著者

Toshiaki Kume Ryo Ito Ryota Taguchi Yasuhiko Izumi Hiroshi Katsuki Tetsuhiro Niidome Yuki Takada-Takatori Hachiro Sugimoto Akinori Akaike

出版者

The Japanese Pharmacological Society

雑誌

Journal of Pharmacological Sciences (ISSN:13478613)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.109, no.1, pp.110-118, 2009 (Released:2009-01-17)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

10 12

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We investigated the effect of serofendic acid, a neuroprotective substance derived from fetal calf serum, on the morphological changes in cultured cortical astrocytes. Cultured astrocytes developed a stellate morphology with several processes following exposure to dibutylyl cAMP (dbcAMP), a membrane-permeable cAMP analog; 8-Br-cGMP, a membrane-permeable cGMP analog; or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator. Serofendic acid significantly accelerated the stellation induced by dbcAMP- and 8-Br-cGMP. In contrast, the PMA-induced stellation was not affected by serofendic acid. Next, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism underlying the dbcAMP-induced stellation and explore the site of action of serofendic acid. Both the stellation induced by dbcAMP and the promotional effect of serofendic acid were partially inhibited by KT5720, a specific protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Furthermore, serofendic acid failed to facilitate the stellation induced by Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK). These results indicate that serofendic acid promotes dbcAMP- and 8-Br-cGMP-induced stellation and the promotional effect on dbcAMP-induced stellation is mediated at least partly by the regulation of PKA activity and not by controlling ROCK activity.

著者

Jeremy Duncan Shakevia Johnson Xiao-Ming Ou

出版者

International Research and Cooperation Association for Bio & Socio-Sciences Advancement

雑誌

Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics (ISSN:18817831)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.3, pp.112-122, 2012-06-30 (Released:2014-06-13)

参考文献数

82

被引用文献数

2 12

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Monoamine oxidases play an integral role in brain function. Both monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) regulate neurochemistry by degrading monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine). Any alteration in MAO levels can have devastating effects on the brain and behavior by lowering or raising neurotransmitter levels and producing toxic reactive oxygen species. In this review article, MAO is examined in terms of function and genetic organization, with special focus on recent discoveries related to the transcriptional regulation of MAO. In recent studies, transcriptional regulation involves a repressor protein, R1, for MAO-A and an activator protein, KLF11 (a Krüppel-like factor; also referred to as transforming growth factor-beta early inducible gene 2, TIEG2), for both MAO-A and MAO-B, by binding to Sp/KLF sites in the core promoters of MAO and regulating MAO gene expression. Furthermore, KLF11 may influence MAO-B expression and augment glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to upregulate MAO-B transcription upon exposure to ethanol. Finally, we review recent progress in MAO research and highlight the roles that MAOs play in several psychiatric conditions, including chronic stress, major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence. Further research in this area is needed to better understand MAOs, their transcription factors and signaling pathways in psychiatric illnesses in order to develop new strategies for pharmacological advancement.

著者

Akiko Okada-Ogawa Naohiko Sekine Kosuke Watanabe Ryutaro Kohashi Sayaka Asano Koich Iwata Yoshiki Imamura

出版者

Nihon University School of Dentistry

雑誌

Journal of Oral Science (ISSN:13434934)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17-0453, (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

8

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Assessment and treatment of masticatory myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) are not standardized and remain controversial. We examined whether muscle hardness was useful for evaluating masticatory MPS and analyzed the effectiveness of treatments such as stretching and massage (SM) and trigger point injection (TPI). Twenty healthy volunteers and 20 MPS patients were enrolled. MPS patients were divided into TPI and SM treatment groups. Hardness of masticatory muscle with a taut band (TB) and change in hardness were evaluated after SM and TPI treatments. Hardness values were significantly higher in muscle including a TB (TB point) than in the muscle of healthy controls. Visual analogue scale scores were significantly lower after SM and TPI treatments, and hardness of the TB point was significantly lower after SM but not after TPI. These results suggest that measurement of muscle hardness, including the TB, is useful for evaluating masticatory MPS. However, TPI analgesia might not be caused by change in muscle hardness. The mechanisms underlying the effects of SM and TPI on reducing pain in MPS may differ and thus warrant further research.

