著者

朴 勝俊 Seung-joon Park

雑誌

産研論集 (ISSN:02881667)

巻号頁・発行日

no.43, pp.169-170, 2016-03-23

著者

Chika Fujiyuki Misato Kitamura Sayoko Eguchi Shuyi Yang Reiko Akahane-Yamada

出版者

ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN

雑誌

Acoustical Science and Technology (ISSN:13463969)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.4, pp.229-231, 2017-07-01 (Released:2017-07-01)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1

著者

Osamu Manabe Masanao Naya Keiichiro Yoshinaga Noriko Oyama-Manabe Hiroshi Ohira Tadao Aikawa Nagara Tamaki

出版者

Japanese Society of Nuclear Cardiology

雑誌

Annals of Nuclear Cardiology (ISSN:21893926)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.205-209, 2017 (Released:2017-10-31)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) has evolved over the several decades since its introduction. In current clinical practice and research, cardiac PET imaging is accepted as a valuable noninvasive modality for assessing various cardiac diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac tumors, and inflammatory diseases including cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). PET enables the imaging and evaluation of the cardiovascular system by myocardial perfusion with 82Rb, 13N-NH3 and 15O-H2O, and those of metabolism and inflammation using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). PET has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy for the detection of CAD and also has well-established prognostic value. The combination of qualitative and absolute quantifications of myocardial blood flow enhances the diagnostic accuracy for multiple-vessel disease and provides incremental functional and prognostic information. In this review, we focus on the current and future roles of cardiac PET imaging, on the basis of our own experience.

著者

Lee Ji-Yon Kim YoungHwan

出版者

Japan Association for Educational Media Studies

雑誌

International Journal for Educational Media and Technology (ISSN:18822290)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.16-26, 2007 (Released:2018-11-05)

参考文献数

22

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Educational cooperative activities between countries for human capacity building are expanding in accordance with the international stream of modern globalization and information. A variety of models on exchange activities are also appearing based on this stream. These trends made many changes in the field of traditional education through online-based activities which anyone can access to beyond spatiotemporal barriers. This study aimed at developing the performance model to support the activities of members who carry out cooperative projects under online learning community, applying it to actual performance case, analyzing the results, and deriving improvements. The developed performance model consists of three components. The first component is the core principle for management and implementation of the performance model. The second one is the process of performance model and activities of each step, and the third one is online workrooms (websites) to support the performances. Moreover, members of the community applied core progressive strategies to accomplish projects and a few suggestions were raised so as to make aggressive and dynamic activities of online learning community. Based on the ‘Online Learning Community’, the members who carry out international educational cooperative projects acquired meaningful knowledge not by one-way giving from others but by forming recursive process, where the members with various cultures and backgrounds could be an instructor at one time or a learner at the other time, so they experienced social learning process acquiring knowledge cooperatively.

著者

アルメイダ-サントス S.M. サロマノ M.G.

出版者

The Herpetological Society of Japan

雑誌

爬虫両棲類学雑誌 (ISSN:02853191)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.46-52, 1997

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ガラガラヘビ<i>Crotalus durissus terrificus</i>の子宮にみられる回旋と筋肉収縮を,冬を越えて精子を貯蔵する(長期精子貯蔵)ための戦略として報告した.交尾期(秋季),濾胞の大きさ(5-30mm),排卵の時期(春季),妊娠期間(4-5ヵ月)など,雌の繁殖周期について述べた.雌の子宮には,交尾後すぐに形態学的,生理学的変化が観察された.この状態は1季節(冬季)続くだけで,排卵後に子宮に弛緩し,精子が卵管をさかのぼる.生殖管の解剖形態を記述し,温帯産の近縁種プレーリーガラガラヘビとの関連で,語句の用法について論議した.交尾期にはまだ受精の準備ができていない卵黄形成後の濾胞を,無駄にしないような生理学的過程の重要性を仮定すると,この種では繁殖に関する出来事が時間的に同調しないため,長期精子貯蔵をせざるを得ないと考えられる.

