著者

YK-99-11乗船研究者一同

出版者

海洋科学技術センター(JAMSTEC)

雑誌

JAMSTEC深海研究

巻号頁・発行日

no.18, 2001-03

著者

Chang Hee Kwon Sung Ho Lee Jong-Young Lee Seungho Ryu Ki-Chul Sung

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-18-0748, (Released:2018-09-19)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

14

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Background: Increased serum uric acid is associated with prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), but there is a lack of studies on the association between serum uric acid and risk of AF in the general population. Methods and Results: We used the data from the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital health screening cohort recorded between 2002 and 2015. The primary outcome was incidence of AF diagnosed on 12-lead electrocardiography. We analyzed and compared the hazard ratios (HR) according to baseline serum uric acid quartiles. The present study involved 282,473 subjects without baseline AF. Mean follow-up was 5.4±3.6 years. During follow-up, AF was identified in 365 subjects (cumulative incidence, 0.13%). After multivariable adjustment, including that for C-reactive protein, the risk of AF was significantly higher in the upper 2 quartiles than in the lowest quartile in men (upper third quartile: adjusted HR, 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–2.89; highest quartile: HR, 1.60; 95% CI: 1.13–2.25). In women, even though AF incidence rate was very low (0.6 of 10,000 person-years), the risk of AF in the highest quartile was 6.93-fold that in the lowest quartile (95% CI: 1.53–31.29). Conclusions: Serum uric acid is significantly and positively associated with incident AF in the Korean general population.

著者

María del Rocío Bustillos-Cristales Ivan Corona-Gutierrez Miguel Castañeda-Lucio Carolina Águila-Zempoaltécatl Eduardo Seynos-García Ismael Hernández-Lucas Jesús Muñoz-Rojas Liliana Medina-Aparicio Luis Ernesto Fuentes-Ramírez

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, pp.244-251, 2017 (Released:2017-09-27)

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

3 24

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Methanol-consuming culturable bacteria were isolated from the plant surface, rhizosphere, and inside the stem of Neobuxbaumia macrocephala. All 38 isolates were facultative methylotrophic microorganisms. Their classification included the Classes Actinobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria. The deduced amino acid sequences of methanol dehydrogenase obtained by PCR belonging to Actinobacteria, Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria showed high similarity to rare-earth element (REE)-dependent XoxF methanol dehydrogenases, particularly the group XoxF5. The sequences included Asp301, the REE-coordinating amino acid, present in all known XoxF dehydrogenases and absent in MxaF methanol dehydrogenases. The quantity of the isolates showed positive hybridization with a xoxF probe, but not with a mxaF probe. Isolates of all taxonomic groups showed methylotrophic growth in the presence of Ce3+ or Ca2+. The presence of xoxF-like sequences in methylotrophic bacteria from N. macrocephala and its potential relationship with their adaptability to xerophytic plants are discussed.

著者

Jun-ichi TAZAWA Takayuki MATSUMOTO

出版者

新潟大学

雑誌

新潟大学理学部研究報告. E類, (地質学鉱物学) (ISSN:03695638)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.1-19, 1998-03

被引用文献数

14

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A Middle Permian (Bolorian-Kubergandian) brachiopod fauna from the lower Oguradani Formation of Oguradani, Ise district, Hida Gaien Belt, Central Japan is described. The brachiopod fauna consists of Derbyia cf. buchi, Meekella sp., Transennatia gratiosa, Leptodus nobilis, Stenoscisma margaritovi and Hustedia cf. grandicosta. The Oguradani fauna can be correlated with the brachiopod faunas of the lower Moribu Formation of the Moribu district, Hida Gaien Beit, Central Japan; the lower Kanokura Formation of the Southern Kitakami Mountains, Northeast Japan; the Chandalaz Formation of South Primorye, Eastern Russia; and the Miaoling Formation of Yanji, Jilin Province, Northeast China.

著者

Seung-Il YANG Jung-Hyun KIM Soon-Wuk JEONG Hyun-Jung HAN

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.4, pp.629-633, 2018 (Released:2018-04-18)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

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A one-year-old male Golden Retriever presented with acute onset of vomiting and hemorrhagic diarrhea since 2 days. The dog was depressed, showing abdominal pain, 12% dehydration, tachycardia, and a bounding pulse. Diagnostic imaging showed severe dilatation and fluid retention of the entire gastrointestinal tract with decreased motility. A foreign body was found in the gastroduodenal region, but there was no obstruction or plication. The dog was tentatively diagnosed with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome and rapidly recovered after supportive treatment. However, on the morning of day 4, anorexia and vomiting recurred, and diagnostic imaging revealed intestinal plication with free peritoneal fluid, not found on the previous image. An emergency laparotomy revealed the foreign body to be two used feminine hygiene products. These contaminated products were suspected to induce acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome, and led to subsequent complication in this large dog.

