literature, he taught the geography of Europe, which is considered to be one of the earliest lectures on geography delivered at a higher educational institution in modern Japan.In the present article, the Japanese translation of Prof. Cutter's lecture is made with explanatory remarks of the author. The lecture is composed of two parts, chapters 1 to 8, and 9 to 16. The former part contains physical geography of Europe, with an introduction entitled “Physical geography in relation to social conditions and pursuits” in the first chapter. The second part deals with the appearence and diffusion of races and languages in the Eurasian Continent with special reference to Aryan problems.His lecture is highly characterized by the Euro-centric viewpoint which was prevalent in the 19th century. For example, he taught: “Semitic and Aryan languages were for a long time confined to the continent of Asia in which they occupied only small parts. They are now universally distributed. This group of languages have attained the highest degree of perfection. These types of languages are spoken by majority of the white type of the human species. They were introduced into Europe from India by the Aryan invasions or infiltration. From the Aryan mother tongue have sprung all the European languages. They are now used by peoples occupying about 3/15th of the earth's surface. It is the people using these languages who have been the leaders in civilization in historic periods”. This quoted opinion is typical of Europeans in the mid-19th century. It was accepted by some students at S.A.C., and rejected by others.

著者

千葉 徳爾

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.5, pp.449-462, 1964-10-20 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

19

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It is said that in the village communities of the Shima Peninsula, though they have similarity in natural conditions and historical background, their traditional folk-customs are varied in all aspects. I also had my own experience when I was a member of the research committee for folk-customs in the district. For instance, the customary abdication system of the headship of a family, found at Kou Village, in the eastern end of the Peninsula and famous in its separate type of each household, has not found its resemblance in any other place in the vicinity.I have been interested in this problem from the geographical standpoint, and here present a preliminary essay which will explain some of it. I think that the regional differences in various phases of these customs have been made in comparatively recent times, and that before that they had been alike in any village of this Peninsula, because the fragments of the ancient customs in some villages have the common features with the other Japanese folk-customs. One of the causations would be the destructions of frequent typhoons and tsunamis. The detailed explanation will be given in my future report when I get more certain data. In this introductory report, accordingly, I have explained those which have been regarded as the instances of the compultion of the community are, in fact, those of the transformation of the age class system which was characteristic of the ancient community, by seeing the following examples: the abdication system in Kou Village, the ceremonies of the contracts between formal fathers and formal sons in Matsuo Community and the system of theocratic self-government in Tategami Village Block Association.The origin of the age class system in this Peninsula is a historical problem still to be elucidated. But it may be an important geographical factor that these folk-customs passed through the Meiji Era, an age of great reforms, and was affected by the governing classes of the villages because of their remote locations.

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.204-209, 2000-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

著者

丸井 博

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.240-253, 1973-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

28

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The writer has studied the development and the present conditions of the small hydroelectric plants along the Shiba River flowing south at the foot of Mt. Fuji. The results of this study are as follows.1) There are 21 small hydroelectric plants along the Shiba River (Fig. 4), but their facilities are old and supply only a part of demand of electricity for the electric light and industrial power in this region. However, their cost of electricity production is low because the repayment of facilities has already ended. In addition, they are maintained as the urgent electricity in case of troubles of the long-distance transmission lines to this region from the hydroelectric or thermalelectric plants in other regions.2) The first hydroelectric plant along the Shiba River was the Inogashira Hydroelectric Plant built in 1910. The completion of this plant was the one step to the modern hydroelectricity production in the Shizuoka Prefecture. The reason why the hydroelectric plant was built first along the Shiba River in the Shizuoka Prefecture was that there were a lot of sites for hydroelectricity production and the developing paper and pulp industry at the southern foot of Mt. Fuji demanded much electricity.3) Four electric companies competed sharply for the production and supply of hydroelectricity along the Shiba River and the Fujisuiden Company held a dominant position. But, after all most hydroectric plants belonged to the Tokyo Electric Power Company which supplied electricity to Tokyo and amalagmated the Fujisuiden Company.4) All the hydroelectric plants along the Shiba River whose capacities are from 250 KW to 4, 000 KW are conduit type. About 70 per cent of the 590-meter water head from the highest plant to the lowest one is used for genera-tion (Fig. 5).5) The area of the Shiba River was early reclaimed as the agricultural land and at present the water rights for both irrigation and electric generation are much complicated (Fig. 8). The hydroelectric plants obtained the water rights for electric generation by paying various compensations, but the electricity production by a lot of plants decreased to a degree during the period of irrigation to the paddy fields from May to July, because irrigation rights take precedence. This kind of reduction of electricity production is far larger than the seasonal reduction (Fig. 6).