著者

W. Schmidt-Kessen 森永 寛 花王 石鹸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本温泉気候物理医学会

雑誌

日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌 (ISSN:00290343)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.4, pp.193-203, 1985 (Released:2010-08-06)

参考文献数

56

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Die Wirkungen des CO2-Bades beruhen auf der freien Diffusion des gelösten Gases und dessen teilweiser Hydration in der Haut. Die Empfindlichkeit cutaner nervöser Rezeptoren wird verändert, die Kaltafferenz gehemmt. Das cutane Pooling verändert die Reaktion auf den hydrostatischen Druck im Bade. Die vermehrte Hautdurchblutung verbessert die Bedingungen des konvektiven Wärmetransportes durch die Haut bei allen Badetemperaturen. Die verschiedenen Effekte sind vielfach therapeutisch nutzbar.

著者

Toshihisa Ishida Shin-ichiro Miura Kanta Fujimi Takashi Ueda Yoko Ueda Takuro Matsuda Maaya Sakamoto Tadaaki Arimura Yuhei Shiga Ken Kitajima Keijiro Saku

出版者

International Heart Journal Association

雑誌

International Heart Journal (ISSN:13492365)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.5, pp.607-614, 2016 (Released:2016-09-28)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

3 8

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Visit-to-visit variability (VVV) in blood pressure (BP) has been shown to be a predictor of cardiovascular events. It is unknown whether CR can improve VVV in BP as well as reducing BP. We enrolled 84 patients who had cardiovascular disease (CVD) and participated in a 3-month CR program. We measured systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), pulse pressure (PP), and heart rate (HR) before exercise training at each visit and determined VVV in BP or HR expressed as the standard deviation of the average BP or HR. Patients who had uncontrolled BP at baseline and who did not change their antihypertensive drugs throughout the study period showed a significant reduction of both SBP and DBP with a decrease in PP after 3 months. Patients who did not change their antihypertensive drugs were divided into larger (L-) and smaller (S-) VVV in the SBP groups and L- and S-VVV in the DBP groups according to the average value of VVV in SBP or DBP. In the L-VVV in the SBP and DBP groups, VVV in SBP and DBP in the 1st month was significantly decreased after the 3rd month in both groups. HR at baseline was significantly decreased after 3 months. In addition, CR induced a significant increase in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in blood. In conclusion, CR improved VVV in BP in patients with L-VVV in BP and evoked a significant reduction in HR and an increase in HDL-C. These effects due to the CR program may be cardioprotective.

著者

Kohei Takata Satoshi Imaizumi Emi Kawachi Yasunori Suematsu Tomohiko Shimizu Satomi Abe Yoshino Matsuo Hitomi Tsukahara Keita Noda Eiji Yahiro Bo Zhang Yoshinari Uehara Shin-ichiro Miura Keijiro Saku

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.12, pp.2955-2962, 2014-11-25 (Released:2014-11-25)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

23 48

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Background:Smoking cessation reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improves clinical outcomes in public health. We studied the effect of smoking cessation on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality.Methods and Results:We randomly treated 32 smokers with varenicline or a transdermal nicotine patch as part of a 12-week smoking cessation program (The VN-SEESAW Study). The plasma lipid profiles, plasma and HDL malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, HDL subfractions as analyzed by capillary isotachophoresis, cholesterol efflux capacity, and antiinflammatory activity of HDL were measured before and after the anti-smoking intervention. After smoking cessation, HDL-C, apoA-I levels and HDL subfractions were not significantly different from the respective baseline values. However, cholesterol efflux capacity and the HDL inflammatory index (HII) were significantly improved after smoking cessation. The changes in both parameters (%∆ cholesterol efflux capacity and ∆HII) were also significantly improved in the successful smoking cessation group compared with the unsuccessful group. The changes in cholesterol efflux capacity and HII also correlated with those in end-expiratory CO concentration and MDA in HDL, respectively.Conclusions:Our findings indicate that smoking cessation leads to improved HDL functionality, increased cholesterol efflux capacity and decreased HII, without changing HDL-C or apoA-I levels or HDL subfractions. This may be one of the mechanisms by which smoking cessation improves the risk of CVD. (Circ J 2014; 78: 2955–2962)

著者

Seoung-Woo LEE Hoon JI Su-Min BAEK A-Rang LEE Min-Ji KIM Sang-Joon PARK Seong-Kyoon CHOI Sungho YUN Tae-Hwan KIM Kyu-Shik JEONG Jin-Kyu PARK

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18-0277, (Released:2018-12-29)

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A 2-year-old castrated male mongrel dog presented with a well-demarcated fluctuant dermal mass, located on the back of the neck. Grossly along with cystic structures filled with a black greasy fluid, when cut open. Microscopically, the mass was multi-lobulated. The lobules consisted of neoplastic basaloid cells and showed central degeneration, forming multiple central cystic structures filled with dark melanin-pigmented materials. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were strongly positive for CK14 and partially positive for CK19, but negative for CK7, CK8/18, CD34, S-100, Melan-A and α-SMA. Based on the findings, the present case was diagnosed as a feline-type basal cell tumor characterized by cystic structures filled with abundant black fluid.