著者

Bassino Jean-Pascal 馬 徳斌 斎藤 修

出版者

岩波書店

雑誌

経済研究 (ISSN:00229733)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.4, pp.348-369, 2005-10

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近年,welfare ratio という新しい指標を用いてアジアと西欧における実質賃金の歴史的水準比較を行う試みがなされている.本稿は,この新たな研究動向とその実証的成果とを,中国・日本・南欧に焦点を当ててサーヴェイする.対象とする時期(1700-1920年)のほとんどを通じて,中国・日本・南欧における実質賃金の水準はほぼ同程度であったが,その welfare ratio 値は想定生存水準である1を下回り,またイングランドとオランダにおける水準よりも明瞭に低位であった.しかし,中国・日本・南欧は小農経済が優位の地域であった.それゆえ,農業からの所得,副業の存在,年間労働日数,消費バスケットの変化などをも考慮に入れて,18世紀における小農家族世帯の生活水準を推計すると,その welfare ratio の水準は北西欧の賃金労働者のそれにかなり近づくことが示唆される.Renewed research effort has been taken to make a rigorous comparison, based on a novel concept of "welfare rati", between Asian and European real wages in early modern times. This paper, an overview of the issues and empirical results the on-going research has so far produced, shows that real wages in historic China, Japan and southern Europe were at about the same level, but remained distinctly lower than in England and the Netherlands for much of the period reviewed. However, the comparison becomes more complicated if factors such as agricultural income, by-employment, working days, and possible changes in the diet mix are taken into account. By examining the case of Tokugawa Japan's peasantry, it is suggested that their standard of living may have been much closer to the standard achieved by early modern north-west European wage-earning populations.

著者

Mi Kyoung Kim Tae-Gum Lee Minji Jung Ki-Ho Park Youhoon Chong

出版者

The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

雑誌

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:00092363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.11, pp.1019-1022, 2018-11-01 (Released:2018-11-01)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

12

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Upon single treatment against Staphylococus aureus, quercetin–pivaloxymethyl conjugate (Q-POM) had antibacterial activities with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16–32 mg/L. Q-POM showed MIC of 32 mg/L against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faceium (VRE), which is remarkably lower than other antibiotics investigated (≥256 mg/L). Under sub-MIC concentrations, Q-POM potentiated the activity of ampicillin, cefepime, and vancomycin against S. aureus and Enterococcus (including highly resistant strains such as hetero-resistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), and VRE), by decreasing the MICs of these antibiotics by 4–128 folds. Q-POM was found to be partially synergistic with ampicillin and cefepime against S. aureus and Enterococcus, while it was strongly synergistic with vancomycin. Q-POM at 5 mg/L inhibited the formation of biofilms of S. aureus by 24–83% and VRE by 70%. Additionally, Q-POM inhibited the hemolytic activity of S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated in human liver epithelial cells (HepG2), and the 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) value of Q-POM was higher than 50 mg/L. These results indicate the potential use of Q-POM in treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and VRE infections.

著者

Dan Han Pascual Martínez-Gómez Yusuke Miyao Katsuhito Sudoh Masaaki Nagata

出版者

Information and Media Technologies Editorial Board

雑誌

Information and Media Technologies (ISSN:18810896)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.3, pp.272-301, 2014 (Released:2014-09-15)

参考文献数

44

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In statistical machine translation, Chinese and Japanese is a well-known long-distance language pair that causes difficulties to word alignment techniques. Pre-reordering methods have been proven efficient and effective; however, they need reliable parsers to extract the syntactic structure of the source sentences. On one hand, we propose a framework in which only part-of-speech (POS) tags and unlabeled dependency parse trees are used to minimize the influence of parse errors, and linguistic knowledge on structural difference is encoded in the form of reordering rules. We show significant improvements in translation quality of sentences in the news domain over state-of-the-art reordering methods. On the other hand, we explore the relationship between dependency parsing and our pre-reordering method from two aspects: POS tags and dependencies. We observe the effects of different parse errors on reordering performance by combining empirical and descriptive approaches. In the empirical approach, we quantify the distribution of general parse errors along with reordering quality. In the descriptive approach, we extract seven influential error patterns and examine their correlations with reordering errors.

著者

村上 祐 今泉 庸子 菊地 洋一 武井 隆明 Murakami Tasuku Imaizumi Youko Kikuchi Yoichi Takei Taka-aki

出版者

岩手大学教育学部附属教育実践総合センター

雑誌

岩手大学教育学部附属教育実践総合センター研究紀要 (ISSN:13472216)

