著者

林 陵平 苅山 靖 吉田 拓矢 図子 浩二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15101, (Released:2016-08-19)

参考文献数

26

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The purpose of this study was to identify the ground reaction force and joint kinetics in the lower extremity during the catch phase of the clean exercise through comparison with the pull phase. Eleven male track and field athletes performed the power clean from the floor with loads of 30%, 60%, and 90% of 1RM (One Repetition Maximum). Kinetic data were collected from data recorded using a Vicon motion system (250 Hz) and force platforms (1,000 Hz). The results of the analyses were as follows:  1) In the catch phase, force development was similar to that of the pull phase because the peak ground reaction force was not significant during the two phases.  2) The joint kinetics in the ankle and knee joints were larger during the catch phase than during the pull phase.  3) During the power clean, force development was achieved mainly by concentric muscle contraction during the pull phase and by eccentric muscle contraction during the catch phase.  4) The ground reaction force and joint kinetics were significantly different during the catch phase.  These results show the differences in load characteristics in the lower extremity between the pull and catch phases during clean exercise. Therefore, not only the pull phase but also the catch phase should be considered when performing the clean exercise in weight training.

著者

岡田 桂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

2016

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This study analyzed the momentum of the (hetero) sexualization of masculinity through physical culture magazines published during the 1930s-1980s in the United States, and also examined the social conditions caused by the corresponding changes. Since Foucault suggested the "repressive hypothesis" of sexuality, it has been widely recognized that, at some moment in modern history, same sex desire was identified as an inevitable identity, rather than just a deviant act, as considered previously.  However, several recent studies have questioned this hypothesis as being oversimplified. By reviewing previous research, this study examined the momentum of segregation between hetero/homosexual desire, which was observed in the 1950s, i.e. much more recently than generally recognized, and the obvious hetero-sexualization of the masculine ideal, which occurred after the 1970s.  The method employed was to compare two major physical culture magazines. To provide a contrasting perspective with regard to different sexuality, the first (famous) physique magazine, which began to be published in 1951 for potentially homosexual customers, was adopted to comparatively and diachronically examine the representation of male figures on the cover pages. This analysis revealed the following results:  1. During the 1930s-1950s, the ideal of masculinity was not yet hetero-sexualized and exemplified a broad range of desire which was not yet segregated as hetero/homosexual.  2. During the 1950s-1960s, physical culture magazines started to exclude non-heterosexual elements from their representations because of the risk that they could be potentially interpreted as homosexual.  3. The rise of the sexual minority rights movement in and after the 1970s, and the 1980s AIDS panic promoted homosexual visibility and expedited homophobia as a form of counter-action. This advance caused rapid and obvious hetero-sexualization of mainstream physical culture media.  In conclusion, the reason for the hetero-sexualization of physical culture magazines was a reaction to the increasing presence of homosexuals. It could be said that the rise of heterosexual self-consciousness itself was, to some extent, a counter to, and paradoxically caused by the creation and increasing awareness of homosexual identity. Moreover, these changes in the masculine ideal, and especially the examples before the 1950s, suggest the possibility of an ideal masculinity shared by hetero/homosexual males, which Sedgwick (2001) suggests is a homosocial continuum—namely, homosociality without discontinuity between homosocial and homosexual desire.

著者

大垣 亮 竹村 雅裕 岩井 浩一 宮川 俊平

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.807-814, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

25

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This prospective cohort study examined the associations of shoulder dislocations, instability or rotator cuff injuries in collegiate rugby union players with potential risk factors recognized in preseason medical screening examinations. The study subjects were 69 elite rugby players from one university rugby club. Basic demographics, injury experience and current physical findings were assessed, and shoulder injuries sustained during 2 playing seasons were recorded. Risk factors for shoulder injuries were determined using a logistic regression model. Fifteen players sustained shoulder injuries during the 2 seasons. A history of injury (OR, 6.56; 95%CI, 2.04—20.98; p=0.00), a positive result in the load and shift (LAS) test (OR, 2.55; 95%CI, 0.92—7.06; p=0.07) and the internal/external rotational (IR/ER) muscle strength ratio (OR, 1.39; 95%CI, 1.08—1.77; p=0.00) were associated with shoulder injuries. A history of injury, a positive LAS test result, and the IR/ER muscle strength ratio are important risk factors for injury in collegiate rugby players.

