著者

伊藤 潔志

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学キリスト教論集 = St. Andrew's University Journal of Christian Studies (ISSN:0286973X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.51, pp.45-70, 2016-02-18

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In Wittgenstein's diaries, manuscripts, and so on, he makes numerous references to religion. From this, we can see that Wittgenstein had a strong interest in religion, and that this interest continued consistently right from his `early phase' to his `late phase.' However, these are no more than fragmentary writings, and they do not go so far as to clearly indicate exactly what Wittgenstein's religious understanding was. In this paper, in order to pursue the essence of Wittgenstein's interest in religion, and to clarify the characteristics of his religious understanding, I focus on Tolstoy, who exerted a powerful influence on Wittgenstein. By considering Wittgenstein's religious understanding centered on the influence exerted by Tolstoy on him, we see that, for Wittgenstein, religion was truly an` issue of life.' Accordingly, Wittgenstein's religion can be called a `religion of life.'

著者

瀧澤 仁唱

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山法学 (ISSN:13481312)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.29-49, 2012-03-26

著者

小早川 義則

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山法学 = St. Andrew's University law review (ISSN:13481312)

巻号頁・発行日

no.20・21, pp.59-92, 2013-03-29

著者

佐賀 朝

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = St. Andrew's University economic and business review (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.3, pp.159-195, 2012-02-29

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This article examines the historical trajectory of urban lower class society in modern Osaka. Taking into account developments from the early modern period, it analyzes the transformation, expansion, and structure of urban lower class society in the modern period, as well as the way of life of lower class city residents. Specifically, this article focuses on the example of the1930s. First, it analyzes urban lower class society, which was characterized in the early modern and modern periods by the fact that its members frequently gathered together in concentrated residential zones, while also considering the development of the city of Osaka as a whole. Centering on the transformation and dismantling of early modern Osaka's best-known slum district, Nagamachi, urban lower class society developed during the modern period in a form whereby new slums emerged during the processes of industrialization and urbanization. The slums that appeared after Nagamachi's dismantling, including Kamagasaki and those in the Nipponbashi neighborhood, each possessed a subtly different character. Entering the twentieth century, Osaka's slums became even more diverse. Not only did the city's largest outcast community, Nishihamacho, continue to expand, but also new communities inhabited by immigrants from the Korean peninsula and migrants from Okinawa appeared. Thereby, an urban lower class society possessing various unique features took shape in Osaka. Lower class city residents, who lived in the above slum districts, were neither the "negative versions" of modern urban citizens, nor passive subjects. In the rapidly industrializing and changing society of the early twentieth century, they established a world in the city's back-alley tenements into which impoverished migrants, who moved to Osaka, married, gathered together in low-income residential districts, and permanently settled, were absorbed. Influenced in part by new urban governmental policies, during the early twentieth century, lower class city residents not only continued to congregate in the same residential communities, but also began to participate in local reform movements and become increasingly aware of their rights as citizens. The eviction disputes that occurred in the Nipponbashi area over the municipal government-led Substandard Housing District Reform Project are a manifestation of the growing rights consciousness of lower class city residents. Second, this paper examines the case of urban "lower class" laborers in the1930s. In particular, it engages the theme of "lodging and employment brokering." Focusing on brokers who provided housing and employment introduction services to short-term and non-contract laborers and remain a problem in contemporary Japan, this paper analyzes range of issues concerning the supply of "lower-class" labor power during the1930s. Examining two types of laborers, dockworkers and bathhouse workers, this article considers their similarities, differences, and mutual relationship. In the bottom tiers of urban society in1930s Osaka, lower class laborers were closely linked with a specific stratum of brokers called "inns," "rooms," and "brokerages," who provided them with housing and employment introduction service. In addition to arranging housing and employment for unskilled laborers sent to work at the port and the city's baths, brokers extracted brokerage fees, board, and commissions from them. However, in the1930s, as the national unemployment crisis deepened, government officials and labor unions began to view such brokers as a problem and their reform became an important social issue. A significant number of Osaka's dockworkers and bathhouse workers were Korean laborers. During the period in question, which saw an intensification of the problems of low-wage labor and harsh labor conditions, immigrant Korean laborers were forced to accept terrible living conditions. Furthermore, small and mid-sized entrepreneurs involved in the management of bathhouses and shipping labor at the city docks passed on their financial struggles to their workers in the form of poor living and labor conditions. As I noted above, the structure of urban lower class society in Osaka, which formed in the early modern period, was transformed by an increase in the number of migrants from elsewhere in Japan and abroad. During the first half of the twentieth century, lower class city residents continued to play vital role in urban society, supporting the development of the mega-city of Osaka at its base.