著者

Da-Eun LEE Kyu-Chang KIM Soon-Wuk JEONG Hun-Young YOON

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18-0190, (Released:2018-12-26)

被引用文献数

6

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A castrated male Shih-Tzu dog was presented for evaluation of urine leakage after urethrotomy. A fistula with urine leakage was identified in the perineal region. On retrograde urethrography, the contrast extravasated from the penile urethra into the subcutaneous tissue of the perineum. Urine leakage with urethrocutaneous fistula was diagnosed. During surgery, the disrupted urethra wall and two urethral defects were identified. A fascia lata autograft was used, rather than primary repair of the urethra. Two pieces of fascia lata were harvested and sutured to the urethral defects. The fistula was treated with debridement and drainage. No evidence of urine leakage and dysuria was noted 6 months postoperatively. Thus, this case report describes successful urethral reconstruction using a fascia lata autograft.

著者

Tomohiro Hayashi Tomoya Yamashita Hikaru Watanabe Kenjiro Kami Naofumi Yoshida Tokiko Tabata Takuo Emoto Naoto Sasaki Taiji Mizoguchi Yasuhiro Irino Ryuji Toh Masakazu Shinohara Yuko Okada Wataru Ogawa Takuji Yamada Ken-ichi Hirata

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.1, pp.182-192, 2018-12-25 (Released:2018-12-25)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

79

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Background: Gut microbiome composition or circulating microbiome-related metabolites in patients with heart failure (HF) have not been investigated at different time points (i.e., in the decompensated (Decomp) and compensated (Comp) phases). Methods and Results: We prospectively enrolled 22 patients admitted for HF and 11 age-, sex-, and comorbidity-matched hospitalized control subjects without a history of HF. Gut flora and plasma microbiome-related metabolites were evaluated by amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene and capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. HF patients were evaluated in both the Decomp and Comp phases during hospitalization. The phylum Actinobacteria was enriched in HF patients compared with control subjects. At the genus level, Bifiodobacterium was abundant while Megamonas was depleted in HF patients. Meanwhile, plasma concentration of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiome-derived metabolite, was increased in HF patients (Decomp HF vs. control, P=0.003; Comp HF vs. control, P=0.004). A correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between the abundance of the genus Escherichia/Shigella and levels of TMAO and indoxyl sulfate (IS, a microbe-dependent uremic toxin) in Comp HF (TMAO: r=0.62, P=0.002; IS: r=0.63, P=0.002). Escherichia/Shigella was more abundant in Decomp than in Comp HF (P=0.030). Conclusions: Our results suggest that gut microbiome composition and microbiome-related metabolites are altered in HF patients.

著者

的崎 尚 PARK Jung-ha PARK Jung-Ha

出版者

神戸大学

雑誌

特別研究員奨励費

巻号頁・発行日

2012

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ヒトにおいては皮膚ケラチフサイトで約1ヶ月、赤血球で約3ケ月、骨細胞で約10年、脳神経細胞で数10年の寿命があると言われているが、最終分化後の個々の細胞の寿命がどのようにして決定されるかについては明らかとなっていない。本研究では、細胞寿命を決定する分子基盤の解明を目指し、特に、生体内でのターンオーバーが早く、この解析の糸口となり得ると考えられるマウス腸上皮細胞を研究対象として解析を進めている。平成24年度までの解析では・マウス回腸の腸上皮細胞はクリプトと呼ばれる領域で分裂した後に腸絨毛の先端まで移動し、分裂後約3-4日で消失していくことを確認すると同時に、これらの過程は腸内細菌によって制御される可能性を見出していた。そこで平成25年度は無菌マウスに腸内細菌を経口投与し、腸内細菌が腸上皮細胞のターンオーバーに与える影響について観察を行った。その結果、腸内細菌を投与したマウスでは無菌マウスと比べて腸上皮細胞の分裂数が増え、移動が速くなることが確認できた。また腸上皮細胞の三次元培養(オルガノイド培養)を行い、腸内細菌の構成成分や代謝物が腸上皮細胞にどのような影響を与えるかについて解析を行ったところ、腸内細菌の代謝物が腸上皮細胞の分裂に寄与している可能性を見出した。現在、どのような分子メカニズムで腸内細菌の代謝物が腸上皮細胞の分裂を制御しているのかについても解析を進めるとともに、マウスに腸内細菌の代謝物を与えた場合に腸上皮細胞のターンオーバーにどのような影響が出るかについても解析を進めている。

