2 0 0 0 OA 公募特集「現代社会と生きづらさ」によせて
- 著者
- 大山 小夜
- 出版者
- 日本社会学会 ; 1950-
- 雑誌
- 社会学評論 = Japanese sociological review (ISSN:00215414)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.71, no.2, pp.247-265, 2020
1 0 0 0 IR <論文>多重債務の構造的背景 : 貸し手・借り手・自己破産の統計分析
- 著者
- 大山 小夜
- 出版者
- 京都大学文学部社会学研究室
- 雑誌
- 京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.5, pp.195-214, 1997-12-25
This article deals with one of the major social problems in Japan which sociologists have both individually and systematically paid little attention to: the increase of multiple-debtors, those who borrow money from various kinds of lenders. This article aims to provide a broader contextual picture behind this social problem, from which further empirical investigation can be carried out. I have collected and analyzed the available statistical data from three main sources: creditors, borrowers, and court records. In my conclusion, I suggest that we specify the conditions and processes of the problematic situation. Firstly, I examine the development of the consumer credit market, based on the data from the annual report "Consumer Credit Statistics of Japan", edited by the Japan Consumer Credit Industry Association. Consumer credit institutions have succeeded in granting large sums of credit, particularly since the oil crisis of the mid-1970's, focusing on high-interest consumer finance. As a result, outstanding credit has grown into a large burden of debt on consumers. Secondly, I make a chronological and cross-sectional analysis of borrowers by using the Annual Report on National Accounts and the Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey, both published by the Japanese Government. The use of credit has spread rapidly throughout national households, in contrast to the decrease in disposable income and savings. A large propotion of many peoples' income is now used to pay off debt, such as housing loans, loan repayment installments, revolving and lump sum credit, consumer finance and so on. Thirdly, I clarify the recent growth of consumer bankruptcy, referring to the public records from the Annual Report of Judicial Statistics, issued by the Japanese Supreme Court. Using this data, this article shows various trends over the course of the last five decades. It demonstrates for the initial period that the total number of bankruptcy petitions did not pass ten thousand before the early 1980's. By contrast, although a slight decrease can be observed in the data for the mid and late 1980's, the data for the 1990's portrays a steady rise, peaking with the figure for 1996, when more than fifty thousand petitions were filed. Finally, after contextualizing the increase of these multiple-debtors into the three trends as stated above on a macro-quantitative level, I conclude that the research in this area needs to move away from the simple explanation of this social problem in terms of individual skills as regards money management, and move onto the specification of the conditions and processes under which people get into trouble with debt, as well as how the system of credit has developed during the postwar period.
1 0 0 0 IR <論文>多重債務者の救済活動 : ある「被害者の会」のエスノグラフィー
- 著者
- 大山 小夜
- 出版者
- 京都大学文学部社会学研究室
- 雑誌
- 京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.6, pp.113-137, 1998-12-25
This article is an ethnographic study of the process and structure of the activity of a self-help society. This society is organized by lawyers, judicial scriveners, consumer consultants, and consumers who find it difficult to meet their debts with their income. It was established in 1997 with the aim of helping such debtors clear their debt, in doing so, recovering self-confidence, and restoring the quality of their lives. I discuss the meaning of such self-help activity for debtors, as I specify the historical, interactional and structural features of the society. The first section contextualizes the group concerned within a broader social context, examining how the social movement for debtors has developed in Japan since 1977. The second section describes the interactional processes between people at the "regular meeting". The meeting, which is held from 1 pm to 5 pm twice a month, is composed of four parts: presenting oneself, a lecture, an individual consultation, and the exchange of results and impressions. This section profiles the debtors who come to the society for help, and gives a description of their legal status. The third section analyzes how the people commit themselves to the society, as a social world, from three angles: financial, human, and the practical business information. The financial report informs us that this society is jointly funded by membership fees and contributions collected from experts. Two existing networks of judicial scriveners and consumer consultants form the manpower foundation of the society. All the members work out various strategies to mobilize newcomers. A 'new staff chart' shows the distribution of work, which gives each member a role in the society. Inside and outside the group, experts exchange their knowledge and skills to clear the consumers' debts. They make further requests to the authorities to control creditors in order to allow the smooth settlement of debt. The final section summarizes the characteristics of their activity, and implies that debtors can get the opportunity to reconstruct their everyday reality and to change their lives through participation in the self-help society.
