著者

Majid Ashraf Ganguie Behrouz Attarbashi Moghadam Nastaran Ghotbi Azadeh Shadmehr Mohammad Masoumi

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.12, pp.2133-2137, 2017 (Released:2017-12-07)

参考文献数

20

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[Purpose] This study examined the immediate effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on a six-minute walking test, Borg scale questionnaire and hemodynamic responses in patients with chronic heart failure. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty patients with stable systolic chronic heart failure came to the pathophysiology laboratory three times. The tests were randomly performed in three sessions. In one session, current was applied to the quadriceps muscles of both extremities for 30 minutes and a six-minute walking test was performed immediately afterward. In another session, the same procedure was followed except that the current intensity was set to zero. In the third session, the patients walked for six minutes without application of a current. The distance covered in each session was measured. At the end of each session, the subjects completed a Borg scale questionnaire. [Results] The mean distance traveled in the six-minute walking test and the mean score of the Borg scale questionnaire were significantly different across sessions. The mean systolic and diastolic pressures showed no significant differences across sessions. [Conclusion] The increase in distance traveled during the six-minute walking test and decrease in fatigue after the use of current may be due to a decrease in sympathetic overactivity and an increase in peripheral and muscular microcirculation in these patients.

著者

Seol-Jung Kang Jong-Hyu Kim Zhao Gang Young-Sook Yook Jea-Ryang Yoon Gi-Chul Ha Kwang-Jun Ko

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.169-173, 2018 (Released:2018-01-27)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

21

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of circuit exercise on obesity index, appetite regulating hormones and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese women. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects of this study were 26 obese middle-aged women who were selected among participants in exercise class at K Region Health Promotion Center in South Korea and were randomly assigned to the exercise group (n=13; age 50.15 ± 3.82, % body fat 38.79 ± 3.28) and the control group (n=13; age 49.84 ± 2.96, % body fat 37.46 ± 2.51). Circuit exercise consisted of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise for 5 weeks and 50 minutes for 12 weeks. Before and after exercise we measured obesity index, leptin, ghrelin, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance in all subjects. A repeated-measured two-way of variance was performed for comparison of the treatment effects between the exercise and control groups. [Results] Body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage of obese index decreased significantly. Leptin of dietary regulation hormone was significantly decreased and ghrelin was significantly increased. Insulin and insulin resistance was significantly decreased. [Conclusion] Circuit exercise can be viewed as an effective exercise program to induce changes in appetite regulating hormones and to improve insulin resistance by mechanisms of energy homeostasis by weight loss.

著者

Carolina Carvalho Bortoletto Mônica da Consolação Canuto Salgueiro Renata Valio Yara Dadalti Fragoso Pamella de Barros Motta Lara Jansiski Motta Fernanda Yukie Kobayashi Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari Alessandro Deana Sandra Kalil Bussadori

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.11, pp.1889-1892, 2017 (Released:2017-11-22)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

16

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[Purpose] Present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sleep bruxism and headache in school children. [Subjects and Methods] This study was conducted with 103 children aged 3–6 years. The exclusion criteria were early tooth loss, dental appliance was used, physical or psychological limitations, chronic disease and continuous medication. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed based on an indication by parents of the occurrence of teeth clenching/grinding and incisor/occlusal tooth wear, following the criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep quality was evaluated by a questionnarie, detailing the child’s sleep characteristics. [Results] Forty-nine children (47.6%) were diagnosed with sleep bruxism. Those with sleep bruxism were 3.25-fold more likely to present headache. Children whose parents were separated had a significantly greater frequency of sleep bruxism and primary headache. The relative risk of exhibiting primary headache was 13.1 among children with sleep bruxism whose parents were separated. [Conclusion] Children with SB demonstrated a greater risk of having primary headache and those whose parents were separated had a greater chance of having headache. Only sleep bruxism was associated with headache, clenching the teeth during waking hours was not correlated with primary headache.