著者

Konrat Kerdnawee Chompoopitch Termvidchakorn Pacharaporn Yaisanga Jirapat Pakchamsai Cheewapon Chookiat Apiluck Eiad-ua Winadda Wongwiriyapan Weerawut Chaiwat Sakhon Ratchahat Kajornsak Faungnawakij Komkrit Suttiponparnit Tawatchai Charinpanitkul

出版者

Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation

雑誌

KONA Powder and Particle Journal (ISSN:02884534)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.24-43, 2017 (Released:2017-02-28)

参考文献数

100

被引用文献数

4 16

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An increase in global consumption has led to an exponential increase in industrial production activities which inevitably results in overwhelming remain of industrial waste. Consequently it has driven increasing attentions of research and development teams in various countries to propose and investigate novel methodologies to utilize such industrial waste. Instead of using as alternative energy sources, usage of industrial waste for production of carbonaceous nanomaterials has been examined via various routes, such as catalytic pyrolysis, hydrothermal treatment and so on. Meanwhile, for sustainable and secure continuity of the carbonaceous nanomaterial production, broad spectra of promising applications have also been examined. Among those emerging applications, utilization of carbonaceous nanomaterials in pollution control and prevention has been focused worldwide. Therefore, in this review, relevant research works focusing on catalytic pyrolysis of carbonaceous industrial waste for carbonaceous nanomaterial production were comprehensively analyzed and summarized. In addition, promising applications involving with antibiotic removal, spilled oil handling and pollutant gas detection were also reviewed.

著者

Abdel-Rahim Sayed Ibrahim Ahmed Mohamed Galal Mohammed Shamim Ahmed Gabir Salem Mossa

出版者

The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

雑誌

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:00092363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.203-206, 2003 (Released:2003-02-01)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

30 54

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Metabolism of 7-O-methylnaringenin (sakuranetin) by Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 1392 yielded naringenin and naringenin-4′-sulfate. C. elegans also converted 5, 3′, 4′-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone into eriodictyol-4′-sulfate. Furthermore, incubation of 5, 4′-dihydroxy-7, 3′-dimethoxyflavanone with the same fungus gave homoeriodictyol (5, 7, 4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavanone) and homoeriodicytol-7-sulfate. The structures of the new metabolites were established by spectral analysis including 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-FT-MS beside hydrolysis by acid.

著者

Verónica Zavala-Alonso Juan P. Loyola-Rodríguez Humberto Terrones Nuria Patiño-Marín Gabriel A. Martínez-Castañón Kenneth Anusavice

出版者

Nihon University School of Dentistry

雑誌

Journal of Oral Science (ISSN:13434934)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.93-98, 2012 (Released:2012-03-30)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

9 18

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The aim of this study was to analyze the molecular structure of enamel with fluorosis using micro-Raman spectroscopy and compare it with that of healthy enamel. Eighty extracted human molars were classified into four fluorosis groups according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI) [TFI: 0, Healthy enamel; 1-3, mild; 4-5, moderate; 6-9, severe fluorosis]. All samples were analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The integral areas of ν1 (960 cm−1) phosphate peak as well as B-type carbonate peak (1070 cm−1) were obtained to analyze structural differences among the specimens. Although the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), the mean of integral areas of ν1 phosphate peak among groups indicated greater mineralization in the severe fluorosis group. However, there were statistically significant differences in the intensities, and the integral areas of B-type carbonate peak among groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, mineralization of the carbonate peak at 1070 cm−1 decreased significantly in fluorotic groups, suggesting that carbonate ions are easily dissolved in the presence of fluoride. Although structurally fluorotic teeth are not more susceptible to dental caries, serious alteration in its surface topography may cause retention of bacterial plaque and formation of enamel caries. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool for analyzing the molecular structure of healthy and fluorotic human enamel. (J Oral Sci 54, 93-98, 2012)

著者

Du-Min GO Sang-Ho WOO Su-Hyung LEE Soo-Whan KWON Dong-Hee CHUNG Soong-Hee YOUN Eun JUNG Dae-Yong KIM

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.10, pp.1558-1561, 2018 (Released:2018-11-01)

参考文献数

15

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A 13-year-old female scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) died after progressive anorexia, weight loss, and depression. The necropsy showed that the retroperitoneum was compressed by a large white-to-tan uterine mass and on several sections of the mass, the uterine wall was markedly thickened because of ill-defined transmural tumor tissue. Metastatic nodules were detected in the omentum, mesentery, diaphragm, and lung. The genital tract and pulmonary and abdominal nodules exhibited highly pleomorphic sarcoma. The primary and metastatic neoplastic cells showed positive results for vimentin, desmin, and sarcomeric actin, and negative results for smooth muscle actin. Uterine metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma was diagnosed on the basis of the gross, histopathology and immunohistochemistry results.