著者

橋内 武

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

国際文化論集 (ISSN:09170219)

巻号頁・発行日

no.37, pp.193-215, 2007-12-10

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What are the languages used in Malta ? What is the state of language education in the Republic of Malta ? This paper is an attempt to answer these questions. A Mediterranean archipelago, Malta, is located 93 km off the southern coast of Sicily. This Republic gained independence from Britain in September, 1964, and joined the European Union in May, 2004. With about 400,000 inhabitants, it forms a bilingual, if not trilingual, society. More than 90% of citizens follow the Roman Catholic religion. Most people speak Maltese as their mother tongue, but some elite families bring up their children in English. There are two official languages: Maltese and English. These two languages make up the society diglossia with English as the high variety and Maltese as the low variety. Clearly the third language is Italian due to its historical and geographical affinity. Italian TV channels can be received throughout the archipelago. Thus the most popular modern language taught at school is Italian, followed by French, German and Spanish. Although the Maltese language, written in Roman alphabet, is derived from Arabic, standard Arabic is unpopular among the Maltese, partly because of very different scripts, and partly because of its association with Islam. Since tourism and manufacturing are the two major industries, the demand for English and other European languages is strong. The current school education is based on the National Minimum Curriculum, which follows a bilingual education policy. Students are expected to use both Maltese and English depending on the subject, and learn at least one foreign language as well. At primary school, Maltese is the main medium of instruction with some use of English, while at secondary school, Maltese is used for teaching Maltese, History, and Religion, and English is used for Maths, Science and ICT. The emphasis placed on language education in secondary schools varies. Independent schools tend to put greater weight on modern language education, whereas national and church schools give less time to languages other than Maltese and English. At the tertiary level, English becomes the dominant language for academic purposes except in the case of Maltese Language and Literature, and foreign languages.

著者

山本 順一

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.81-124, 2016-07-06

著者

木村 義徳

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.45-59, 2004-12-20

著者

井本 英一

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学人間科学 (ISSN:09170227)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.1-29, 1999-01-30

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Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary, gave a miraculous pot to Tatsukichiro Horikawa, Japanese nobleman, when he departed from China for Japan after the completion of the revolution. When one rubbes the handles of the pot with water in up to 70 per cent height, a large quantity of mist gushes forth. The pot is kind of the cornu copia which supplies inexhausted food and drink. This kind of pot was considered not as a pot of this world but as that of the world beyond. Loaves and fish of Jesus (Matt. 14. 13-21) were cooked in this pot. The large bronze 'sea' in front of Solomon's temple and the Holy Grail of King Arthur were of the same origin. A miraculous pot belonged to the god of the underwater or the underground world so it was laid out at the entrance of the cave tomb. Ancient blacksmiths needed carbon in melting metals. They sacrificed a human being and put it into the melting pot. The story of the miraculous pot is often connected with the body or the head of the victim. The kingship was represented by the miraculous pot. When the kingship was lost the pot sinked to the depth of the water and was guarded by a dragon god, and anyone who got it out of the water became a new king.