著者

Aki FUJIWARA-IGARASHI Koichi SHIMIZU Masaki MICHISHITA Yoshihiko YU Yuji HAMAMOTO Daisuke HASEGAWA Michio FUJITA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.12, pp.1916-1919, 2017 (Released:2017-12-06)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

2

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A 16-year-old castrated male mongrel cat presented with swelling under the left pinna and a 3 -month history of voice change. Laryngeal endoscopy revealed circumferential oedema around the arytenoid cartilages and hypersecretion of saliva. Histopathological examination of the mass around the left ear canal was considered the primary lesion that originated from cutaneous apocrine adenocarcinoma or parotid gland adenocarcinoma, and it metastasized to the larynx, lung and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes. This report provides new insights into feline laryngeal diseases which could result in laryngeal metastasis with slight mucosal irregularity alone and without obvious radiographic abnormalities. Therefore, histopathological examination should be performed when a cat presents clinical signs such as stridor, dysphonia or voice change without any mass-forming laryngeal lesion.

著者

Haruki Koike Ryoji Nishi Shohei Ikeda Yuichi Kawagashira Masahiro Iijima Naoki Atsuta Tomohiko Nakamura Masaaki Hirayama Hidenori Ogata Ryo Yamasaki Jun-ichi Kira Masahisa Katsuno Gen Sobue

出版者

The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine

雑誌

Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.0455-17, (Released:2018-02-28)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

6 11

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We herein report a woman with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) in whom positivity for anti-neurofascin 155 antibodies was revealed 23 years after the onset of neuropathy. The patient initially reported numbness in the face at 50 years of age and subsequently manifested features compatible to typical CIDP. Steroid administration initiated at 54 years of age ameliorated her neuropathic symptoms. Although the nerve conduction indices at 59 years of age deteriorated, those at 68, 72, and 73 years of age showed a gradual recovery. The deterioration and subsequent restoration of compound muscle action potential amplitudes was the most dramatic, suggesting that a conduction block can be reversed earlier than other electrophysiological indices.

著者

赤川 優美 上野 晃弘 池田 淳司 石井 亘 宍戸-原 由紀子 関島 良樹

出版者

日本神経学会

雑誌

臨床神経学 (ISSN:0009918X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.5, pp.324-331, 2018 (Released:2018-05-25)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

4 5

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症例1は59歳女性.特発性好酸球増多症に対しプレドニゾロンを内服中.脳MRI病変に軽度の造影効果が認められ,炎症の存在が示唆された.症例2は30歳女性.全身性エリテマトーデスに対し免疫治療中.脳生検が実施され,CD4およびCD8陽性細胞の均衡がとれたリンパ球浸潤を認めた.両症例とも神経症状発症早期に進行性多巣性白質脳症(progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; PML)と診断し,メフロキン,ミルタザピン,リスペリドンによる治療を行った.症例1は発症から24ヶ月,症例2は45ヶ月経過しているが,症状改善し生存している.PMLの予後は不良とされているが,JCウイルスに対する制御された免疫応答を有する症例では薬物治療が有効である可能性がある.

著者

Natee Sirisit Daiki Kido Yuki Wakisaka Hiroko Ariga-Miwa Satoru Takakusagi Kiyotaka Asakura Oki Sekizawa Tomohiro Sakata Tomoya Uruga Yasuhiro Iwasawa

出版者

The Japan Society of Vacuum and Surface Science

雑誌

e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology (ISSN:13480391)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.387-390, 2018-09-01 (Released:2018-09-01)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

3

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We have shown a possibility of multi-atom resonant X-ray Raman (MARX-Raman) spectroscopy by measuring the N K-edge loss spectrum of TaN at Ta L3-edge and C K-edge loss spectrum of Er(C5H5)3 at Er L1-edge. When the excitation X-ray energy was tuned to the Ta L3-edge and inelastic scattering spectra were recorded around 400 eV loss corresponding to the N K-edge Raman region, we found a clear enhancement of emission spectrum. The same enhancement was observed in C K-edge Raman region in Er(C5H5)3. These experimental results have indicated the possibility of MARX-Raman phenomenon which may lead to a new in situ and bond-specific XAFS spectroscopy for low Z elements. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2018.387]

著者

申 琪榮 SHIN Ki-young

出版者

お茶の水女子大学ジェンダー研究所

雑誌

ジェンダー研究 = Journal of gender studies, Ochanomizu University : お茶の水女子大学ジェンダー研究所年報 (ISSN:13450638)

巻号頁・発行日

no.20, pp.121-124, 2017-03

著者

内藤 靖彦 ROPERT?COUDERT Yan ROPERT-COUDERT Y. M.