著者

城野 靖朋 金井 秀作 後藤 拓也 原田 亮 藤高 祐太 谷出 康士 長谷川 正哉 大塚 彰

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.533-537, 2013-08-20

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〔目的〕本研究の目的は,運動課題と認知課題の二重課題練習において,注意に関する指示の影響を明らかにすることである.〔対象〕健常成人60名を対象とした.〔方法〕二重課題練習で注意を運動課題に向ける条件,認知課題に向ける条件,注意の指示を与えず自由選択できる条件,練習を実施しない条件を設定し,練習前後の各課題パフォーマンスを評価した.〔結果〕dual-taskの運動課題パフォーマンスおよび高難易度運動課題パフォーマンスは,練習期の注意配分を自由に選択できる条件で向上した.〔結語〕健常成人を対象にした本研究では,注意の指示を与えない二重課題練習が,運動課題パフォーマンス向上に効果的である可能性が示唆された.<br>

著者

佐久間 加代子 横田 恵理子 安孫子 幸子 古和田 涼子

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.193-196, 1999

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第13回世界理学療法連盟学会において,我々は16ケ国の理学療法事情について,アンケート調査を行った。その結果,殆どの国において女性の占める割合が多く,開業権も有していた。また,対象とする疾患や主要治療機器などにも我が国との相違点が見受けられた。我々日本人としては,アジア初の国際学会に対して絶賛の声が聞かれ,大きな喜びであった。

著者

岡元 翔吾 宇賀 大祐 中澤 理恵 坂本 雅昭

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.161-165, 2015

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〔目的〕シャドーピッチング(以下,シャドー)の反復が肩関節回旋可動域と筋力に与える影響を明らかにすることとした.〔対象〕高校硬式野球部に所属する投手9名とした.〔方法〕連続した通常投球およびシャドーの前後で,投球側肩関節内外旋可動域,肩関節内外旋筋力および主観的疲労度を比較した.〔結果〕通常投球,シャドーともに肩関節内外旋筋力の低下が認められた.しかし,肩関節内旋可動域の減少は通常投球のみに認められ,シャドーでは肩関節外旋可動域の拡大が認められた.〔結語〕シャドーは,投球動作中の肩関節回旋運動における肩甲胸郭関節の関与が大きいことから,投球障害発生リスクを軽減させる可能性が示唆された. <br>

著者

有竹 愛理 浅川 育世

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.4, pp.300-306, 2023 (Released:2023-08-15)

参考文献数

14

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〔目的〕訪問リハビリ利用者の環境因子介入効果を,活動参加をアウトカムに検討した.〔対象と方法〕視床出血後症例1名に対し各3ヵ月のA期B期を比較した.事前調査で訪問リハビリ利用者36名の活動参加の変化量を算出し,機能的自立度評価(FIM)9点,Life Space Assessment(LSA)5.9点,Community Integration Questionnaire(CIQ)4.3点を目標値に設定し,A期は標準的介入,B期はA期に加え包括的環境要因調査票(CEQ)を介入した.〔結果〕各変化量はA期FIM 3点,LSA 9.0点,CIQ 2.0点,B期FIM 9点,LSA 1.0点,CIQ 4.5点であった.〔結語〕訪問リハビリ利用者の環境因子介入は活動参加に良い影響を与えることが示唆された.

著者

Elizabeth Dean

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.9, pp.645-658, 2023 (Released:2023-09-02)

参考文献数

78

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This timely evidence synthesis supports the need for an Academy of Plant-based Physical Therapy. Given epidemiological and empirical evidence and the profession’s values and practice scope, the time has come for a specialty of plant-based physical therapy based on population health principles. This review connects these factors. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are largely nutrition-related resulting from unnatural elements of our diet (i.e., heart disease, several cancers, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal diseases, autoimmune diseases, renal disease, and Alzheimer’s disease). Most adults, even children, have NCD risk factors or manifestations. Alternatively, plant-based nutrition can prevent, manage, as well as potentially reverse these diseases, as well as augment conventional physical therapy outcomes by reducing inflammation and pain. Proposed competencies for plant-based physical therapists include high-level competency in health and NCD risk assessments/evaluations, to establish population health-informed nutrition needs for maximal health, healing and repair, in turn, function and wellbeing; and assessment of patients’ nutrition-related knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, self-efficacy, and readiness-to-change. Population-informed nutritional counseling is initiated as indicated. An Academy of Plant-based Physical Therapy could advance the profession globally at this point in history and also serve as a role model to other health professions through practicing evidence-based, plant-based nutrition built upon population health principles.