著者

岡田 章子

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.11-25, 2000-09-01

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Magic, fairies, and myth are prevalent in many of Keats's poetry. His keen interest in the supernatural elements is especially evident in the fairy heroines in "Lamia" and "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and in the enchanting background in "The Eve of St. Agnes." In these lyric narratives, the mortal-immortal lovers enjoy a momentarily brilliant union in the visionary world, and the mortal lovers in "The Eve of St. Agnes" gain superhuman qualities as they are enchanted by Keats's skillful spell. Japan has also a tradition of myth and folklore where magic and supernatural elements are fused in the human world, but we do not have fairies; "fairies" essentially came from Western culture, and our folktales are much more humble and commonplace. In contrast, Keats's splendid treatment of these elements in the narrative poems particularly attracts me. This essay explores how the magic and fairies work in the three narrative poems named above, in comparison with Japanese folklore and shows how charming Keats's supernatural elements are to the Japanese mind. In "Lamia," all sorts of supernatural phenomena-the mythological background, brilliant magic, transformation, and mortal-immortal lovers-are contained. In "La Belle Dame sans Merci," the fairy is a most mysterious heroine, and the mortal-immortal love is highly intense, being followed by momentary horror, though the knight is uncertain of what has happened to him. In "The Eve of St. Agnes," though we do not have mortal-immortal love nor the practice of magic nor the metamorphosis, the reader and the characters are always enchanted by Keats's spell. In the end the mortal lovers are shifted to fairy lovers and are gone into a visionary realm. Japanese folktales have supernatural creatures; however, they are more properly called "spirits" akin to gods, than fairies. Usually, they are shapeless like air, unlike monstrous Western fairies. The mortal-immortal union is also prevalent in Japanese supernatural tales. But the union is seldom love, usually marriage, and the stability of life. Very frequently, the mortal-immortal marriage is animal-human marriage. As the animals once had their lives saved by men, they appear in the form of women and devote themselves as wives to repay the kindness. This grateful repayment shows a feature of our folktale. They obediently keep house and produce children by spell. After a while, they return to their original animal form or disappear to another realm. In the mortal-immortal relations, women tend to be magicians and demons and transform themselves as in the case of Keats's three narratives. Probably it is universal that women are more likely to be devilish by nature. Another characteristic of our folklore is that our spirits are linked with ordinary common people and common places, not with kings, queens, knights, and castles like Keats's subject matter. Japanese supernatural creatures are not so romantic; rather, they are related to daily life. This difference makes us fascinated with Keats's glorious, sensuous magic and fairies. We adore the romantic love story of the knights and the mysterious fairy lady in "La Belle Dame sans Merci," the lovely mythological background and the magic palace in "Lamia," and the charming Madeline and Porphyro in the medieval castle.

著者

野尻 亘

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

国際文化論集 = Intercultural studies (ISSN:09170219)

巻号頁・発行日

no.47, pp.75-92, 2013-03-28

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American geography of the 19th century suffered a major backlash due to the influence of environmental determinism. However, with the dawn of the 20th century, area studies became a major field. Yet even when much regional elements were broken down into detail and presented in terms of distribution, the difficulty remained of categorizing areas into objective, uniform regions. To address this difficulty, a variety of methodologies were developed regarding the concept of region. Sauer's "Morphology of Landscape" (1925) marked the beginning of this movement, followed by the concept of sequent occupance, defined by Whittlesey (1929). This concept addressed the succession and transition of the cultural landscape over the course of developments such as the hunter-gatherer society of indigenous peoples ; the immigration of farmers ; the formation of villages ; industrialization; and urbanization. In contrast, Hartshorne (1939) was influenced by Hettner (1927) in Germany, proposing the concept of areal differentiation, which in turn had a dramatic impact on the field of geography in the United States in the 1940s and 50s. This topographical methodology cited differences in distribution of various aspects of the earth's surface including weather patterns, geomorphology, soil, resources, etc., and also explained the spatial relationship between them. The issue here was that interpretations were made based on differences in specified phenomena between places. In other words, regions were conveniently interpreted in a way that suited the specific index that was chosen. This meant rejection of the kind of geography that emphasizes the morphological aspect of the cultural landscape. Further, it was concluded that it was not necessary to limit research topics to visible landscapes ; the new way of thinking emphasized the importance of choosing an event that would facilitate significant change arising from differences in location, or an event that had the potential to facilitate a change in other phenomena. However, while this type of methodology tends to emphasize the diversity of different regions, it also tends to close the door to generalization. James (1952, 1954) asserted the need to pay attention to areal likeness, an approach that enables comparison between regions. In addition, Whittlesey (1954) categorized regions into uniform regions and nodal regions for purposes of study. The uniform region is characterized by specified indices, standards and definitions such as the Corn Belt and the Cotton Belt. In contrast, nodal regions are those that have a specific focal point; that is, a certain structure is expected of this central area, including the flow and circulation of people and information emanating from a specific focal point. Depending on different standards, such as commutable zone and consumer catchment area, one can identify a diverse array of nodal regions. As noted above, studies in the field of geography in the United States, particularly in the post-World War II period, showed a deepening interest in clarifying the hierarchy and behavior of nodal and functional regions and regional interaction, paving the way toward system theory research on regional function systems. As part of this series of movements, Berry (1964) attempted to develop a fusion of the topographical or factorial ecology methodology and quantitative geography, applying multivariable analysis to regional data.