著者

籠瀬 良明

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.3, pp.63-68, 1951-07-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

4

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.5, pp.534-541, 1969-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

著者

山本 健児

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, pp.214-237, 1980-06-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

65

被引用文献数

6 3

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The spatial segregation of the “Gastarbeiter population” (foreign workers and their families from the countries around the Mediterranean) has become one of the current social issues in West Germany since 1973. In response to the social significance of this phenomenon various investigations have been made. But little research has given attention to problems such as the formation of the spatial segregation, its possible developments and the consequent changes in urban spatial form.The purpose of the present paper is to describe the spatial form of segregation of the “Gastarbeiter population” in Munich and its changes, and to explain the phenomena by means of examination of the social processes involved.The concept of spatial segregation is defined as an unequal distribution of a group in relation to one group over given area. In order to show its spatial form, the author adopted a method of calculating the residential location quotient for each national group in each Munich ward and mapping its results. These are computed as follows:residential location quotient=ai/bi/A/B×100where ai is population of a group A in a ward i, A is the total population of a group A in Munich, bi is the total population in a ward i, and B is the total population in Munich.The results are shown in the figures 2-13. The spatial form of segregation of foreigners in total in the year 1969 is characterized by concentration in the Munich periphery as well as in the inner city. In the year 1978 they were concentrated only in the latter.Although each “Gastarbeiter population” displayed a peculiar spatial form of segregation by nationality, we can point out that they evidenced more or less similar characteristics not only in their distribution but also in their mobility. But Austrians who do not belong to the “Gastarbeiter population” showed a different tendency. Already in 1971, they were concentrated almost exclusively in the inner city; since then they have dispersed more and more all over the municipal area of Munich.The spatial form of and its change in segregation of the “Gastarbeiter population” mentioned above came about through the housing conditions available to them. There are two channels of housing for them: accommodation by employers and the private housing market. Accommodation facilities which are provided by employers are usually located in or near a factory site. In the process of economic growth, factories came to be located on the periphery of Munich, so that the concentration of the “Gastarbeiter population” was marked there around 1970. Immediately after the Gastarbeiter are recruited through the Bundesanstalt für Arbeit (Federal Labour Office), they live first in the company dormitory. Because of the recession the recruiting of new Gastarbeiter has been suspended since. November 1973. On the other hand, the physical and social conditions in the company dormitories are not good, so that the Gastarbeiter tend to move out of them. Thus the importance of dormitories as housing for Gastarbeiter became reduced.On the contrary the private housing market has come to play a more and more important role, especially since the Gastarbeiter must have recourse to it when they are joined by their families. Because of their lower wage and desire to save as much money as possible they demand dwellings of low-rent housing, which is concentrated in the inner city as Figure 14 shows. But it does not mean that the “Gastarbeiter population” have gotten dwellings of lower rent in a real sense. They are forced to pay higher rent than German tenants for dwellings of equal conditions (Table 5).

著者

新井 鎮久

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.5-6, pp.561-572, 1970-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

17

著者

斎藤 叶吉

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.4, pp.337-352, 1964-08-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

4

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本文は近世以降における桐生機業圏の復元と,その内部構造の変容を扱ったものである。桐生機業圏の形成は近世以降のことで,近世前期には旗絹献上に由来する桐生領54ヵ村がこれに属し,その内部は自蚕自糸自織の均一構造をもっていた。天正19年に桐生新町ができると,そこに開かれた絹市が機業の核となった。元文3年以後,西陣の織物技術や高機が伝来し,紋織が始まり,機業圏内部に問屋制家内工業,ついでマニュファクチュアが生じた。この間に,山中入が機業圏から離脱した。幕末近くになると,桐生新町に機業関連諸部門が集中し,機業圏の核心となった。機屋は桐生新町とその周辺,および南部一帯に特に集中してきた。また,機業圏の西部や北部は白絹,桐生新町周辺は糸染織物というように,2種の機業圏に分化してきた。明治初年は機業不振で,機業圏は以前よりやや縮少した。壬申戸籍を利用して調査すると,機業関連諸部門は桐生新町と境野に特に集中していた。機業形態では,桐生新町に機屋,その近在に機下職が集中していた。賃機を専業とする戸数は少ないが,農家の副業として広く行なわれた様子は,他の資料から推察できた。当時すでに着尺は桐生新町付近,帯地は機業圏南部,生絹はその西部といった,機業圏内部の地域分化がみられた。明治10年からは輸出織物が始まり,桐生は明治から大正にかけて最盛期を出現した。以前から生絹を作っていた西部・北部は輸出物を作るようになり,機業圏は輸出物生産が盛んになると広がり,不振になると縮まった。第二次大戦は桐生機業に壊滅的打撃を与えたが,戦後の復興は早かった。現在の機業圏は桐生市街地を核心とし,東部・南部は内需物生産地域で,工場と従属工場形態の製造業者が幅広い地帯をつくり,その外側に賃機地帯が狭くとりまいている。西部と北部は輸出物生産地域で,少数ながら大工場の製造業者が,主として桐生市街西郊に分布し,工場・従属工場形態の加工業者がこれをとりまき,広い賃機圏がさらにこれを囲んでいる。最近この機業圏内に変化が生じつつある。内需物生産地域では,企業合同による機業団地または大工場の設立が考えられている。輸出物生産地域では,賃機が農村青年の専業にかわる傾向がみえ,そのため,下職的機業者への転向を望んでいる。これらにはいずれも,簡単にゆかない問題が付随している。桐生機業は内にこれらの矛盾を抱き,外に織物の需要減問題と対している。これらの問題を克服することに,桐生機業の面目と発展とがかけられている。