1 0 0 0 現代社会におけるシカゴ学派社会学の応用可能性
本研究は、前回の科学研究費補助金による研究「シカゴ学派の総合的研究」(課題番号10410045)に引き続き、米国シカゴ学派社会学の諸成果に対する多角的な検討を通して、現代社会の諸問題を分析するためのより有効な社会学的土台の構築を目的とした。この目的を達成するために、初期シカゴ学派から戦後の第2次シカゴ学派まで幅広くシカゴ学派社会学の研究業績を検討した。研究成果は、およそ5つに分類できる。一つは、「シカゴ学派社会学総論」である。シカゴ学派社会学には、多様な理論的志向と方法論が混在する。その一枚岩ではないシカゴ学派社会学を統一的に理解しようと試みた。二つは、「シカゴ学派の方法論の応用可能性」である。芸術、専門職、非行など個別の研究領域におけるシカゴ学派社会学の応用可能性を明らかにした。また、近年注目されているナラティブや主観的データの研究上の取り扱いについて、その基本的発想をシカゴ学派社会学に見いだした。三つは、「シカゴ学派の理論的インプリケーション」である。シカゴ学派社会学の基底を構成している科学論や相互作用論などの抽象度の高い理論について整理をおこなった。四つは、「シカゴ学派のモノグラフ研究再考」である。コミュニティ、エスニシティ、逸脱というシカゴ学派社会学を代表する3つの研究領域のモノグラフについて詳細に検討を加え、その内実を明らかにした。五つは、「現代社会のエスノグラフィー」である、シカゴ学派社会学再考でもっとも言及されることの多いエスノグラフィーの方法を現代日本社会に応用した。以上の検討から、シカゴ学派社会学が、異質性と流動性が高まりつつある現代日本社会の研究に、十分に応用可能であることが確認された。
1 0 0 0 OA ネットワークデータによる、「心・身・文化」の健康社会学
延10回程度、ネットワークデータを収集できた。まずは、ネット形成の要因を分析した。就活意識、使える金、階層意識、化粧代の類似が、友人が形成されるさいに、大きな影響をもっていることが確認された。ネット構築後分析に関しても、Christakisらと同様、われわれは、「ネットワーク指標」以外の具体的タイ関係を重視して分析を継承した。当初の予想と異なって、いわゆるネットワーク指標、とくにボナチッチ中心性が大きな影響をもっていることが確認できた。また、恋愛、髪の色、幸福感、英語学習意識の伝播が確認できた。
1 0 0 0 OA 金銭管理のアンケート調査により、多重債務予防のための制度設計の基礎資料とする研究
1 0 0 0 多重債務と消費者信用にかかわる社会制度の社会学的研究
貸し手側である業者と借り手側である消費者による金銭貸借をめぐる相互作用(消費者信用取引)において、紛争は、多くが複数の業者から借り入れる消費者の返済の遅れに始まる。このため、消費者信用取引の紛争は、一般に、多重債務問題と呼ばれる。破産はその一帰結である。本研究の目的は、紛争当事者が出会う市場、市場で生じた紛争の事後処理と市場に法規制を行う司法、借り手に資源を投与することで紛争の解決を図る行政など、消費者信用と多重債務問題に関わる諸制度の実証研究を通じて、紛争解決のための政策的、社会学的示唆を得ることである。この目的に対し、本年度の研究内容は以下の通りである。第1は、消費者信用市場のグローバル化にともなう紛争拡大の実態把握と、紛争解決のための国際的取り組みの必要性の提言である。2005年3月末、日本弁護士連合会が消費者信用法制について韓国で現地調査を行った。報告者はこの調査に同行し、帰国後、補足調査を行うことで次の2点を明らかにした。一つは、多重債務問題は、経済の低成長期にある社会において、高い収益性のある消費者信用市場への規制緩和と、市場から脱落する個人への司法的行政的救済制度(セーフティネット)の未整備による不幸な結婚によって生じること。いま一つは、こうした不幸な結婚には、豊富なノウハウと資金力をもつ諸外国業者による市場進出も大きく関わっていることから、多重債務問題の解決には、当該国内だけでなく、国際的取り組みが必要なこと、である。第2は、消費者信用市場への規制をめぐる論点整理である。市場へ事前に包括的な規制をかけることで紛争を防ぐという意見に対し、近年、市場に規制をかけないかわりにそこで生じる紛争を事後的に個別的に解決すればよいという意見が出されている。そこで、後者の、紛争解決のあり方の代表例として、日本の司法における紛争処理の実態を検討し、その利点と問題点を整理した。
1 0 0 0 OA <論文>多重債務の構造的背景 : 貸し手・借り手・自己破産の統計分析
- 著者
- 大山 小夜
- 出版者
- 京都大学
- 雑誌
- 京都社会学年報 : KJS
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.5, pp.195-214, 1997-12-25
This article deals with one of the major social problems in Japan which sociologists have both individually and systematically paid little attention to : the increase of multiple-debtors, those who borrow money from various kinds of lenders. This article aims to provide a broader contextual picture behind this social problem, from which further empirical investigation can be carried out. I have collected and analyzed the available statistical data from three main sources : creditors, borrowers, and court records. In my conclusion, I suggest that we specify the conditions and processes of the problematic situation. Firstly, I examine the development of the consumer credit market, based on the data from the annual report "Consumer Credit Statistics of Japan", edited by the Japan Consumer Credit Industry Association. Consumer credit institutions have succeeded in granting large sums of credit, particularly since the oil crisis of the mid-1970's, focusing on high-interest consumer finance. As a result, outstanding credit has grown into a large burden of debt on consumers. Secondly, I make a chronological and cross-sectional analysis of borrowers by using the Annual Report on National Accounts and the Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey, both published by the Japanese Government. The use of credit has spread rapidly throughout national households, in contrast to the decrease in disposable income and savings. A large propotion of many peoples' income is now used to pay off debt, such as housing loans, loan repayment installments, revolving and lump sum credit, consumer finance and so on. Thirdly, I clarify the recent growth of consumer bankruptcy, referring to the public records from the Annual Report of Judicial Statistics, issued by the Japanese Supreme Court. Using this data, this article shows various trends over the course of the last five decades. It demonstrates for the initial period that the total number of bankruptcy petitions did not pass ten thousand before the early 1980's. By contrast, although a slight decrease can be observed in the data for the mid and late 1980's, the data for the 1990's portrays a steady rise, peaking with the figure for 1996,when more than fifty thousand petitions were filed. Finally, after contextualizing the increase of these multiple-debtors into the three trends as stated above on a macro-quantitative level, I conclude that the research in this area needs to move away from the simple explanation of this social problem in terms of individual skills as regards money management, and move onto the specification of the conditions and processes under which people get into trouble with debt, as well as how the system of credit has developed during the postwar period.