巻号頁・発行日

no.8, pp.81-87, 2009

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「ルミノール発光」は日常よく耳にする言葉である。科学捜査を扱ったTVドラマで,化学薬品を散布して室内を暗くすると血痕部分が青白く光るシーンがよく出てくる。このような血痕の鑑識に使われる化学薬品が「ルミノール」で,ルミノールによる発光は「化学発光」と呼ばれる。化学発光は,物質内の化学結合の変化によって,高エネルギー状態(励起状態)から低エネルギー状態(基底状態)へ変わる際,その余剰のエネルギー分を光エネルギーとして放出するときに見られる現象である。ルミノールは,酸化されると励起状態を経て安定な物質に変わる。血液中のヘモグロビンはこの酸化反応に触媒として作用し,皮応を促進するので,血痕部分で発光するのである。これと似た機構で発光するものに,ホタルの発光がある。ホタルは,発光の元になる物質とその化学変化を助ける酵素を体内でつくっている。このときの化学変化も空気中の酸素による酸化で,ホタルが呼吸して酸素を取り入れるたびに光る。このように,生物がつくり出す物質が体内で反応して発光する現象を「生物発光」といい,夜光虫やホタルイカなど数多く知られている。1962年,下村修ボストン大名誉教授が光るオワンクラゲから発見した緑色蛍光タンパク質(GFP)も,発光物質の一つである。このGFPは生きた細胞中のたんぱく質の目印に使われ,現在では生命科学の研究に不可欠なものとなっている(下村氏は,GFPの発見により2008年ノーベル化学賞を受賞した。)。 化学発光の大きな特徴は,物質の反応を自らの発光で発信していることであり,観測者が目視によってそれを容易に確認できることである。このため,自然の科学現象の美しさ・不思議さを直接観察できる教材として,中学校や高校,あるいは大学初学年の学生実験等で取り上げられることが多い2-5)。さらに言えば,化学発光は,光を使った分析で最も一般的な吸光分析のように励起光を当てる必要はなく,適当な光検知器がありさえすれば,反応を精密に分析できる。これらの発光現象を単に目視だけの走性分析的に扱うだけではなく,身近に入手できる簡単な検知器を使って定量化・数値化することができれば,より深い理解が可能となり,学生・生徒の科学的興味・関心をいっそう高めることができると思われる。 本論文では,大学での学生実験や中高の生徒実験のための教材研究として,CdSセルとデジタルカメラを光検知器として用い,ルミノール発光を速度論的に追跡した結果を報告する。

著者

Hyukchan Kwon Kiwoong Kim Yong-Ho Lee Jin-Mok Kim Kwon Kyu Yu Namsik Chung Young-Guk Ko

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.7, pp.1424-1430, 2010 (Released:2010-06-25)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

14 26

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Background: Accurate identification of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is often difficult especially when an electrocardiogram (ECG) does not show typical elevation of ST segment. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the efficacy of magnetocardiography (MCG) for diagnosis of ACS in patients with acute chest pain presenting without ST segment elevation. Methods and Results: In the present retrospective study 364 patients with the suspected ACS without ST segment elevation were selected. Significant coronary artery disease (CAD) was defined as a stenosis ≥50% in at least one of 16 segments of the 3 major coronary arteries and their branches. The MCG recordings were obtained at resting state using a 64-channel MCG system in a magnetically shielded room. The patients were classified on the basis of the probability distribution. The presence of significant CAD was identified with a sensitivity of 84.0% and a specificity of 85.0%, compared to 44.7% and 89.8% on ECG. In the subgroup of patients without specific findings on ECG or biomarker test, MCG had a sensitivity of 73.5% and a specificity of 82.3%. Conclusions: MCG was acceptably sensitive and specific in identifying patients with ACS even in the absence of specific findings on ECG and positive biomarker tests. Thus, MCG seems beneficial for the early triage of patients with acute chest pain.  (Circ J 2010; 74: 1424 - 1430)

著者

Mariko OGUSHI Yumiko YOSHIE-STARK Takeshi SUZUKI

出版者

Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology

雑誌

Food Science and Technology Research (ISSN:13446606)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.202-206, 2005 (Released:2006-11-08)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

6 15

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Sea cucumber is a traditional food item in Asia and has been reported to exhibit antifungal, antitumor, and antioxidant bioactivity as well as other properties. In this study, sea cucumbers were treated with hot water at 98°C for 60min to prepare extracts that were then used to assess their effect on the proliferation and H2O2 susceptibility of human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. The growth of Caco-2 cells was significantly inhibited by sea cucumber extracts in a dose dependent manner. Cell proliferation was inhibited by high molecular weight sea cucumber extract at a concentration of 0.108mg/mL. No growth was observed at 1.04mg/mL of the hot water extract after 96h incubation. Cell damage by sea cucumber extract was evident above 1mg/mL. H2O2 showed concentration dependent cytotoxity to Caco-2 cells. In addition, coadministration of sea cucumber extracts intensified the H2O2 cytotoxity.

