著者

窪田 亜矢

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.781, pp.1001-1011, 2021 (Released:2021-03-30)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

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From the time of birth, the concept of '"the park" in the city' has ever served as a tool for accepting the contradictions between legal systems and reality. Thus, such parks have continually undergone transformations. Because parks are owned and managed by the public sector, they are expected to be permanent, non-construction sites; however, the reality is different. Miyashita Park in downtown Shibuya in Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, was built on a scattered piece of land, and it has witnessed rapid changes. The periods of change of this park can be divided into five categories: (1) The Meiji era, when the feudal system changed to modern times, and the concept of parks was born; (2) 1953, when the park was first completed; (3) around 1964, the time of Tokyo Olympics, when a parking building was built on the ground, and the park was moved to the top of the roof; the park then was occupied by a homeless community; (4) around 2011, when sports facilities were installed in the park, and spatial and temporal closures became the norm under the normal operation by the local government because it had to manage the facilities; and (5) 2020, when the park was redeveloped and fully privatised; further, the park will now be managed by a private operator on a 30-year fixed land lease. Another Olympics has brought the opportunity to redevelop and redesign parks. The concepts such as possession, ‘no-man's land’, indifference, publicness and open space have been discussed by many philosophers, urban researchers, social scientists and constitutional scholars. In summary, urban parks have the potential to secure Liberty from law. If we need human rights and democracy, we have to realise them by securing places for them, namely the park in the city. Therefore, we have to preserve such urban parks; however, this is a great challenge. As seen from the example of Miyashita Park, at one point of time, homeless people occupied the park, and subsequently, the local government, with the support of local residents, evicted them using urban development projects legally with private companies; both events should not have happened. A system of conservation officers in natural conservation areas and play-leaders in play-parks can provide insights into maintaining urban parks. The only way to build such a system is through the practice of defending ‘the park in the city’.

著者

窪田 亜矢

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.763, pp.1947-1956, 2019 (Released:2019-09-30)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3

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The Great East Japan Earthquake includes the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima. The disaster still goes on. We have to record what happens and consider what we should prepare for the next disaster. The nuclear power plant disaster requires zoning for evacuation. It can be classified into three types.  1. Zoning for Emergency Evacuation -2011.3. 11 – 4.21: it has to be decided under uncertain situations. The national government adopted the physical numerical value as a zoning line. On the other hand, local municipalities often used their own territory as a border. The current evacuation plan, which has been institutionalized after the Fukushima F-1, cannot realize its agenda at the next disaster.  2. Zoning for Temporary Sheltering 2011.4. 22 – 9.30: it is strongly influenced by the contamination level and will influence the future one. If the locals require for the strict decontamination, it will face difficulties in terms of construction work and storage place for contaminated soil. The municipality and community may discuss this conflicted matter from ordinary times.  3. Zoning for Protracted Refuge -2011.10.1-: the protracted term is very various including the negative repatriation area. However, it is also timed zoning in a similar way of other restraint order zones. The national government tries to construct a central hub for the negative repatriation area. We have to figure out a new methodology for this zone considering the relationship between non-returners and their home town. As the conditions of lifting the evacuation, the national government offered to prepare for the living environment. There is a difference between the consciousness of national government, and the reality of the damaged area and people.  After the experience of Fukushima F-1 Disaster, we should understand that the zoning system cannot guarantee the evacuation from the nuclear power plant accident nor settle the turmoil by the contamination.

