著者

福島 寿男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集 第61回(2010) (ISSN:24241946)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.31, 2010-09-08 (Released:2017-04-06)

著者

村松 憲

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.274_3-274_3, 2016

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<p> テニスにおいては「強い」ボールが打てることが競技力が高いことの一つの条件であると考えられる。本研究において「強い」ボールとは、ボールの速度-回転量グラフにおいてより「右上」(村松ほか2015)に位置するボール、すなわち同じ速度であればより大きな回転量、同じ回転量であればより大きな速度を持つボールのことであると定義する。「弱い」ボールはその逆とする。本研究は、強いボールが相手のショットを弱める効果があるのかどうか、という点について大学トップクラス男子学生テニス選手(1名)を被験者として検討した。ボールマシンから2種類の強さのボールを出し、それに対してフォアハンドグラウンドストロークで打球した。ボールマシンから出たボールと選手が打つボールの速度と回転量を、それぞれスピードガンと高速度カメラ(2000fps)で計測した。その結果、ボールマシンから出たボールが強いと、選手が打つボールが弱くなる傾向が明らかとなった。この原因について考察する。</p>

著者

朝西 知徳

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, 2005

著者

藤野 健太 和田 博史 山内 亮 根本 研 関口 脩 伊藤 雅充

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.187-201, 2017 (Released:2017-06-22)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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Strength and Conditioning (S&C) coaches are responsible for improving athletes' performance, which is achieved through various types of training. For athletes who are learning to improve their performance, it is important for the coach to guide their development by asking meaningful questions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the process by which questioning skills can be improved using Action Research (AR) methodology. In this study, 4 cycles of AR were conducted to improve the author's questioning skills, which were both lower-(complex) and higher-order (simple) questions, with avoidance of leading questions. The author of this paper was working as a S&C coach with a collegiate men's volleyball team. Fifteen players voluntarily participated in this study. As part of the AR methodology, the author selected an academic supervisor and a critical friend to observe and provide feedback based on coaching practices. An action plan was formulated through discussions based on the videotaped practices. A systematic observation approach was selected to elucidate behavioral differences in coaches over a 6-week period. A modified version of the Arizona State University Observation Instrument was also used.  Interviews were conducted to reveal athletes' feelings about the coach's use of questioning. Strength and vertical jump performance were assessed before and after the AR intervention. As a result of the AR, the author's questioning skills were improved. There were 3 processes through which questioning skills were improved: 1) increased familiarity with higher-order questioning, which made the athletes think rather than being told, 2) increased time for planning explicit higher and lower-order questions, and 3) challenging the thinking of athletes through the use of questioning to create a better interaction between coach and athletes. This study challenged the author's use and understanding of S&C coach questioning skills for the first time. From this research, the AR procedure was considered to be a very useful tool for improving the coaching skills of S&C coaches. Further research to seek ways of improving the pedagogical skills of S&C coaches will be necessary.

著者

山中 茂子 山中 好子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, 1968

著者

矢邉 洋和 梅澤 秋久

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集 第67回(2016) (ISSN:24241946)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.294_2, 2016 (Released:2017-02-24)

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2009年の米国教育省は、オンライン学習の効果を対面状況と比較した上で報告し、中央教育審議会答申(2012)では、これからの時代を見据え、「教室外学修」の重要性を説いている。本研究では、小学校4年生の体つくり運動において、オンラインストレージを用いた家庭での動画視聴(以下家庭での動画視聴)による反転学習型の授業を実践した。保護者へのアンケートおよびインタビューによる分析を通して、家庭での動画視聴におけるメリットとデメリットが示唆された。6回の動画配信のうち、保護者も平均5.4回視聴し、平均3.3回は、子どもと一緒に動画を見ていた。動画を一緒に見ながら、「学習へのアドバイス」や「称賛」、「学習内容への質問」といった会話が生まれる傾向が認められた。保護者自身の動画視聴への「楽しみ度合」と、「授業のねらいへの理解」、「1時間ごとの子どもの変化への気づき」、「負担感のなさ」に統計的に有意な相関関係が認められた(p<0.05)。ネットワーク自由記述およびインタビュー分析にはテキストマイニングソフトKH Coderを用い、分析を行った。