著者

伊藤 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, 1958

著者

喜多 弘 青木 純一郎 三宅 章介 帖佐 寛章 大西 暁志

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, 1964

著者

小谷 究

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.497-511, 2014 (Released:2014-12-20)

参考文献数

76

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This study focused on the defensive strategies employed in Japanese competitive basketball in the 1920s and 1930s with the intention of clarifying the process through which the “five-man two-line defense”, a type of man-to-man defense, became a mainstream tactic after first examining the factors behind the decline in the number of teams employing the “3-2 zone defense”, a defensive strategy first introduced by Waseda University.   The study results can be summarized as follows. 1.  The 3-2 zone defense was introduced in Japan in 1924 and proved highly effective at the time; however it gradually fell from favor. The reasons for its decline included the use of high post play, an offensive strategy that proved effective against a 3-2 zone defense, an increase in the size of the court, and the fact that there were fewer leaders who could teach team members the difficult-to-learn 3-2 zone defense. 2.  Teams employing a five-man two-line defense man-to-man variation as a substitute for the 3-2 zone defense began to emerge in Japan from around 1926. However, this latter tactic had drawbacks due to the role of each position. For this reason, many teams adopted a five-man two-line defense zone defense formation, which is essentially the same as the nearest man-to-man defense, as it was able to eliminate the drawbacks of the five-man two-line defense man-to-man variation. The five-man two-line defense zone defense formation was a defensive strategy that was not significantly affected by high post play or the expanded court size, and that could be learned easily even when few leaders were available to provide complex tactical directions. As a result, the five-man two-line defense zone defense formation overcame the factors that rendered the 3-2 zone defense ineffective, and was widely adopted by domestic teams.

著者

中澤 篤史

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.373-390, 2011

被引用文献数

1

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In Japan, teachers not only teach students inside the classroom, but also manage extracurricular sports activities outside the classroom. This system of extracurricular sports activities is a distinctive feature of school education in Japan, and is totally dependent on the voluntary attitude of teachers. Although extracurricular sports activities are not included in the Course of Study, teachers are positively willing to manage them as school educational activities. Why should this be so? Furthermore, the contents of extracurricular sport activities seem to have no relationship with school education. Then, how do teachers identify sports as school educational activities? In order to examine these questions, this study focused on teachers' interpretations of difficulties in combining sports with education, as these difficulties ultimately determine whether teachers are positively willing to manage extracurricular sports activities. In managing school educational activities, teachers inevitably encounter certain difficulties (e.g. coping with diversity among students). How, then, do teachers interpret these difficulties?<br> The purpose of this study was to clarify the reasons why teachers are positively willing to manage extracurricular sport activities in Japan by analyzing their interpretations of difficulties with combining sports and education. The data were gathered by fieldwork at a public junior high school in the Kanto area. At this school, 12 teachers who managed extracurricular sport activities were observed and interviewed. Among them, a male teacher managing the rugby club was the most positive. This study focused on this individual as a case example to examine the reasons for his positive attitude.<br> This teacher divided the students into a high-skill and a low-skill groups in order to coach them efficiently. However, that division caused high-skill students to bully those with a low skill level, which obviously was not desirable in educational terms. However, the teacher interpreted the presence of a bully as a good opportunity to educate his students. Therefore, this difficulty was &ldquo;solved&rdquo; by the interpretation of this particular teacher.<br> In conclusion, various individual teachers' interpretations can &ldquo;solve&rdquo; certain difficulties and allow them to combine sports with education, allowing them to positively manage extracurricular sports activities as school educational activities without any conflict.<br>

著者

李 燦雨

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.343-357, 2011 (Released:2011-12-28)

参考文献数

33

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In Korean traditional archery clubs, there are unique cultures and old customs that are not found anywhere else. This paper tries to trace the origin of these cultures and customs by focusing on Sage (Archery Fraternity), especially the Deokyuge fraternity that existed as the central operating body of Deokyu archery clubs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the true nature and social functions of Sage, through a historical consideration of the organization of Deokyuge. The findings were as follows: 1.  Deokyuge was established to maintain Deokyu archery clubs through financial support. 2.  The operation of Deokyuge showed repeated break-up and resumption owing to lack of funds. 3.  Through money-lending businesses they obtained funds. The profits were used to repair archery facilities, hold regular archery competitions and for mutual aid. 4.  To sustain the fraternity perpetually, they formulated detailed regulations and established a strict mutual aid system. 5.  To enter the club, members had to pay an entrance fee after being judged for their personality, job and wealth. 6.  Rights and duties are defined by regulation and position. Executive members enjoyed splendor and privileges. 7.  The most important function of the fraternity was to support social success by passing the national officer certification examination. The exam comprised several kinds of archery and horseback riding. 8.  The fraternity also promptly met the needs of the times. The main function also changed periodically. After abolition of the traditional officer certification examination, the main function of the fraternity was changed to finance and administration within the village. 9.  After the prevalence of modern banking and the development of modern society, Sage declined for a while. However, through conversion of traditional archery into a competitive sport and modernization of the Sage, the fraternity was again invigorated. 10.  Most of the old customs and culture of current Korean archery originated from the fraternity.