著者

Mariko OGUSHI Yumiko YOSHIE-STARK Takeshi SUZUKI

出版者

Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology

雑誌

Food Science and Technology Research (ISSN:13446606)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.4, pp.290-294, 2006 (Released:2007-10-05)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

3 6

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To study the anti-tumor activity of sea cucumber extracts, human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells were exposed to hot water extract of sea cucumber. Morphological changes with apoptotic bodies were observed in the cells treated with the extract. We demonstrated the induction of apoptosis using phosphatidylserine translocation (APOPercentage Assay kit), terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and DNA fragmentation observed as DNA ladder. These results show that apoptosis was induced by a high molecular weight fraction in a dose dependent manner. These data suggest that water soluble and high molecular weight compounds from sea cucumber might exhibit anti-tumor activity by triggering apoptosis. The apoptosis-inducing activity may contribute to cancer chemopreventive effects of sea cucumber.

著者

Bei-Wei ZHU Lu-Lu ZHAO Li-Ming SUN Dong-Mei LI Yoshiyuki MURATA Lei YU Lei ZHANG

出版者

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry

雑誌

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (ISSN:09168451)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.6, pp.1430-1437, 2008-06-23 (Released:2008-06-23)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

40

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Cathepsin L-like enzyme was purified from the body wall of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus by an integral method involving ammonium sulfate precipitation and a series of column chromatographies on DEAE Sepharose CL-6B, Sephadex G-75, and TSK-GEL. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 63 kDa by SDS–PAGE. The enzyme cleaved N-carbobenzoxy-phenylalanine-arginine7-amido-4-methylcoumarin with Km (69.92 μM) and kcat (12.80/S) hardly hydrolyzed N-carbobenzoxy-arginine-arginine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin and L-arginine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin. The optimum pH and temperature for the purified enzyme were found to be 5.0 and 50 °C. It showed thermal stability below 40 °C. The activity was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and activated by reducing agents. These results suggest that the purified enzyme was a cathepsin L-like enzyme and that it existed in the form of its enzyme-inhibitor complex or precursor.

著者

Noboru Fujino Kenshi Hayashi Kenji Sakata Akihiro Nomura Masa-aki Kawashiri

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.11, pp.2699-2700, 2018-10-25 (Released:2018-10-25)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

著者

Jung-Ho Lee Eun-Yeong Han

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.3, pp.341-344, 2013-03-25 (Released:2013-05-10)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

3 15

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[Purpose] The study aims to examines the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), and trigger point injection (TPI) on pain reduction and functional improvement in patients with Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) of the upper trapezius muscle and compares their treatment effects, thereby presenting precise and efficient treatment methods. [Subjects] Thirty-three patients with MPS in the upper trapezius muscle were divided into three groups: a PNF group (n=11), ESWT group (n=11), and a TPI group (n=11). [Methods] The degree of pain was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured at trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle by using a pressure algometer, and the Constant-Murley scale (CMS) and neck disability index (NDI) was applied for functional evaluation. [Results] A comparison of the effects of the different treatment methods revealed no significant differences among the groups in terms of PPT, but CMS (pain, range, and activities of daily living) and NDI showed significant differences among groups. [Conclusion] PNF treatment enhanced neck function, range of motion in the shoulder joint, and activities of daily living relative to the other methods; ESWT reduced degree of pain and improved functioning. TPI treatment reduced pain, but had limited effects in enhancing functional activities.

著者

Young-Shin Cho Soo-Jin Park Sang-Hun Jang Young-Chul Choi Jung-Ho Lee Jin-Sang Kim

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.12, pp.1319-1323, 2012 (Released:2013-01-17)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

7 30

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[Purpose] In order to develop a more effective treatment method for pain and function in myofascial pain syndrome, we examined the effects of ESWT, stability exercises, and combined treatment. [Subjects] The subjects were randomly divided into a stabilization exercise group (n=12), an ESWT (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy) group (n=12), and a combined treatment group (n=12). [Methods] The stabilization exercise group performed shoulder joint stabilization exercises. The ESWT group received ESWT for the upper trapezius. The combined treatment group received a combined treatment of shoulder joint stabilization exercises and ESWT. Pain and function were measured using the visual analog scale (VAS), pressure pain threshold (PPT), neck disability index (NDI), and the Constant Murley Scale (CMS). [Results] The VAS Score showed statistically significant improvements in all of the groups. All of the CMS evaluation items except muscle strength in the stabilization exercise group, and all of the CMS items in the ESWT group and the combined treatment group, exhibited statistically significant improvements. The combined treatment group of ESWT and stabilization exercises showed statistically significant improvements in all VAS of CMS evaluation items, and the NDI test after the four-week intervention. [Conclusion] The combined treatment was more effective at reducing pain than ESWT, and stabilization exercise would be useful for physical therapists treating myofascial pain syndrome in a clinical setting.