著者

林 裕三 猪飼 道夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.168, 1966-07-15 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

末木 新

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

2017

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Baseball is a thriving sport in Japanese high schools. However, there have been demands to shorten the instructional time for school extracurricular activities, resulting in a need to increase the effectiveness of such instruction. The present study was designed to examine the effects of three elements of team strength in high school baseball&mdash;pitching strength, batting strength, and defensive strength&mdash;on the outcome of a game. The materials used for analysis were the records of all of the 390 games and 780 teams involved in the National High School Baseball Championship from 2008 to 2015. Pitching strength, batting strength, and defensive strength were calculated using Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP), On-base Plus Slugging (OPS), and Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER), respectively. Logistic regression analysis (forced entry method) was conducted on the game outcome as the dependent variable and team FIP, team OPS, and DER as the independent variables. This analysis showed that the team FIP (odds ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.74&mdash;0.86), team OPS (odds ratio 8145, 95% confidence interval 1957&mdash;33898), and DER (odds ratio 5699019, 95% confidence interval 341274&mdash;95169408) were significantly associated with the outcome of the game. An assessment of the Wald statistic, which indicates the contribution rate of the dependent variables, showed that batting strength had the strongest effect on game outcome, followed by defensive strength. Compared to batting and defensive strength, pitching strength appeared to have only a small influence on game outcome. Therefore, for efficient improvement of team strength, it is considered that resources should be directed towards improving batting and defensive strength over pitching strength.<br>

著者

小石 麿由桂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集 第67回(2016) (ISSN:24241946)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.182_1, 2016 (Released:2017-02-24)

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本研究の目的は水泳の自由形におけるターン動作の速い選手と遅い選手の動作の違いを比較検討し、速いターン動作の特徴を明らかにすることであった。大学競泳選手男子8名のターン動作を高速度カメラで撮影し二次元動作分析を行い、ターンタイムは壁から3mの地点を通過し、ターン動作を終え再び通過するまでとした(3RTT)。水平方向の頭頂及び重心の移動距離と第1局面(最終ストロークのキャッチから頭を下げるまで)タイム(r=0.64、0.82)、垂直方向の重心移動距離と第3局面(足が壁に接地している間)タイム(r=0.69)の間に有意な相関がみられたが、第2局面(頭が下がり、足が壁に接地)のタイムと3RTTには相関がみられなかった。F.Puelら(2012)は「最高のターン時間は回転を開始する時の頭から壁との距離、水平速度の力のピーク、ターンの間の通り道の長さの削減によりもたらされる」と述べている。これらのことから3RTTを短くするためには以下のことが重要である。1)ある程度壁に近づいて回転開始時の頭と壁との距離を短くし、第1局面の移動距離を短くする。2)第3局面のタイムを短くするために垂直方向の動きを小さくする。

著者

亀井 俊雄 北村 靖治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.5, pp.82, 1969-07-31 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

平山 邦明 杉崎 範英 加藤 えみか 金久 博昭 福永 哲夫 川上 泰雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.33-43, 2010 (Released:2010-07-20)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of tendon elasticity, muscle strength and muscle activities on the amount of mechanical work enhancement associated with a counter movement. Twenty-one athletes performed a unilateral maximal jump using only the ankle joint with (CMJ) and without (no-CMJ) a counter movement on a sledge apparatus. Mechanical work done by the ankle joint was calculated from the ground reaction force and ankle joint kinematic parameters, and the difference between CMJ and no-CMJ conditions (ΔWork) was determined. During the exercise, electromyographic (EMG) activities were recorded from the triceps surae muscles. The maximal isometric plantar flexion torque and Achilles tendon stiffness were also determined using a torque meter and ultrasonogram. No significant correlation was found between ΔWork and either tendon stiffness or the maximal torque. In addition, neither the difference between CMJ and no-CMJ in iEMG nor mEMG was correlated with ΔWork. On the other hand, ΔWork was significantly correlated with the integrated EMG during the braking phase (r=0.52, p<0.05) and both the integrated (r=0.55, p<0.01) and mean (r=0.53, p<0.05) EMG during the push-off phase of CMJ. These results suggest that individual differences in ΔWork are influenced not by differences in the mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit, but by the individuality of muscle activities during CMJ.