著者

窪田 亜矢

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.1358-1364, 2020-10-25 (Released:2020-10-25)

参考文献数

38

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東日本大震災後に都市計画が適用された状況をふまえれば、都市計画において合理的な目標像を設定できたとはいえない。都市計画の再考が必要である。都市計画は、特定の都市や地域を対象に、今よりも良い状態が存在し、それを合理的な目標像として描き、規制と事業によって実現できるという信念に基づいている。現状からの変化を前提としているので、個人の移動の自由を制限することを原理的に包含している。しかし、個人の移動の自由とは、現状保障を基本とする居住や事業を営む場所に関するもので、個人の命や生活に関わる重大な自由である。そこで、現状の都市計画に、個人の移動の自由を尊重する規範を並立させる必要がある。

著者

鈴木 亮平 西村 幸夫 窪田 亜矢

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.3, pp.691-696, 2012-10-25 (Released:2012-10-25)

参考文献数

14

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第二次世界大戦で壊滅的な被害を受けたワルシャワ歴史地区は、戦後市民の手によって復原され、現在まで継承されている。ワルシャワの戦災、そして戦時下での都市を巡る動きを捉えた上で、戦後復興の社会的背景や復原のプロセス、デザインの実態を整理し、歴史地区の復原の実態を記述した。さらに、戦後から現在に至るまでの、その継承の過程と歴史地区をめぐる議論のプロセスを整理し、いかなる継承がなされてきたのかを明らかにした。その上で、現在進行している歴史地区をめぐる動きを捉え、今後の継承のあるべき姿や課題に言及する。文化財としての都市空間の、空間だけでなくそこに投影された過去の時代の意志をも含めた価値に着目し、歴史的都市空間の継承のあり方への知見を得ることが本研究の目的である。

著者

矢吹 剣一 西村 幸夫 窪田 亜矢

出版者

一般社団法人日本建築学会

雑誌

学術講演梗概集 (ISSN:18839363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2012, pp.1175-1176, 2012-09-12

著者

吉田 邦彦 辻内 琢也 今野 正規 津田 敏秀 成 元哲 窪田 亜矢 淡路 剛久 今中 哲二

出版者

北海道大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2019-04-01

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本研究は、《福島放射能被害・水俣病・アスベスト被害などの潜伏的健康被害と地球温暖化の大規模災害の救済システムの国際的学際研究――21世紀型不法行為に関する医学・法学・工学の対話》がテーマである。敷衍すると、福島原発事故の放射能被害をはじめとする蓄積的健康被害および地球温暖化に関わる大災害の救済システムについて、医学・原子力工学などの自然科学の経験分析研究と、環境法・医事法・居住福祉法学やリスク論の方法論的展開を踏まえた法学研究を糾合しつつ、被災者の社会学的知見や医療人類学的な分析も取り込みながら、従来の損害賠償法のスキームに囚われぬ総合的枠組みを現状批判的に再構築することを目指す。

著者

窪田 亜矢

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.705, pp.2443-2452, 2014-11-30 (Released:2014-11-30)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

2 5

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Sawara is a mercantile historic city at watery environment along the Tone River, which had been flourished from Edo era to the middle of Showa Era. Some parts of it have been designated as cultural property, namely a preservation district for a group of historic buildings. Through minute interviews of local people, the memory-evoking framework of Sawara is clarified. It consists of four conditions, 1) disappearance, 2) surviving figure, 3) inherited use, and 4) correspondence of memory and historicity. The memory-evoking framework and the system of historic value are very similar to but different each other. The local community can imagine how the life was in their habitat just by touching their surroundings. Not just the historic environment that is already put in the formal preservation system, but also the fabrics with collective memories of local people are important to succeed the meaning of its lived environment.

著者

窪田 亜矢

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39.3, pp.607-612, 2004-10-25 (Released:2017-08-02)

参考文献数

20

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2002年ホームレス自立支援法が成立した。自治体に実施計画が義務づけられるなか、東京都では自立構築システムのもとで緊急一時保護センターや自立支援センターなどが設けられた。センターの立地やデザイン、内容についてはまだお問題はあるし、ここまでの施策は就労を前提としていることがしばしば指摘されてきた。しかし民間借り上げ住宅も検討され、多様な選択肢が用意され初めている。新宿区では NPOや自治体のみならず地域住民や路上生活者自身が加わる検討協議会も立ち上げられた。事態は進展しつつある。今後は、予防まで含めた総合的な取り組みを進めること、路上生活者自身の主体的な取り組みの支援、居住の権利に基づきながら問題を政治化していくことが必要だ。