著者

森本 壮亮

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.237-269, 2016-03-03

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This paper introduces the full story of the Okishio theorem. Although it has been considered to be an objection to Marx's law of the tendential fall in the rate of profit, the real purpose of the theorem was to clarify an absurd character of the capitalist choice of technique. Also Okishio argued that the reason of the constant or falling rate of profit should be the rise in the real wage rate. When Okishio submitted the theorem, the rate of profit was not clearly falling in Japanese economy. However Japanese economy considerably changed. The surge of the real wage rate from the mid 1960s to 1973 caused the rise of the organic composition of capital and the fall in the rate of profit. Contrary to the popular interpretation of the Okishio theorem, this scenario was precisely what Okishio supposed. The bubble burst caused one more fall in the rate of profit and capital turned surplus. The result is the helplessness of the monetary policy. Even though the Bank of Japan has tried to supply money by extraordinary ways, neither capital accumulation nor "money stock" has increased. Although economists including Marxists have not been able to work out this mysterious situation, it is just what Marx wrote in Volume III of Capital .

著者

井上 敏

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.3, pp.33-43, 2018-03

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Museum Act in Japan is amended 19times from 1952 to 2017. But these Amendments are notmeaningful from the viewpoint of museum system in Japan. Because the purpose of discussion oflegal reform about Act is not clear.And present economic, social and political situation will not make the amendment meaningful.Now what needed is not amendment. It is the discussion about Intellectual Freedom in"Museums". We, museums in Japan should be study the precedent of the Libraries-Intellectualfreedom in Libraries-.

著者

山川 偉也

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.129-168, 2007-06-20

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This article first takes a critical look at Aristotle's definition of "human being" as a "politicalanimal" (πολιτικον ζψον), as noted in his Politics 1253a2_3. Following that is a study of the correlation between Aristotle's and Diogenes' views of human beings. The author initially provokes the reader's attention to the fact that the Aristotelian term "political animal" originally had two contexts. First, according to Historia Animalium, the political animal is a species of "gregarious animal" (τα αγελαια). Therefore, it is not the case that human being is a unique species of political animal; a large group of different species described as political animals does indeed exist. Aristotle states, for example, that various forms of political animal, such as "man," "bee," "wasp," "ant" and "crane," each has a common property: the devotion to some common good in its political community. On the other hand, in Politics 1252a1_7, Aristotle identifies "the so-called city-state" (η καλουμενη πολιζ) as a "political community" (η κοινωνια η πολιτικη)_According to Historia Animalium, the human being is only one species of political animals. But, according to Politics 1253a 7_8, the human being is a "political animal" in a greater measure than bees or any other "gregarious animal". The author insists that it was precisely in this context that Aristotle needed to specify human beings by a geometrical proportion: `God :Man=Man : Animal.' The author analyzes thoroughly Aristotle's view of human being and discloses the fact that Aristotle's theory of the "natural slave" conflicts with his own definition of"man." In this way the author divulges the invisible aspects of Aristotle's political thought. The author then concentrates to clarify the meaning of Diogenes' mission "paracharaxon to nomisma" ("deface the currency") and to highlight the significance of his protest against the Aristotelian definition of human beings: God : Man=Man : Animal Thus, the author proceeds to deface the current interpretations of Diogenes of Sinope's conception of justice and cosmopolitanism, which has been regarded by scholars as almost "nothing"or at least as a "shadowy ancestor" of the cosmopolitanism of Zeno of Citium. In place of these interpretations the author is submitting another version of cosmopolitanism that is to be regarded as a defaced version of Alexander's. Following the Sinopean dog philosopher's mission"παραχαραξον το νομισμα" ("deface the currency"), the author is defacing contemporary views on Diogenes of Sinope's "character" (χαρακτηρ)_

著者

軽部 恵子

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学社会学論集 (ISSN:02876647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.195-198, 2016-02-25

著者

橋内 武

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

国際文化論集 (ISSN:09170219)

巻号頁・発行日

no.48, pp.161-175, 2013-08

著者

野尻 亘

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.1-43, 2015-09

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Since the latter half of 1980's, actor-network theory (ANT) introduced the methodology of global production network in economic geography. ANT comes from the science technology history and post-structuralism. ANT's key concepts in economic geography are heterogeneous relations, and `acting at a distance', and `actants' consisted of humans and nonhumans. ANT shows power of networks and relations in global production system. Translation in ANT exchanges old `actants' and new `actants' and are negotiations or `modes of ordering' which is balancing mutual profits of each actant. The concept of hybrid network, mode of ordering, and `action at a distance' is examined power relations between globalization space and long distance network. The long distance of extended network needs to `actants' to maintain the relation within network. Actants are crucial process in network construction. The strength, durability and stability of network are constituted by mode of ordering. Moreover, the durability of long distance network requires the strong organization in the network in order to construct the pattern of social and environmental practice in particular times and spaces.