著者

大島 雄治 藤井 範久

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.16011, (Released:2017-01-24)

参考文献数

39

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The purpose of this study was (1) to quantify the contribution of the adductors and iliopsoas to the hip joint torque, and (2) to clarify the function of the adductors and iliopsoas for terminal support until early recovery in maximal velocity sprinting. Eight male track and field athletes volunteered for the present study, and sprinted 60 m from a standing start position. Ground reaction force to the right leg was measured using a force platform (1000 Hz) placed at the 50-m mark from the start position. Simultaneously, 3-dimensional coordinates of body landmarks were recorded by a motion capture system (250 Hz) with 20 cameras. The right hip joint torque was calculated using inverse dynamics. To estimate the muscle forces of the right lower limb, we created a musculoskeletal model. The contribution of the muscle forces to the right hip joint force was calculated based on both equations of motion for each segment and equations of constraint conditions for adjacent segments connected by a joint. The main results for terminal support until early recovery were: (1) The adductor muscles generated less torque during hip joint flexion. (2) These muscles were involved in forward acceleration of the leg on the same side. (3) The iliopsoas was involved in the forward swing of the thigh on the same side.  Based on these results, it can be concluded that the hip adductors do not function as hip flexors, but as forward accelerators of the leg on the same side, based on the hip joint adductor torque. In contrast, the iliopsoas does not function as a forward accelerators of the leg on the same side, but delivers forward swing to the thigh on the same side for hip joint flexion torque.

著者

菊地 邦雄 万井 正人 伊藤 一生

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, 1966

被引用文献数

2

著者

石垣 尚男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.3, pp.185-192, 1988

被引用文献数

4 1

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether visual acuity improves or deteriorates by the exercise. Exercise was cycle ergometer pedaling for 15 minutes under the load; 20%, 50%, 80% of Maxmum Oxygen Intake of each subject with equal relative load among subjects. Accommodation function,Refraction and CFF (Critical Fusion Frequency) were measured for the investigation of the change of visual acuity. The subjects were 10 males (18-20 yrs) without eye diseases. 1. Visual acuity was deteriorated in all the cases of 20%, 50%, 80% Vo_2 max exercise load. The heavier the load, the more visual acuity deteriorated. Visual acuity recovered gradually after exercise in 20-30 minutes. 2. The heavier the load, the longer the near-point was extended, and recovered in about 20 minutes. 3. Deterioration of visual acuity and recovery process of visual acuity after exercise were similar to the changes of near-point. There was a significant correlation of 0.414 (p&lt0.05) between deterioration of visual acuity and extension of near-point immediately after exercise. 4. The frequency of accommodation fluctuation of crystalline lens was hardly changed. 5. Refraction (Sphere, Cylinder) was hardly changed. 6. CFF rose with every level of load. The heavier the load became, the higher CFF rose. Based on these reuslts, the main cause of the deterioration of visual acuity was assumed to be deterioration of accommodation function.

著者

飯田 頴男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, 1959

著者

平嶋 裕輔 中山 雅雄 内藤 清志 浅井 武

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13106, (Released:2014-09-20)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the principal factors related to shot situations that affect the outcome of goalkeeping saves in soccer and to build a regression formula that would predict the difficulty of saving a shot. The samples were 551 shots at goal in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The shots data were collected using game performance analysis. For statistical processing, the principal factors affecting the outcome of a save in soccer were revealed using logistic regression analysis. The principal factors that influenced the results of a save attempt were: the duration between initiation of the shot and when the ball reached the goal, the presence or absence of a defender in front of the shooter, the presence or absence of a defender located lateral or posterior to the shooter, the part of the body used to perform the shot, i.e. the head or the leg, the type of shot, i.e., a liner, a lob, or a grounder, the shot course in a mediolateral direction, the shot course in a vertical direction, the presence or absence of a change in the direction of the shot by other players, the shooter's position angle in relation to the goal line and the line from the goal post to the shooter, and the distance from the center of the goal to the ball when the ball reached the goal line. In addition, a regression formula was constructed to predict the difficulty of the save by combining the odds ratios of the main factors. It was verified that the difficulty in making a save could be accurately predicted using the regression formula (84.8%). As a future task, using our regression formula, it would be practically important to develop predictors for evaluating the ability of a goalkeeper.