著者

井上 直人 井尻 朋人 鈴木 俊明

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.3, pp.161-168, 2023 (Released:2023-06-15)

参考文献数

18

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〔目的〕立ち上がり動作の殿部離床相における体幹と骨盤に関係する運動を明らかにすることを本研究の目的とした.〔対象と方法〕健常男性15名に立ち上がりを実施させ,画像解析ソフトを用いて各角度の変化を測定した.〔結果〕殿部離床相初期および後期で骨盤前傾,膝関節伸展,下腿前傾が増加した.加えて,初期では体幹前傾,胸腰椎移行部屈曲が増加し,後期では体幹後傾,股関節伸展が増加した.運動パターンは,16パターンに分かれた.〔結語〕殿部離床相初期の体幹前傾には胸腰椎移行部屈曲の関与が大きく,後期の体幹後傾には股関節伸展の関与が大きいことが示唆された.さらに,骨盤前傾には足関節背屈位での膝関節伸展の関与が大きいことが示唆された.

著者

Hiroyuki Fujisawa Hiroto Suzuki Shingo Kawakami Kenichi Murakami Makoto Suzuki

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.8, pp.2362-2368, 2016 (Released:2016-08-31)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

4 3

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[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of functional reach models by comparing actual values with estimated values. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-eight volunteers were included in this study (male: 14, female: 14, age: 21 ± 1 years, height: 166.8 ± 9.0 cm, and body mass: 60.1 ± 8.5 kg). The maximum forward fingertip position and joint angles were measured using the original equipment. In addition, the maximum forward fingertip position, shoulder joint angle, and knee or ankle joint angle were estimated using the functional reach model. [Results] The correlation coefficients between actual data and estimated data for the maximum forward fingertip position, shoulder joint angle, and ankle joint angle while standing were 0.93, 0.83, and 0.73, respectively. The correlation coefficients between actual data and estimated data for the maximum forward fingertip position, shoulder joint angle, and knee joint angle while kneeling were 0.86, 0.81, and 0.72, respectively. [Conclusion] The validity of both functional reach models in estimating optimal posture was confirmed. Therefore, the functional reach model is useful for evaluation of postural control and optimal postural control exercises.

著者

Kyosuke Fukuda Takashi Amari Kohei Yoshino Hikaru Izumiya Kenichiro Yamaguchi

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.12, pp.791-796, 2022 (Released:2022-12-01)

参考文献数

8

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[Purpose] With the innovation of healthcare delivery systems, a need for early determination of patients’ discharge outcomes arises after proximal femur fracture surgery, to reduce the burden on healthcare infrastructure. Several studies have examined the extent of walking ability early in the postoperative period to predict the outcome destination. In this study, as an additional validation of these studies, we examined the effect of walking ability on the hospital discharge prognosis of patients in the first week after proximal femur fracture surgery in Japan. [Participants and Methods] Medical records of 228 patients with proximal femur fractures, aged ≥75 years old, admitted between April 2015 and March 2019, were retrospectively analyzed. The objective variable was discharge destination. The main evaluation factor was walking ability one-week post-surgery. [Results] Good walking ability and the company of a relative living together one week post-surgery were significant determining factors of discharge destination. [Conclusion] The ability to walk and the presence of a co-resident one week after surgery increased the likelihood of proximal femur fracture patients to be discharged directly to home. Our findings may help rehabilitation professionals make better decisions regarding discharge destination.

著者

入谷 誠

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.129-134, 1998 (Released:2007-03-29)

参考文献数

5

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スポーツ障害の中でも足の障害は最も多く,疹痛を主訴として来院することが多い。足は人間にとって唯一地面に接する部分で,足の異常が近位関節に,また近位関節の異常が足に影響を与え,さまざまな障害を呈してくる。足の障害に対する治療は,足単独の障害として捉えるのではなく,身体全体の障害であるという認識をもたなければならない。そのためには,障害局所の解剖学的な位置の把握,詳細な足の評価を中心とした非荷重下での機能的な評価,身体重心との関連を考察する荷重下での機能的な評価を行う必要がある。そして各々の評価を関連づけて考察し,治療の方向性を探っていくことが大変重要である。

著者

上月 渉 村上 達典 上田 哲也 樋口 由美

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.3, pp.206-211, 2023 (Released:2023-06-15)

参考文献数

17

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〔目的〕入院中の患者家族の身体的な介助に対する自己効力感(介助効力感)を評価し,自宅退院との関連性を検討した.〔対象と方法〕対象は回復期病棟入院中の患者とその同居家族とし,入院時・退院時に家族の介助効力感や健康関連QOL,患者のFunctional Independence Measure(FIM)を評価した.転帰先によって自宅群(n=32)と施設群(n=7)に群分けし,2群間の比較から自宅退院の関連要因を検討した.〔結果〕家族の介助効力感,患者の年齢とFIMにおいて2群間に有意差を認めた.相関分析の結果,退院時の介助効力感は他の関連要因との関連性を認めなかった.〔結語〕自宅退院には家族の介助効力感が関連する可能性が示唆された.