著者

松村 昌廣

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.131-152, 2016-03-03

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This study will analyze a libertarian approach to post-Lehman emergency lending in accordance with Federal Reserve rescue authority,with a major focus on the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. The analysis will attach its attention to the evolving political context in which the U.S. domestic political discourse has been influenced increasingly by libertarianism, involving the rise of populist movements such as the "TEA (Tax Enough Already)" Party. This paper will first begin with a standard account on libertarianism as a major current of American political philosophy, which is rather unfamiliar to Japanese students in the field. Second, the analytical focus will be placed on an overview on the unique features of the Federal Reserve Board system as central bank, followed by a libertarian understanding on where the system stands in the context of the U.S. political economy. Third, this work will highlight the Dodd-Frank Act that is intended to prevent the Federal Reserve Banks from repeating massive discretional emergency lending to major insolvent banks as found in the post-Lehman financial crisis management. Fourth, the paper will identify the Act's major existing pitfalls that could enable to repeat such discretionary lending, followed by a set of policy proposals aimed to remove those pitfalls. The study will be designed to facilitate understanding the ongoing debate on the post-Lehman financial reforms, emphasizing the central importance of libertarian perspectives that reveal the exploitative nature of the finance-centered U.S. socio-political regime as the basis of the U.S. global economic hegemony.

著者

村中 淑子

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of humanities research, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.3, pp.55-83, 2015-10

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In this article we studied color terms in loanwords in Japanese, and analyzed them using Corpus Data. We focused on ten color terms of English origin, using the full-text retrieval system "Himawari" of the internet library Aozora Bunko (12023 works, accessed October 1, 2014) for language resources, and observed examples from the Meiji period to the early Showa period. The color terms studied were as follows : PINKU (pink), GURIIN (green), BURUU (blue), GUREE (gray), BEEJU (beige), BURAUN (brown), REDDO (red), IEROO (yellow), HOWAITO (white), and BURAKKU (black). Following the study, the terms were classified into two categories. (a) Those having both an indicatory function in the context of multiple choice, and a descriptive function to describe attributes of things. They can be used independently but not in compound form. PINKU (pink), GURIIN (green), BURUU (blue), GUREE (gray), and BEEJU (beige) belong to this group. (b) Those having only the indicatory function and no descriptive function. They are always used in compound form. BURAUN (brown), REDDO (red), IEROO (yellow), HOWAITO (white), and BURAKKU (black) belong to this group. It may be said that words of group (a) are more familiar in Japanese than those of group (b), in particular PINKU and GURIIN as they describe the color of natural objects. In group (b), the reason why REDDO (red), HOWAITO (white), and BURAKKU (black) have low familiarity in Japanese is that Japanese original color terms AKA (red), SHIRO (white), and KURO (black) constitute extremely basic and fundamental vocabulary in Japanese, and it is likely that there was no place for words of foreign origin having similar meaning.

著者

片平 幸

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.125-142, 2016-07-22

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This essay examines how Puccini's Madame Butterfly has been perceived in Japan since the early 20th century. Composer Giacomo Puccini (1858_1924) wrote the opera Madame Butterfly, which premiered in Italy in 1904. The story is about a tragic love between 15-year-old Japanese girl Cio-Cio-san and American naval officer B. F. Pinkerton. The setting is in Nagasaki in the early Meiji period. This story derives from the Western imagination of the 19th century, when great interest emerged in the West toward Japan due in part to international exhibitions of the time and the influence of Japonisme in Europe. Consequently, the Japanese people and customs represented in Madame Butterfly were exotic if not awkward based on a Western fantasy of the 19th century. Madame Butterfly is an opera production of the early 20th century, and eventually very popular, performed on stage all through the 20th century. This means, then, that there were newly directed or interpreted versions of it. Nevertheless, "Japan" in Madame Butterfly has been often represented in a peculiar manner for today's audiences in Japan. So how have Japanese people reacted to the representation of Japan in Madame Butterfly ? The aim of this essay is to investigate how Madame Butterfly has been perceived in Japan. Through this, I will analyze Japanese newspaper articles from the 1910s and onward. In addition, I will argue how Madame Butterfly can be an effective material to study the issue of representation as well as cross-cultural understanding. I also report how Madame Butterfly can be explored in lectures based on my educational practice.

著者

小池 誠

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.3, pp.5-11, 2006-03-15