著者

小林 啓介 下門 洋文 高木 英樹 椿本 昇三 仙石 泰雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.185-195, 2016 (Released:2016-06-17)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

2

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the pattern of muscular activity in the trunk, thigh and lower leg during the underwater dolphin kick in elite female competitive swimmers. The participants were 9 national-level competitive female swimmers who performed underwater dolphin kick swimming for 15 m at maximum effort. Sagittal movement was recorded for 2-D motion analysis, and surface electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded from 6 muscles: rectus abdominis (RA), elector spinae (ES), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GAS). The EMG data were used to investigate the active phase during one kick cycle. Furthermore, the co-active phases between the agonist and the antagonist in the trunk, thigh and lower leg were evaluated in terms of estimated muscular coordination. The kinematic results indicated that the average swimming velocity and the strouhal number for these swimmers were similar to those for Olympic swimmers in a previous study. Furthermore, a whiplash-like action was observed in their underwater dolphin kick movement. The EMG results indicated that the active phases of all subjective muscles during one kick cycle were approximately 60%. Co-active phases were observed in all pairs (RA-ES: 24.1±10.1%, RF-BF: 23.2±5.5%, TA-GAS: 45.5±20.2%), and the co-active phase of TA-GAS was significantly larger than for the other pairs (p<0.05). From these results, two main findings emerged with regard to the muscular activity pattern during the underwater dolphin kick in elite female competitive swimmers: (1) the muscular activity patterns in the trunk and thigh muscles were reciprocal; (2) the co-active phase for the lower leg muscles was larger than for the other parts and occurred during the first half of the upward kick phase.

著者

藤田 匡肖 勝田 叡 平田 欽逸 池田 隆二 山崎 正利 渡辺 功

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, 1966

著者

篠原 康男 前田 正登

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13007, (Released:2013-10-11)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

3

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The forces applied to the starting blocks are an important aspect of a sprint start. For achieving the most effective start, however, the relationship between these forces and block clearance has not been clarified. In this study, an experiment was conducted with collegiate sprinters in order to elucidate this relationship. The 19 male participants performed a start dash from the blocks as in a typical sprint race, and the forces applied to the front and rear starting blocks, as well as to the ground during the first step, were measured with force plates. The following results were obtained. Based on the impulses applied to the starting blocks, the horizontal impulse component had a greater effect than the vertical impulse component at block clearance. Furthermore, at block clearance, the horizontal component of the impulse applied to the front block accounted for a large proportion of the total horizontal impulse applied to the starting blocks. However, there was a significant correlation between the horizontal component of the impulse applied to the rear block and the total horizontal impulse applied to the starting blocks. The horizontal component of the impulse was affected by the duration of force application to the blocks. Moreover, the horizontal component of the impulse applied to the starting blocks was unrelated to block placement. This indicates that the component was affected by the position of the sprinter relative to the front and rear blocks. Lastly, the horizontal impulse component at block clearance affected the sprint start until grounding of the first step, after which this relationship differed according to the starting strategy and grounding skill of individual participants.

著者

服部 恒明 大槻 文夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.133-136, 1974

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手掌部平面相は, 把持動作等における接触域の指標として, 身体活動の遂行において考慮すべき形質と考えられるが, 従来殆んど言及されていない. そのため,成人男女合計139名について面積測定し, きき手別の集団で検討した. その結果, 平均値は男14Ocm^2, 女12Ocm^2前後を示し, 男女共優勢側の値が, 非優勢側に比して大きかった. スポーツマンの結果と比較すると, 一般成人では両側とも小さいことが知れた. 非優位側の優位側に対する割合は97〜99%を示し, Verchuerの平均百分率偏差を求めた結果, 男女間や左右優勢群間に特定の傾向は認められなかった. 平均値で示される一般的傾向に従がわないもの, すなわち非優位側が優位側よりも大きい例は, 男の右優勢群で12(21.4%), 左優勢群7(23.3%), 女の右優勢群で6(15.8%), 左優勢群6(40.0%) となり, 比較的高い頻度で出現することが明瞭となった.