149 0 0 0 OA 行動とは何か

著者
松井 大
出版者
THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY
雑誌
動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.73.1.1, (Released:2023-05-15)
参考文献数
70
被引用文献数
1

Behavior is studied in several disciplines including psychology, ethology, and neuroscience. However, the definition of behavior has never been consistent not only across disciplines, but also between researchers within a field. The present article reviews this inconsistency and confusion both in the modern research fields and historical literatures. We find that the definitions of behavior are closely tied to the system of the fields, and the inconsistency of definitions rises from the differences of fields. As a result, the complete definition of behavior seems challenging. Instead of seeking for the complete definition, it is more productive to identify what makes definitions of behavior inconsistent. The article, thus, proposes three points to reduce the confusion accompanied by the inconsistency of the definitions: (1) stipulation of an organism as a whole and environment (2) internal-external distinction, and (3) formulation of the relationships between an organism and environment.

29 0 0 0 OA 行動とは何か

著者
松井 大
出版者
THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY
雑誌
動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, no.1, pp.1-14, 2023 (Released:2023-06-21)
参考文献数
70
被引用文献数
1 1

Behavior is studied in several disciplines including psychology, ethology, and neuroscience. However, the definition of behavior has never been consistent not only across disciplines, but also between researchers within a field. The present article reviews this inconsistency and confusion both in the modern research fields and historical literatures. We find that the definitions of behavior are closely tied to the system of the fields, and the inconsistency of definitions rises from the differences of fields. As a result, the complete definition of behavior seems challenging. Instead of seeking for the complete definition, it is more productive to identify what makes definitions of behavior inconsistent. The article, thus, proposes three points to reduce the confusion accompanied by the inconsistency of the definitions: (1) stipulation of an organism as a whole and environment (2) internal-external distinction, and (3) formulation of the relationships between an organism and environment.
著者
松井 大
出版者
THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY
雑誌
動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.69.1.3, (Released:2019-05-30)
参考文献数
82
被引用文献数
1 1

Animal foraging behaviour has evolved in tight association with diverse forms of body structures species-specifically, because morphology shapes and affects perception, information processing, and subsequent motor control. Primates including humans possess skillful sensorimotor control such as tool-using, utilizing their arm-hand morphology. Birds also are capable of dexterous visually-guided behaviors despite the largely different body structures. This rises a question: what and how the body morphology constraints/facilitates behaviors in birds? The present article reviews research advance of sensorimotor control in birds. Specifically, it would be discussed about pecking, the analogous behavior to reaching and grasping in primates and tool-using. The author would suggest a research direction with the morpho-functional and embodiment views for comparative research on sensorimotor mechanisms underlying the dexterous foraging skills.
著者
松井 大
出版者
日本基礎心理学会
雑誌
基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.1, pp.43-49, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-12-14)
参考文献数
22

Streams of operant behaviors emit not in a temporally homogeneous manner, but are arranged in bouts separated by pauses of responses between them. The temporal organization of these patterns, however, had been not successfully described. The present article introduces time-series modeling attempt for bout-pause pattern, which was presented in Matsui, Yamada, Sakagami, & Tanno (2018). Furthermore, the author argued that unsolved problems concerning bout-pause literatures, concerning quantification and modeling of bout-pause patterns. As remedies for these issues, the author discusses the utilities of reinforcement learning model and computational ethology for operant studies.
著者
久保 有朋 岡崎 篤行 松井 大輔
出版者
日本建築学会
雑誌
日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.81, no.726, pp.1695-1703, 2016 (Released:2016-08-30)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
4 1

1. Background and Purpose Kagai collectively inherit many aspect of traditional Japanese culture, from architecture to music and cuisine both tangible and intangible. In the past, Kagai were ubiquitous throughout Japan. Today, the number of active Kagai is about 40. Furu-machi Kagai is a significant area, because the historic townscape, which is different from those in Kyoto or Kanazawa, is remained. Most traditional Kagai in comparatively large cities were lost by air raids in the Second World War. This study aims to clarify transition of distribution on buildings in Kagai at the period of 1930, 1958, 1972 and 2013. 2. Overview and Methodology The gross area of Niigata is approximately 726 km2 and its population in 2015 is approximately 800,000. Niigata was originally established as a port-town and rebuilt on the present site in 1655. Furu-machi is located in the center of Niigata. In this study, field works, searching for old maps, interviews with experienced Geisha etc. were conducted. 3. Transition of distribution on buildings in Furu-machi Kagai In 1930, Furu-machi was comprised of 17 Ryoriya, 27 Machiai, 98 Okiya. In 1958, there were 27 Ryoriya, 21 Machiai, 52 Okiya. In 1972, there were 27 Ryoriya, 18 Machiai, 48 Okiya. In 2013, there were 12 Ryoriya, 2 Machiai, 2 Okiya. Kagai buildings concentrate along the East and West Shin-michi street during the whole period. 4. Conclusions 1) Kagai buildings concentrate along the East and West Shin-michi street during the whole period. 2) The number of Ryoriya is larger than Machiai from 1958 to 2013. But there are more Machiai than Ryoriya in 1930. 3) The dense area of Okiya moved from the West Shin-michi to the East Shin-michi at the period between 1930 and 1958. Ryoriya was distributed on the entire area at the period between 1930 and 1958. 4) A large number of Machiai and Okiya were changed into to modern eating and drinking businesses. 5) East Shin-michi is regarded to be the most important area for townscape conservation and improvement.
著者
松井 大輔 尾崎 悦子 渡邉 功 小山 晃英 栗山 長門 上原 里程
出版者
京都府立医科大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2020-04-01