著者

Haruka Mizuno Takahiro Ueno Hiroshi Takasaki

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.5, pp.340-345, 2023 (Released:2023-05-01)

参考文献数

25

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[Purpose] This study aimed to determine whether certain research activities improve the attitude of rehabilitation professionals towards evidence-based practice and its implementation in Japan. [Participants and Methods] We included physical, occupational, and speech therapists currently working in clinical settings. We employed hierarchical multiple regression analyses to assess the attitude of rehabilitation professionals towards evidence-based practice and research activities. Scores of the five dimensions of the Health Sciences-Evidence Based Practice questionnaire were considered the dependent variables. The five dimensions were as follows: Dimension 1, attitude towards evidence-based practice; Dimensions 2–4, evidence-based practice implementation; and Dimension 5, work environment related to evidence-based practice barriers–facilitators. The four sociodemographic variables (gender, academic degree, clinical experience, and the number of therapists at work) were initially included, following which self-reported research achievements were supplemented as independent variables (the number of case studies, literature reviews, cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal studies). [Results] We analyzed data from 167 participants. In addition to sociodemographic variables, the research achievements that statistically increased F-values of the modeling were case study achievements in Dimensions 2–3, cross-sectional study achievements in Dimensions 2 and 4, and longitudinal study achievements in Dimension 5. [Conclusion] Case studies and cross-sectional studies could improve evidence-based practice implementation among rehabilitation professionals in Japan.

著者

中河 真吾 萩野 浩

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.73-77, 2023 (Released:2023-02-15)

参考文献数

25

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〔目的〕医療従事者を対象に肩こりの関連因子を探索し,肩こりと筋硬度の関連を検討することを目的とした.〔対象と方法〕合計138名の看護師と療法士を研究解析対象とし,アンケートにて,年齢,職務の経験年数,身長,体重,Body Mass Index,肩こりの有無,痛みの部位と程度(VAS)を自記させ,さらに自己効力感(PSEQ)と破局的思考(PCS)とストレスの各有無を調査した.加えて,超音波診断装置を用いて僧帽筋上部線維の筋硬度を測定した.対象者を肩こり有群と肩こり無群に分け,さらに,肩こり有群は,VAS高値群とVAS低値群に分けて2群比較を行った.〔結果〕肩こり無群と比べて,肩こり有群のストレススコアが有意に高かった.PCSスコアは,VAS高値群がVAS低値群より高い結果となったが,筋硬度には2群間で有意な違いはみられなかった.〔結語〕看護師および療法士の肩こりの有無とその痛みの程度は,筋硬度よりストレスや破局的思考といった心因的なものとの関係が強い可能性が考えられた.

著者

竹井 仁 根岸 徹

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.23-28, 2000 (Released:2007-03-29)

参考文献数

13

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顎関節疾患の中でも,特に顎関節症は臨床的に多く経験する疾患だが,日本における顎関節症に対する理学療法は十分に確立されたものがないのが現状である。顎関節症に対する理学療法の主目的は,疼痛のコントロールと,正常な顎関節運動の再獲得,顎関節運動に関与する筋力・筋長・拮抗筋とのバランス再獲得,習慣・姿勢・リラクセーションに対する教育である。本論文では,顎関節症の疾患概要,原因及び症状と徴候,顎関節の解剖学と運動学をもとに,顎関節症の評価までを概説する。

著者

HAN Yuzuo 黒澤 和生

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.115-123, 2023 (Released:2023-04-15)

参考文献数

15

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〔目的〕三種類の腸腰筋ストレッチングが脊椎と骨盤に与える影響を目的とした.〔対象と方法〕18人健常大学生を対象とし,腸腰筋に20秒3セットのスタティック・ストレッチング(SS),Hold Relax-PNF(HR-PNF),ダイナミック・ストレッチング(DS)を行い,T12,S1,腰椎前弯角度,腰椎可動域,骨盤傾斜角度をストレッチングの前,直後,30分後,60分後,90分後に測定した.〔結果〕HR-PNFはT12の増加と骨盤傾斜の減少が認められた.DSはT12の減少が認められた.ストレッチングの方法にかかわらず,腰椎可動域のある程度の増加を示した.〔結語〕HR-PNFは,若年健常者を対象として骨盤傾斜を減少する3つのなかで,最も有効的なストレッチング方法であることが明らかになった.