著者

Honma Takeru Okazaki Masao Homma Shinsuke Tanaka Kazuhiko Tanaka Shin-ichi

出版者

筑波大学

雑誌

Tsukuba English studies (ISSN:09116184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.369-371, 1990

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In this talk, we focused upon wanna-contraction as exemplified below, and argued that it is possible to characterize the phenomenon as one of the cases for which any version of prosodic theory is responsible. ...

著者

edited by Jacob Baal-Teshuva with contibutions by David Bourdon ...

出版者

Prestel

巻号頁・発行日

1993

著者

Kristian Daly Jennifer Kelly Andrew W. Moran Robert Bristow Iain S. Young Andrew R. Cossins David Bravo Soraya P. Shirazi-Beechey

出版者

Applied Microbiology, Molecular and Cellular Biosciences Research Foundation

雑誌

The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology (ISSN:00221260)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2018.07.003, (Released:2018-11-09)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

12

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Fish production is increasingly important to global food security. A major factor in maintaining health, productivity and welfare of farmed fish is the establishment and promotion of a stable and beneficial intestinal microbiota. Understanding the effects of factors such as host and environment on gut microbial community structure is essential for developing strategies for stimulating the establishment of a health-promoting gut-microbiota. We compared intestinal microbiota of common carp and rainbow trout, two fish with different dietary habits, sourced from various farm locations. There were distinct differences in the gut microbiota of carp and trout intestine. The microbiota of carp was dominated by Fusobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria, while the trout microbiota consisted predominantly of Mollicutes and Betaproteobacteria. The majority of bacterial sequences clustered into a relatively low number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) revealing a comparatively simple microbiota, with Cetobacterium, Aeromonas and Mycoplasma being highly abundant. Within each species, fish from different facilities were found to have markedly similar predominant bacterial populations despite distinctly different rearing environments, demonstrating intra-species uniformity and significant influence of host selectivity. This study demonstrates that in fish the host species imparts substantial impact in shaping the community structure of the intestinal microbiota.

著者

小池 太 小森 伸一 山田 亮 KOIKE Futoshi KOMORI Shin-ichi YAMADA Ryo 小池 太(パタゴニア・インターナショナルインク日本支社) 小森 伸一(東京学芸大学 健康・スポーツ科学講座 体育学分野) 山田 亮(北海道教育大学岩見沢校)

出版者

東京学芸大学学術情報委員会

雑誌

東京学芸大学紀要. 芸術・スポーツ科学系 (ISSN:18804349)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, pp.137-161, 2018-10-31

著者

Harbuzaru Bogdan Roux Mélanie Paillaud Jean-Louis Porcher Florence Marichal Claire Chézeau Jean-Michel Patarin Joël

出版者

公益社団法人 日本化学会

雑誌

Chemistry Letters (ISSN:03667022)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.6, pp.616-617, 2002

被引用文献数

8

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X-ray powder diffraction pattern analysis and multinuclear solid state NMR studies performed on the as-synthesised Mu-26 solid, a fluorinated all-silica zeolite with the STF framework topology, have revealed unambiguously a triclinic unit cell and space group P1 for this material.

著者

HONDA Hiroshi KANEKO Jun-ichi KONNO Yasuhiko MATSUMOTO Yoshiharu

出版者

日本応用動物昆虫学会

雑誌

Applied entomology and zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.464-468, 1979-11-25

被引用文献数

3

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A simple mass-rearing method for the fruit-feeder type yellow peach moth, Dichocrocis punctiferalis GUENEE, was established with an oviposition device and an artificial diet.The oviposition device was a ball-type tea strainer (diam. 8 cm) which contained a small green fruit as an odor source and was wrapped with cheese cloth. The artificial diet consisted of meal powder for mouse, soybean meal powder, dry wood powder, ascorbic acid, agar powder, and water. The average cocoon-yield was 39.4% of eggs inoculated.