著者

石山 友子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, 1993

著者

竹村 瑞穂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13050, (Released:2014-01-10)

参考文献数

43

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Medical technology has made remarkable advances in recent years. On the one hand, these advances have the benefit of contributing to the happiness of humankind; on the other hand, they can raise various ethical and social issues, precisely because they are applied to individual humans. One such issue is enhancement technology, which can be used not only for the purpose of treating disease, but also for improving or enhancing the body or mind; humans themselves can become subject to alterations without any medical purpose.   Body enhancement used to improve athletic performance is of particular concern in competitive sports. In this study, body enhancement was considered to be an act of pursuing a better-performing body, and examined the issues related to “betterness” in this context from an ethical viewpoint.   Specifically, I (1) elucidate the meaning of the word “betterness” within the phrase “better performing” and (2) examine whether the act of pursuing a body that is “better” is an act of overall human betterment by engaging in an ethical discussion of its pros and cons. I use the principle of action described in Kant's practical philosophy as a framework for discussion.   With regard to (1), I conclude that the meaning of “better” in the context of body enhancement in competitive sports is defined by theoretical (logical) judgment, and not by moral judgment. With regard to (2), I describe what an unacceptable act is according to Kant's Formula of the End in Itself. I also present the limits of this study, and point out the need to clarify in future studies the concept of what comprises human nature.

著者

松井 秀治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.65-76, 1956

被引用文献数

7 8

著者

矢野 裕介

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.11088, (Released:2012-07-14)

参考文献数

47

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This study focused on the introduction of hidari-kote (left kote), one of the datotsu-bui in chudan-no-kamae of kendo, in shinai-kyogi, and its restriction in gakko-kendo after 1953, in order to elucidate the process of transition of the striking zone and the reasons for it. The results obtained were as follows: 1.  Datotsu-bui (particularly kote-bu) in chudan-no-kamae of shinai-kyogi were treated equally, regardless of whether the strike was directed at the opponent's left or right kote-bu in shinai-kyogi, as was decided from the perspective of sport. However, hidari-kote in gakko-kendo after 1953, which was practiced alongside shinai-kyogi as “sport kendo,” was restricted. This difference in the treatment of hidari-kote confirmed a discontinuity between shinai-kyogi and gakko-kendo. 2.  In 1957, shinai-kyogi and gakko-kendo were amalgamated. A gakko-kendo instruction guide called “gakko-kendo-no shido” (1958) states two reasons why hidari-kote in chudan-no-kamae was prohibited in gakko-kendo. The first reason was that when fighting against an opponent using chudan-no-kamae, “attacking the opponent's dominant right hand increases the chance to win.” The second reason was that in chudan-no-kamae, “striking the opponent's left hand, a supporting hand in kendo, is dangerous because the point of the shinai (bamboo sword) tends to be thrust at the opponent's body and hard striking to the left hand from jodan (upper-guard position) in particular can cause injury.” In chudan-no-kamae, when striking hidari-kote, which is closer to the body than migi-kote (right kote), the point of the shinai tends to be thrust at the opponent's upper left arm area, which is not protected by bogu (protective equipment). In gakko-kendo, the striking instrument in question is a heavier and harder 4-slat bamboo shinai, instead of the 16-slat bamboo fukuro-shinai that is used in shinai-kyogi. In addition to the risk of the specific area being injured with the heavier and harder shinai, a fist of left hand, which is not the striking zone, is also struck because the tsuba (sword guard) does not protect it. Hence, striking the hidari-kote in chudan-no-kamae is prohibited in gakko-kendo.

著者

中野 浩一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.5, pp.318-327, 1997

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In Japan spreading of skiing is said to have originated from the ski instruction of Lerch, an Austrian officer, in Takada district since January 12 in 1911. But Nagai, a professor of gymnastics in Tokyo Higher Normal School, indicated that he had done it before Lerch. Staying in Sweden to search for Swedish gymnastics from 1907, Nagai had practised skiing for the study of the physical activity of the Japanese nation. From the end of December in 1910 fell on the 3rd ski season (1910-11) since his return to Japan in early 1909, he started an action to spread skiing in the prefecture of Akita, next to Yamagata, because he got a chance to go to snow area in winter for a course in gymnastics, and after returning to Tokyo, he wrote an article introducing Swedish winter sports in the newspaper "Jijishinpoh (時事新報)" and so on, and in the next ski season (1911-12) he gave ski instruction in the north-eastern section of Japan in the first half of January in 1912. But these activities amounted to no more than an introduction of skiing, and had little influence. On the other hand, at the end of December in 1910 was the same time Nagai started his action, Takada Division started a research for popularizing skiing before Lerch arrived at his post. They accomplished its study in this ski season (1910-11), and in the next ski season (1911-12), they started an action to extend their influence all over Japan, and almost succeeded in it after holding the opening ceremony of Esshin Skiing Club (越信スキ-倶楽部) on February 11 in 1912 fell on the next month Nagai visited the north-eastern section of Japan. Though Nagai used a skiing style with two poles, Lerch's one with one pole has consequently spread in the north-eastern section of Japan.

著者

大場 一義 今村 嘉雄 中野 八十二 岸野 雄三 成田 十次郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, 1964

著者

黒木 俊弘

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.5, 1967

著者

橋本 勲 梅田 利兵衛 長谷川 純三

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.5, 1967

著者

橋本 勲 梅田 利兵衛 長谷川 純三

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, 1968

著者

津田 喜久子 内海 千恵 岸本 弘子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.5, 1969

著者

篠田 基行

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第22回(1971) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.22, 1971-10-15 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

葛西 順一 太田 章 森 武

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第38回(1987) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.272, 1987-08-15 (Released:2017-08-25)