著者

西川 亮 西村 幸夫 窪田 亜矢

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.710, pp.895-905, 2015

被引用文献数

1

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&nbsp;This research focuses on the &ldquo;historical routes policy&rdquo; by the Cultural Affairs Agency in Japan. This paper aims to clarify 1) its philosophy, 2) the policy's influences on local areas and 3) this policy's difficulties.<br>&nbsp;The results are as follows;<br>&nbsp;1) The policy aims both conservation of the routes in the regional scale and walkable environment.<br>&nbsp;2) Not only the historical routes but also the heritage along the routes were listed and conserved.<br>&nbsp;3) Changes of the framework and the character of the historical routes made this policy difficult to succeed.

著者

窪田 亜矢

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画. 別冊, 都市計画論文集 = City planning review. Special issue, Papers on city planning (ISSN:09131280)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3, pp.715-720, 2009-10-25

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

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東京都は新たな路上生活者支援策として、「地域生活移行支援事業」を2004年より四年間行った。移行事業は、就労支援を主目的とした段階的な支援という従来の方法ではなく、路上から借り上げアパートすなわち地域生活への移行を行うもので、アメリカで広まったハウジング・ファーストの考え方だといえる。これまでの日本の住宅政策の経緯と、近年の急激な社会構造の変化、経済的状況の悪化をふまえれば、日本でもハウジング・ファーストの考え方を導入する必要がある。そのために、1)低家賃住戸賃貸事業における公共性への社会的合意、2)都市計画における安定した住環境の確保、3)当事者支援を専門とする民間組織の支援、4)ホームレスという認識の社会的共有、について議論を深め社会的な認識を共有することが、本格的な導入につながる。

著者

西川 亮 中島 直人 窪田 亜矢 西村 幸夫

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.740, pp.2597-2607, 2017 (Released:2017-10-30)

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

3 5

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This research focuses on the city planning of Beppu city before WW2. Beppu is one of the famous tourist destinations in Japan since late modern period. Its start of city planning was a road development project started in 1906. It lasted for about 20years and the road of the Beppu city changed to grid patterns. After city status were given to Beppu in 1924, the discussion about the city planning of Beppu city started. Because Beppu had unique characteristics as a tourist destination, city planning engineers from the Japanese government had much interest in and expectation to the planning. On the other hand, engineers from Oita prefecture and Beppu city, who were in charge of the planning, struggled with the methodology to plan. The city planning law was applied to Beppu city in 1927 and just after that Mr. Hiroyuki Kayanoki, an engineer from the Home Ministry, visited Beppu city and decided the vision of Beppu city as “the city with a scenic view and hot spring”. Along the lines of the vision, engineers from Oita prefecture and Beppu city cooperated and worked together on the planning of streets in 1932 and land use in 1935. Characteristics as a tourist destination were reflected in the planning of them. As for the streets, the railway track and the street was planned as grade intersections to avoid the atmosphere of the tourist destination. As for the land use, the ratio of the industrial areas was only 3% of the city planning area. However, the planning regarding streets and the use of land only covered the city central area and most of the suburbs had no city planning. This situation encouraged Beppu city to make plans on its own in 1937, which was called as “Sento Toshi Keikaku (Hot spring capital city planning)”. Beppu city created the plan with the help of Dr. Tokutaro Kitamura, who was an engineer from the Home Ministry, and Prof. Eitaro Sekiguchi, who was a specialist of landscape architecture. It included the planning of streets, parks and tourist facilities. Also Dr. Tokutaro Kitamura was in charge of the planning of scenic districts. The scenic districts surrounded the city area. Not only natural areas but also tourist attractions and recreation areas for residents were also included in the scenic districts. Even after the Sino-Japanese war was started in July 1937, Beppu city continued making efforts to realize the plan. One large park was created following the Sento Toshi Keikaku with the help of a private company in 1942. Three large land readjustment plans were designed to control over lands, which were owned by owners outside Beppu city. In the previous research, it was mentioned that the city planning technique for the tourist destination before WW2 was the “park system”, which connects parks by roads. However, in Beppu, one of the famous tourist destinations in Japan, how to control land and space were one of the issues to be solved by city planning techniques.