申請者らは2003年より前向き研究として約500名(現在平均年齢:74.8歳、5年毎の追跡調査)のコホート集団を対象とした脳ドック検診を実施し、生活習慣・動脈硬化症・口腔内細菌と認知機能低下や大脳白質病変・微小脳出血との関連を明らかにしてきた。本研究は、これまでの申請者らの研究成果を基に、認知機能低下、脳の器質的変化、腸内細菌叢および口腔内状態と、唾液中の口腔内細菌叢(16Sメタゲノム解析)の関連を明らかに、解明を目指すことを目的とした。得られる研究成果は超高齢社会で増加する高齢者の認知症、脳血管疾患を口腔衛生の観点から予防するエビデンスとなり、ひいては口腔保健施策の発展に寄与する。
著者
松井 大
出版者
THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY
雑誌
動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.2, pp.69-80, 2019 (Released:2019-12-18)
参考文献数
82
被引用文献数
1

Animal foraging behaviour has evolved in tight association with diverse forms of body structures species-specifically, because morphology shapes and affects perception, information processing, and subsequent motor control. Primates including humans possess skillful sensorimotor control such as tool-using, utilizing their arm-hand morphology. Birds also are capable of dexterous visually-guided behaviors despite the largely different body structures. This raises a question: what and how the body morphology constrains/facilitates behaviors in birds? The present article reviews research advance of sensorimotor control in birds. Specifically, it would be discussed about pecking, the analogous behavior to reaching and grasping in primates and tool-using. The author would suggest a research direction with the morpho-functional and embodiment views for comparative research on sensorimotor mechanisms underlying the dexterous foraging skills.
著者
藤巻 峻 新保 彰大 松井 大 時 暁聴 神前 裕
出版者
日本基礎心理学会
雑誌
基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.34, no.1, pp.78-90, 2015-09-30 (Released:2015-12-26)
参考文献数
96
被引用文献数
1

In the previous article (Kosaki, Shi, Matsui, Shimbo, & Fujimaki, 2015) we reviewed studies regarding how animals represent temporal information in classical conditioning. In this article, we first review various issues pertaining to interval timing in operant conditioning, with the main goal of providing a concise summary of procedural and theoretical developments in interval timing research. In the remainder of the article, we will review recent empirical findings and theories about the neural substrates underlying timing mechanisms both in classical and operant conditioning, and discuss how the hippocampus and striatum might contribute to different aspects of temporal information processing during conditioning. We then argue that the potentially different timing mechanisms implemented by the hippocampus and the striatum, as evidenced by the recent discovery of time cells in the hippocampus and consistent findings regarding involvement of the striatum in interval timing, might each be considered to constitute a part of functionally dissociable multiple memory systems that have been described elsewhere in the literature, particularly in the context of spatial learning and the organisation of voluntary behaviour.
著者
中奥 由里子 水本 智咲 萩原 麻衣 奥野 知子 松井 大
出版者
一般社団法人 日本脳卒中学会
雑誌
脳卒中 (ISSN:09120726)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, no.5, pp.361-365, 2014 (Released:2014-09-25)
参考文献数
19
被引用文献数
1