著者

TOSHIO OTANI YOSHINORI MINAMI TERUYOSHI MARUNAKA RUI ZHANG MEI-YU XIE

出版者

JAPAN ANTIBIOTICS RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Journal of Antibiotics (ISSN:00218820)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.11, pp.1696-1698, 1988-11-25 (Released:2006-04-19)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

9 5

著者

TOSHIO OTANI YOSHINORI MINAMI TERUYOSHI MARUNAKA Rui ZHANG MEI-YU XIE

出版者

JAPAN ANTIBIOTICS RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Journal of Antibiotics (ISSN:00218820)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.11, pp.1580-1585, 1988-11-25 (Released:2006-04-19)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

57 67

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A new macromolecular antibiotic C-1027 was obtained from the broth filtrate of Streptomyces ghbisporus C-1027 by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column. This antibiotic, prepared as a white powder, is an acidic polypeptide having an isoelectric point of pH 3.5-3.7 and a molecular weight of 15, 000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. The acid hydrolysate of the purified antibiotic C-1027 contained no methionine or tryptophan. From the physico-chemical data, it may be considered to possess a very labile non-protein chromophore.

著者

JILAN HU YU-CHUAN XUE MEI-YU XIE RUI ZHANG TOSHIO OTANI YOSHINORI MINAMI YUJI YAMADA TERUYOSHI MARUNAKA

出版者

JAPAN ANTIBIOTICS RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Journal of Antibiotics (ISSN:00218820)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.11, pp.1575-1579, 1988-11-25 (Released:2006-04-19)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

77 102

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Strain C-1027, an actinomycete isolated from a soil sample collected in China, was found to produce the new antibiotic, C-1027. From taxonomical studies on its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, this antibiotic-producing strain was identified as Streptomyces ghbisporus C-1027. Antibiotic C-1027 has antimicrobial activity against most Gram-positive bacteria but not against Mycobacterium sp. or Gram-negative bacteria. This antibiotic shows remarkable activity in spermatogonial assay and potent cytotoxicity against KB carcinoma cells in vitro, and exhibits inhibition on transplantable tumors in mice.

著者

Hiroyuki Tsutsui Shin-ichi Momomura Yoshihiko Saito Hiroshi Ito Kazuhiro Yamamoto Tomomi Ohishi Naoko Okino Toshihito Kitamura Weinong Guo

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.10, pp.2575-2583, 2018-09-25 (Released:2018-09-25)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 15

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Background: The objective of the present analyses was to describe the baseline characteristics and treatment of the Japanese patients with HFrEF in THE PARALLEL-HF study. Methods and Results: Key demographic, clinical and laboratory findings, along with treatment, were reported and compared with patients enrolled in the PARADIGM-HF trial and other contemporary randomized clinical trials and registries of Japanese patients with HFrEF. In addition, the MAGGIC and EMPHASIS-HF risk scores were calculated. A total of 225 Japanese patients were randomized in PARALLEL-HF with a mean age of 67.9 years and the majority of the patients being male (85.8%) and in NYHA Class II (93.8%). Key baseline characteristics in PARALLEL-HF were generally comparable with PARADIGM-HF, and other contemporary clinical trials and registries of Japanese HFrEF patients. Patients enrolled in PARALLEL-HF were well treated with conventional evidence-based therapy at baseline (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, 62.7%/37.3%; β-blockers, 94.7%; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, 59.1%). Despite the evidence-based treatment and most patients being in NYHA Class II, these patients had a low LVEF (mean 28.1%) and were at high risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity as assessed by the MAGGIC and EMPHASIS-HF risk scores. Conclusions: Overall, the patients in PARALLEL-HF were largely representative of contemporary ambulatory patients with HFrEF who are well treated with evidence-based therapies. PARALLEL-HF will determine whether sacubitril/valsartan provides similar improvements in clinical outcomes in Japanese HFrEF patients as observed in the PARADIGM-HF study.