著者

阿部 正隆 西村 幸夫 窪田 亜矢

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.727-732, 2011-10-25 (Released:2011-11-01)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1

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1910年代にイギリスで誕生し、アメリカへと普及したRegional Planningは、1920年代前半に内務事務官飯沼一省により日本へ「地方計画」として紹介された。地方計画はその後日本において海外事例の影響を受けながら展開し、内務省及び企画院において検討された。本論文は戦前における内務省地方計画構想のひとつの終着点として、内務省に1940~41年にかけて設置され、地方計画法案を策定した都市計画及地方計画に関する調査委員会、1941~42年にかけて設置され、関東地方計画要綱案を策定した都市計画連絡協議会に着目した。前述の委員会、協議会の一次資料を解析し、地方計画法案、関東地方計画要綱案の策定過程を明らかにし、戦前における内務省地方計画構想の一終着点を明らかにした。

著者

神原 康介 窪田 亜矢 黒瀬 武史 萩原 拓也 福士 薫 田中 暁子

出版者

Architectural Institute of Japan

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.701, pp.1593-1602, 2014

被引用文献数

4

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Many elderly people were killed by Tsunami during Great East Japan Earthquake in Akahama, Otsuchi town, Iwate prefecture. The purpose of this paper is to describe the evacuation behaviors by interviews with residents in Akahama which is along the rias Coast and clarify how the built environment influence on the evacuation behaviors of the elderly. It is found that 1) geographical features such as nearness of a rising ground, sloping road to the sea and a narrow plain land are good for evacuation, 2) the towns background such as past tsunami, seawall construction and elementary school which has never been damaged in a few hundred years influence on evacuation behaviors and 3) family network and local community led to an influence on a turning point of an evacuation behavior, but there were younger people who tried to help the elderly and damaged or killed.

著者

窪田 亜矢 田中 大朗 池田 晃一 森川 千裕 李 美沙 砂塚 大河

出版者

一般財団法人 住総研

雑誌

住総研研究論文集 (ISSN:21878188)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.97-108, 2016 (Released:2017-08-10)

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千葉県浦安市は,1960年代まで小さな漁村集落であった。水害を避けるため限定的な地形を有効に活用する必要があり,密度の高い住空間が展開されていた。工場汚水,地下鉄開通,首都圏の巨大化など多様な影響を強く受けて,漁業は完全になくなり,物理的環境も社会的関係も激変した。木造密集市街地は,大震災時の火災などの突発性リスクからも,高齢化や日中の活動低下という進行性リスクからも,行政の立場からは改善すべき特性となった。しかし,浦安の「ガワ・アン街区」と「ロジ空間」は地域の住文化を支えている。市有地を空地としたまま活用することで,リスクを軽減しつつ,ガワ・アンやロジという空間構造とそれに依る住文化を継承できる可能性がある。

著者

松井 大輔 窪田 亜矢

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.680, pp.2407-2414, 2012-10-30 (Released:2013-04-25)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

4 9

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The traditional townscape of Kagurazaka-KAGAI is appraised by citizens and tourists, whereas the structure of this townscape is not yet clarified. This paper clarified following three points.1. Prewar Kagurazaka-KAGAI provided more mysterious townscape for visitors than present condition because there are more complex network of alleys and taller buildings.2. The townscape, which has been rebuilt after the war, underwent big change. But some elements of prewar building design are inherited in KAGAI's buildings. Moreover, many ordinary buildings modeled after KAGAI's buildings in Kagurazaka-KAGAI.3. We need more consideration how to control a design of buildings out of Kagurazaka-KAGAI.