著者

Daisuke Uritani Takahiko Fukumoto Daisuke Matsumoto

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.8, pp.639-643, 2012 (Released:2012-11-07)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

43 46

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[Purpose] The aim of this study was to evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliabilities of a toe grip dynamometer. [Subjects] The subjects were 180 community-dwelling people and 20 university students. [Methods] We assigned 180 individuals to three groups based on age to determine the intrarater reliability. The groups consisted of young (age, 20 to 39 y), middle-aged (age, 40 to 59 y) and older adults (age, 60 to 79 y). Interrater reliability was investigated using 20 university students as subjects. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients to assess the intrarater and the interrater reliability. The intrarater reliability was assessed for each group by gender. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients for the interrater reliability by comparing the first measurements made by two testers. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess fixed and proportional bias. [Results] The intrarater reliability showed a substantial to almost perfect agreement in male and almost perfect agreement in female subjects. For the intrarater reliability, a fixed bias was found in most measurements, but proportional bias was not found at all. The interrater reliability showed almost perfect agreement. Fixed bias and proportional bias were not found for the interrater reliability. [Conclusion] The intrarater and the interrater reliabilities of the toe grip dynamometer were substantial, indicating its suitability for clinical use.

著者

Dhara A Sharma Mohamed Faisal Chevidikunnan Fayaz Rahman Khan Riziq Allah Gaowgzeh

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.5, pp.1482-1486, 2016 (Released:2016-05-31)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

37 58

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[Purpose] The acquisition of motor skills are fundamental to human life. There is a lack of research on whether knowledge of performance or knowledge of result as augmented feedback is more effective. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of knowledge of result and knowledge of performance in the learning of a skilled motor activity by healthy young adults. [Subjects and Methods] A total of thirty healthy young adult males and females without any neurological or musculoskeletal impairment, between the age of 18–30 years were the subjects of the study. They were randomly allocated to 2 groups: group 1 was given knowledge of result as feedback, and knowledge of performance was given as feedback to group 2. Both the groups practiced the task of throwing a soft spongy ball for 6 days per week for 4 weeks, with 40 trials each day. The outcome measure used was the distance of the throw. [Results] The results were analyzed using the t-test. The mean distances thrown by both the groups showed highly significant improvements and throwing distance of group 2 showed better improvement than that of group 1. [Conclusion] Both types of augmented feedback were effective at improving skilled motor activity, but the knowledge of performance group showed better improvement than the knowledge of result group.

著者

Yuto Tashiro Takahiko Fukumoto Daisuke Uritani Daisuke Matsumoto Shu Nishiguchi Naoto Fukutani Daiki Adachi Takayuki Hotta Saori Morino Hidehiko Shirooka Yuma Nozaki Hinako Hirata Moe Yamaguchi Tomoki Aoyama

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.11, pp.3533-3536, 2015 (Released:2015-11-30)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

15 16

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[Purpose] This study investigated the relationship between toe grip strength and foot posture in children. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 619 children participated in this study. The foot posture of the participants was measured using a foot printer and toe grip strength was measured using a toe grip dynamometer. Children were classified into 3 groups; flatfoot, normal, and high arch, according to Staheli’s arch index. The differences in demographic data and toe grip strength among each foot posture group were analyzed by analysis of variance. Additionally, toe grip strength differences were analyzed by analysis of covariance, adjusted to body mass index, age, and gender. [Results] The number of participants classified as flatfoot, normal, and high arch were 110 (17.8%), 468 (75.6%), and 41 (6.6%), respectively. The toe grip strength of flatfoot children was significantly lower than in normal children, as shown by both analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. [Conclusion] A significant difference was detected in toe grip strength between the low arch and normal foot groups. Therefore, it is suggested that training to increase toe grip strength during childhood may prevent the formation of flat feet or help in the development of arch.