出版者

国立極地研究所

雑誌

特別研究員奨励費

巻号頁・発行日

2001

---

西オーストラリアにおいてリトルペンギン(Eudyptula minor)の採餌生態に関する研究を行った。これまでこの鳥の海での行動に関することはほとんどわかっていなかった。この研究には2つの目的があり、1つは基礎的な生態研究で、もう1つは個体群の保護、管理に役立つ情報を得ることであった。野外調査は2001年9月と2002年8月にオーストラリア、パース近郊の動物園およびペンギン島のリトルペンギン繁殖地で、共同研究者のDr.B.C.Cannell(マードック大学)とともに実施した。Dr.Cannellはこの研究における個体群の保護、管理に関わる部分を担当した。現地ではデータロガーの装着回収、ヒナの計測、餌生物の採集を行った。得られたデータは日本で解析し、この種において初めて潜水採餌戦略に大きな個体差があることを発見した。これはすでに論文としてまとめられ、現在Waterbirds(国際学術誌)で印刷中である。他に2つの論文を準備中であり、1つはB.C.Cannell et al.によるリトルペンギンの潜水行動の特徴を記載したもので、本種の保護と管理には海中における施策が不可欠であることを示している。もう1本は加速度データロガーを用いたリトルペンギンの詳細な行動時間配分に関するものである。潜水採餌戦略の個体差に関しては2001年12月に国立極地研究所で開催された極域生物シンポジウムにおいても発表した。

著者

Chen Hanlong-Dominique

出版者

東京大学

巻号頁・発行日

2013

---

博士論文

著者

Taku Sakai Atsuhiko T. Naito Yuki Kuramoto Masamichi Ito Katsuki Okada Tomoaki Higo Akito Nakagawa Masato Shibamoto Toshihiro Yamaguchi Tomokazu Sumida Seitaro Nomura Akihiro Umezawa Shigeru Miyagawa Yoshiki Sawa Hiroyuki Morita Jong-Kook Lee Ichiro Shiojima Yasushi Sakata Issei Komuro

出版者

International Heart Journal Association

雑誌

International Heart Journal (ISSN:13492365)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17-730, (Released:2018-08-11)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

13

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder that is characterized by hypertrophy of the myocardium. Some of the patients are diagnosed for HCM during infancy, and the prognosis of infantile HCM is worse than general HCM. Nevertheless, pathophysiology of infantile HCM is less investigated and remains largely unknown. In the present study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two patients with infantile HCM: one with Noonan syndrome and the other with idiopathic HCM. We found that iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from idiopathic HCM patient were significantly larger and showed higher diastolic intracellular calcium concentration compared with the iPSC-CMs from healthy subject. Unlike iPSC-CMs from the adult/adolescent HCM patient, arrhythmia was not observed as a disease-related phenotype in iPSC-CMs from idiopathic infantile HCM patient. Phenotypic screening revealed that Pyr3, a transient receptor potential channel 3 channel inhibitor, decreased both the cell size and diastolic intracellular calcium concentration in iPSC-CMs from both Noonan syndrome and idiopathic infantile HCM patients, suggesting that the target of Pyr3 may play a role in the pathogenesis of infantile HCM, regardless of the etiology. Further research may unveil the possibility of Pyr3 or its derivatives in the treatment of infantile HCM.

著者

Miho Obayashi-Ishii Satsuki Saito Daisuke Omagari Masatake Asano Tomohiko Ishigami

出版者

Nihon University School of Dentistry

雑誌

Journal of Oral Science (ISSN:13434934)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17-0380, (Released:2018-08-25)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

2

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Magnetic attachments are commonly used for overdentures. The deleterious effects of exposure to magnetic flux on human health have not been substantiated so far; nevertheless, there is a need to understand the extent of magnetic field exposure in the oral area resulting from the use of magnetic attachments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a magnetic field on oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor cells cultured on a magnetic plate were compared with those not cultured on a magnetic plate (controls). The cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 105 cells/well and cultured for 6 days. The influence of the magnetic field on cytokine production was examined by cytokine array analysis. Secretion of platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. The expression of PDGF-AA messenger RNA was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas nuclear factor-kappa B activity was measured by luciferase assay. The results indicated that the magnetic field inhibited the secretion of PDGF-AA, thereby inhibiting PDGF-AA-induced expression, thus reducing the risk of cancer recurrence.