著者

奥澤 理恵子 窪田 亜矢

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.872-879, 2020-10-25 (Released:2020-10-25)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2

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原発被災地域である福島県南相馬市小高区の中心部であるまちなかを対象に、被災地の再生という観点から被災後も価値をもつ交流の場としての側面に着目し、被災から8年の小高区まちなかにおける新たな交流空間の設置経緯、特徴、利用状況を調査した。立地や外部空間、所有や管理、利用の状況といった特徴から、交流空間の効果として避難指示下の町でも人が集まる空間を作り交流を創出したこと、その後も地域に人を呼び込む仕掛けとなったことなどが考えられる。原発被災地域のまちなかにおける交流空間の意義には、人の活動の可視化、避難指示下であってもまちを訪れる人としての人間関係の構築、様々な人が地域に関わりを持つ契機をつくることが挙げられる。

著者

諸隈 紅花 窪田 亜矢

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.748, pp.1037-1047, 2018-06

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&nbsp;Brooklyn Navy Yard (BNY) is a rare example of adaptively reuse of historic industrial site into urban manufacturing enclave, unlike repurposing it for residential or commercial uses. In my previous research (Morokuma et al. 2016), by using BNY as a case study, the background and measures of revitalization of the old shipyard as manufacturing hub was revealed. Despite the relatively low interest in preservation on the operator's side, authenticity of the historic resources has been maintained to some extent due to the frequent involvement of the New York State Historic Preservation Office (NY SHPO).<br>&nbsp;In this paper, by using the same case, SHPO's involvement is extensively studied to analyze the roles and effect of its review system based on National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). In the existing Japanese literatures on the U.S. preservation system, the general roles and review system as well as its National Register have been studied, however, actual use and effects of reviews through the case studies have not been fully explored. Additionally, the use of preservation covenant in transfer of nationally owned land was applied to the BNY, but this preservation tool has not been researched in the academic field, even in the U.S. The research method is the interviews to the SHPO and operator of BNY (BNYDC) as well as the preservation experts in NYC, and analysis of the applications and correspondences between SHPO and BNYDC.<br>&nbsp;In BNY, the covenant was applied to a partial land and introduced as mitigation to ensure preservation of historic resources in the future redevelopment by having BNYDC gain permit from SHPO whenever they touch on the historic resources, which increases the level of SHPO's involvement compared with the regular review. The process and outcome of the review triggered by covenant and those of regular reviews by SHPO are similar, but the use of covenant over NAVSTA site virtually led the BNYDC to pursue pro-preservation redevelopment approach unlike the Admirals Row site.<br>&nbsp;This study revealed that within BNY there were twelve redevelopment projects which were realized through rehabilitation or demolition of the historic resources and most of them were reviewed by SHPO due to BNYDC's reliance on state and federal funding in addition to the covenant. Lack of finance of BNYDC caused this reliance on public grants, which triggered SHPO's frequent reviews. Even though SHPO did not necessarily succeed in preserving all resources, it succeeded in identifying the underrepresented historic resources, proving the significance of BNY as a historic district by taking advantage of series of reviews, and led BNYDC to register BNY to make its significance more official.<br>&nbsp;In conclusion, although SHPO's regulatory power over historic resources is relatively weak compared with that of municipal governments, it is still quite effective in the recognition of underrepresented historic places like BNY through the series of reviews triggered by public funding and covenant. At the same time, having SHPO involved in BNY was quite important in raising awareness to historic resources and safeguarding them to some extent, as the city's preservation authority was not interested in protecting BNY as a historic district due to the political reason or lack of constituencies. The benefits of covenant such as facilitating pro-preservation redevelopment, giving oversight to all potential historic resources, and mandating new owners to maintain them during interim period, in exchange of transfer of public properties were recognized in the case of the BNY.