要旨:症例は69 歳男性.胸腹水貯留,好酸球増多の原因精査中に多発性脳梗塞を発症した.基礎疾患はT 細胞性リンパ腫と診断でき,リンパ腫に付随した好酸球増多であった.頭部MRI では大脳皮質・皮質下の境界領域,小脳半球などに多発する微小梗塞を認めた.好酸球増多症候群の1 症状としての脳梗塞と考え,ステロイドパルス療法を施行し,反応性に好酸球数が低下した.T 細胞性リンパ腫に対し化学療法を施行するも奏功せず,DIC を発症し多臓器不全となり死亡に至った.剖検では脳の血管内・実質には好酸球の浸潤を認めなかった.好酸球増多による脳梗塞の病理学的症例報告は少なく,貴重な症例と考え報告する.
著者
永石 彰子 田邊 洋 上野 正克 松井 大 松井 真
出版者
日本神経学会
雑誌
臨床神経学 (ISSN:0009918X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.3, pp.202-204, 2008 (Released:2008-04-15)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
1 3

症例は67歳の男性で,飲酒歴・偏食はない.2004年9月,早期胃癌に対し,術後の栄養管理にすぐれるとされる噴門側胃切除術・空腸嚢間置再建術を受けた.2006年3月より下痢,露出部の皮疹が出現し,また,約2カ月の経過で,歩行障害・意識障害・ミオクローヌス・幻覚が出現した.皮疹・下痢・精神神経症状の三徴よりペラグラと診断し,ニコチン酸アミドと混合ビタミン薬の投与で軽快した.消化管手術後に神経症状を呈する症例では術式を問わず栄養障害を念頭におく必要がある.
著者
松井 大輔 岡井 有佳
出版者
公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会
雑誌
都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.49, no.3, pp.501-506, 2014-10-25 (Released:2014-10-25)
参考文献数
9
被引用文献数
3

良好な景観や居住環境を維持・保全するため、近年、パチンコ店の立地に反対する住民運動が発生している。本研究は、阪神間の都市を対象に、特に芦屋市を中心として、自治体条例に基づくパチンコ店の立地規制の枠組と内容を明らかにし、他の市町村におけるパチンコ店の立地規制の検討に示唆を得ることを目的とする。パチンコ店は、特定の用途地域を禁止区域に指定することと、特定施設から一定距離内の範囲を禁止区域に指定することによって規制されており、それらは風営法、建築基準法・都市計画法による規制のほか、自主条例によって定められている。芦屋市においては、さらに地区計画を用いることによって市全域でパチンコ店を規制していることが明らかとなった。パチンコ店の立地が望ましくない地域においては、これらを組み合わせることによって、パチンコ店を事前に規制することが望まれる。
著者
沢畑 敏洋 松井 大輔
出版者
公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会
雑誌
都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.3, pp.1199-1205, 2017-10-25 (Released:2017-10-25)
参考文献数
6

全国各地でパチンコ店の建設に対して反対運動が起きている。パチンコ店に関しては、各自治体が自主条例などを策定し、立地を規制することができるが、その全国的実態は明らかではない。そこで本研究では、パチンコ店の立地規制に関して、全国における自主条例等の策定状況と委任条例の規制内容、京阪神都市圏における自主条例等の規制内容について明らかにし、自主条例と委任条例の規制対象と規制値の差異を明らかにすることを目的とする。結論は以下の通りである。(1)自主条例の策定状況は、全国では6箇所であったが、京阪神都市圏では29箇所になっており、奈良・大阪・兵庫の3府県に集中している。(2)委任条例では自治体ごとの規制内容が類似している。(3)自主条例等では、商工業系用途地域が規制対象に加えられている。(4)景観や都市イメージの保護を目的に、文化財や駅関連施設などから一定の範囲内が規制対象に追加され、特定施設の種類が多くなっている。(5)特定施設からの規制範囲が20-500mの間で設定され、規制範囲の種類も多い。同じ施設に対する規制範囲は、委任条例より自主条例等の方が広く設定される場合もある。
著者
神前 裕 時 暁聴 松井 大 新保 彰大 藤巻 峻
出版者
日本基礎心理学会
雑誌
基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.34, no.1, pp.60-77, 2015-09-30 (Released:2015-12-26)
参考文献数
115

Throughout the history of research on animal learning, it has been widely acknowledged that the temporal relationship between events exerts a critical influence on the acquisition of a conditioned response. Until more recently, however, no explicit and systematic studies had investigated how animals learn the temporal relationship itself. In this article, we first review some basic functions of temporal information in classical conditioning. We then focus on one influential learning theory, temporal coding hypothesis, which posits that animals can automatically encode temporal relationships between events and express learned behaviour through integration of multiple temporal relationships acquired across contexts. After reviewing basic results supporting the temporal coding hypothesis, we present an alternative explanation of some temporal coding-like phenomena on the basis of AESOP model combined with the potentially different contributions of motivational and sensory US representations in higher-order conditioning. In a second article (Fujimaki, Shimbo, Matsui, Shi, & Kosaki, 2015), we will discuss interval timing in operant conditioning and neural substrates of timing behaviour.