著者

Shigenori Hirai Yusuke Hayashi Motohiro Ito Toshihiko Amemiya Ko Dezawa Yoshinori Arai Ken-ichiro Ejima Shigeki Shimba Kazuya Honda

出版者

Nihon University School of Dentistry

雑誌

Journal of Oral Science (ISSN:13434934)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17-0390, (Released:2018-08-25)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

5

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Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) knockout mice exhibit accelerated aging, abnormal glucose metabolism, and impaired adipocyte differentiation, among other phenotypes, which are effects associated with the BMAL1 gene. No study has investigated temporal changes in the deformation of the mandibular condyle and the presence of calcification in areas surrounding the mandibular condyle. In a study of 12 C57/BL strain mice under inhalation anesthesia, we collected images of the mandibular condyle at 6 weeks after birth and then every 5 weeks from 10 to 25 weeks after birth. At 25 weeks, deformation of the mandibular condyle was seen in 8 of 12 joints in BMAL1 knockout mice and in 2 of 12 joints in wild-type mice. At 20 and 25 weeks, deformation in areas surrounding the mandibular condyle, which are known to undergo calcification, was seen in 2 of 12 joints in BMAL1 knockout mice and in 0 of 12 joints in wild-type mice. BMAL1 knockout mice exhibited premature aging of the mandibular condyle, which suggests that circadian rhythms affect mandibular condyle morphology.

著者

Winterbottom Richard Burridge-Smith Mary

出版者

The Ichthyological Society of Japan

雑誌

魚類学雑誌

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.4, pp.410-413, 1987

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スミツキカミナリベラは日本固有種で, 伊豆諸島から琉球列島にかけて分布している。フィジーのスヴァで魚類を調査中, 本種を19個体採集した。これらの標本と日本産の標本を比べたところ, 日本産の標本の方が体が大きかったが, 他の多くの形質で両者に差はなかった, 本種はフィジーの他の海域では発見できなかったので, 船舶のバラストタンクに入って日本から運ばれた可能性もある。

著者

Kumekawa Yoshimasa Fujimoto Haruka Miura Osamu Yokoyama Jun Ito Katsura Tebayashi Shin-Ichi Arakawa Ryo Fukuda Tatsuya

出版者

首都大学東京小笠原研究委員会

雑誌

小笠原研究 = Ogasawara research (ISSN:03868176)

巻号頁・発行日

no.43, pp.1-17, 2017-06

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To clarify the morphological and phylogenetic differentiation of Bandona boninensis Suzuki 1974 in Chichi-jima Island of the Bonin (Ogasawara) group of Islands, we studied the external morphological characters and performed sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 28S rRNA of nuclear DNA (nrDNA). The sequences of COI and 28S rRNA were identical among the individuals of B. boninensis. These results suggest that B. boninensis experienced a rapid expansion of its distribution in Chichi-jima Island without undergoing any morphological and molecular differentiation.著者らは小笠原諸島の父島に生息するムニンカケザトウムシBandona boninensis の形態的および系統的分化を明らかにするために、父島の4 地点から採集を行い、体長、触肢腿節の長さ、背甲長および背甲幅、鋏角長、第1~4 脚の腿節長といった形態計測を実施し、ミトコンドリアDNA のCOI 領域および核DNA の28SrRNA 領域に基づく系統樹を作成した。その結果, ムニンカケザトウムシのCOI および28S において塩基置換は見られなかった。この結果は、ムニンカケザトウムシが父島内で系統的分化をほぼ起こしていないことを示す。また、採集を行った個体がすべて雌個体であったことから、これまでの報告の通り、父島においては単為生殖種として生息している可能性が高い。

著者

Shinji Fukushima Hitoshi Kikuchi Mitsunobu Miyazu Atsuo Hamada Kazunobu Ouchi Hiroki Takagi Hanako Mihara Toru Sasaki Hayato Oka Valerie Bosch-Castells Philipp Oster

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2017.277, (Released:2018-06-29)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