著者

堀籠 悠河 窪田 亜矢 益邑 明伸

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.189-200, 2021-04-25 (Released:2021-04-25)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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本研究は、特定の区域における最寄り品アクセス環境の把握において、特定の距離圏を徒歩圏として想定する従来の手法に不足する視点を考慮することで、より精緻な把握が可能となることを示している。本研究で提案する「包含率線」は、個々人の移動能力を考慮に入れた任意の距離圏とこれに含まれる区域内人口割合の関係を図示したもので、居住者ごとの移動可能距離の差異を考慮に入れた分析が可能となる。区域内の最寄り品アクセス環境は、「包含率線」全体のふるまいで把握できるが、市街化区域・ DID ・立地適正化計画の誘導区域の三区域の差異もそれぞれの「包含率線」を比較により明らかにできる。また、同一地区における高齢者・非高齢者の「包含率線」は一致し、高齢化率の高い地区は偏在する一方で、全体的には高齢・非高齢者は同程度に包含されていた。そして、既存手法の有効性も一定程度確認された。

著者

柄澤 薫冬 窪田 亜矢

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.1114-1121, 2015-10-25 (Released:2015-11-05)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

3 2

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災害により甚大な被害が発生すると元から離れた位置で復興せざるを得ない。津波や土砂災害だけでなく、火災や建物倒壊であっても多くの人が移動を強いられる。しかし、移動は往々にしてコミュニティを寸断し、人間関係の希薄化を招く。本稿では阪神淡路大震災において復興のモデルケースと名高い芦屋市若宮町を取り上げ、復興プロセスの実態と20年経た現在における住民の認識を分析した。若宮町では、良い空間であると内外から評価されているものの、震災前後の物理的空間は全く変質しており、復興事業完了直後は住民は「良い」と感じていなかった。むしろその後の復興プロセスで、新たな人間関係を形成しながら「若宮町」とは何かの概念をお互いに集団の中で醸成していくことが帰属意識につながり、満足感を得る状況が明らかとなった。

著者

窪田 亜矢

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.781, pp.1001-1011, 2021-03

被引用文献数

1

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<p> From the time of birth, the concept of '"the park" in the city' has ever served as a tool for accepting the contradictions between legal systems and reality. Thus, such parks have continually undergone transformations. Because parks are owned and managed by the public sector, they are expected to be permanent, non-construction sites; however, the reality is different. Miyashita Park in downtown Shibuya in Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, was built on a scattered piece of land, and it has witnessed rapid changes. The periods of change of this park can be divided into five categories: (1) The Meiji era, when the feudal system changed to modern times, and the concept of parks was born; (2) 1953, when the park was first completed; (3) around 1964, the time of Tokyo Olympics, when a parking building was built on the ground, and the park was moved to the top of the roof; the park then was occupied by a homeless community; (4) around 2011, when sports facilities were installed in the park, and spatial and temporal closures became the norm under the normal operation by the local government because it had to manage the facilities; and (5) 2020, when the park was redeveloped and fully privatised; further, the park will now be managed by a private operator on a 30-year fixed land lease. Another Olympics has brought the opportunity to redevelop and redesign parks.</p><p> The concepts such as possession, 'no-man's land', indifference, publicness and open space have been discussed by many philosophers, urban researchers, social scientists and constitutional scholars. In summary, urban parks have the potential to secure Liberty from law. If we need human rights and democracy, we have to realise them by securing places for them, namely the park in the city. Therefore, we have to preserve such urban parks; however, this is a great challenge. As seen from the example of Miyashita Park, at one point of time, homeless people occupied the park, and subsequently, the local government, with the support of local residents, evicted them using urban development projects legally with private companies; both events should not have happened. A system of conservation officers in natural conservation areas and play-leaders in play-parks can provide insights into maintaining urban parks. The only way to build such a system is through the practice of defending 'the park in the city'.</p>