6

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Meningococcal disease can cause significant disability and mortality. The quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (Men-ACWY-D) protects against invasive meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, W, and Y. This phase III, open-label, single-arm, multicenter study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a single vaccine dose in healthy Japanese adults. The study enrolled 200 participants 2-55 years of age. Immunogenicity was assessed by quantifying seroprotection rates (the proportion of participants with antibody titers ≥1:128 against capsular polysaccharide from all 4 serogroups, measured 28 days after vaccination). Safety endpoints included occurrence, nature, time to onset, duration, intensity, relationship to vaccination, and outcome of solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs). Participants included 194 adults, 2 adolescents, and 4 children. Among adults, seroprotection rates for serogroups A, C, W, and Y were 91.2%, 80.2%, 89.1%, and 93.8%, respectively. Seroconversion rates (proportion of participants with pre-vaccination titers of <1:4 and a ≥4-fold rise from baseline) were 87.3%, 83.0%, 94.4%, and 96.4%, respectively. No immediate AEs or reactions, SAEs, or deaths were reported in any age group. Men-ACWY-D is well tolerated and immunogenic, eliciting antibodies against capsular polysaccharides from all 4 serogroups in Japanese adults.

著者

Kang Sung-Dae 木村 富士男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本気象学会

雑誌

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.5, pp.955-968, 1997-10-25

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3 11

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寒気が暖かい海面に移流してくるときには、しばしば筋状雲が観測される。これらの中で、海岸近くにある山の風下において特に太く長い筋状雲が見られることがある。一般の細い筋状雲の生成にはシアーと成層不安定が重要とされている。しかし、山岳風下の太い筋状雲の生成には成層不安定の他に重要なメカニズムが存在すると考えられる。上記の筋状雲の生成に係わっているであろう2つの要素、成層不安定と地形による力学的擾乱、を高分解能に設定したコロラド州立大学のメソモデルであるRAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modelling System)を使って調べた。数値実験では、基本場として一様な大気安定度と風速の低Froude数の流れを考え、これを風上境界に与えた。上記2つの効果を見るため数値実験は、主として海上の不安定成層の強さを決めている海面温度と、陸上の山岳の有無を変えて数値実験を行った。その結果、海面からの顕熱輸送が大きく、山岳を仮定したときには、モデルによって安定した形状の筋状雲が再現された。筋状雲は高度約1kmで一対の対流性ロールの間に形成される。以下の5つの性質が明らかになった。1)安定した形状の筋状雲が形成されるためには不安定層と地形性の力学擾乱の両方が必要である。2)海面からの顕熱が対流性ロールと筋状雲を維持する主な原因であり、雲の中の凝結による潜熱の解放による効果は無視できる。3)一対の対流性ロールはそれぞれ2つのサブ・ロールの複合体である。サブ・ロールの一つは、大きな半径をもつ弱いロール、もう一つは小さな半径の強いロールである。前者(外部サブ・ロール)は水蒸気を広い範囲から集め、後者(内部サブ・ロール)はロール対の間にある強い上昇流によって水蒸気を上層へ輸送する役割を担っている。内部サブ・ロールの存在が筋状雲の形状を細い状態に保っている。5)静力学平衡の仮定を置いても置かなくても筋状雲の再現は可能である。これは大気の鉛直方向の慣性が本質的には重要な役割をしていないことを意味し、また必ずしも地形の水平規模の大きさによって、筋状雲の生成が制約されるものではないことも示唆している。

著者

Kang Da-Haeng Jeon Jae-Keun Lee Joon-Hee

出版者

理学療法科学学会

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.105-108, 2015

被引用文献数

14

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[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low-frequency electrical stimulation on fatigue recovery of the erector spinae with cumulative fatigue induced by repeated lifting and lowering work. [Subjects] Thirty-two healthy men volunteered to participate in this study and they were randomly divided into three groups: a MC group of 12 persons who underwent microcurrent, a TENS group of 10 persons who underwent Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and a control group of 10 persons who only rested. [Methods] Cumulative fatigue was induced and then, EMG, muscle tone, CK and LDH serum levels of the erector spinae were measured. Each group then underwent the assigned intervention and was re-measured. To analyze the differences in fatigue between before and after the intervention, the paired t-test was conducted, while groups were compared using analysis of covariance with a control group. [Results] The MC groups showed a significant reduction in muscle fatigue and decreased muscle tone when compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were found between the TENS and control groups. [Conclusion] These results suggest that microcurrent stimulation was effective for recovery from cumulative muscle fatigue while TENS had no effect.