著者

矢守 一彦

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.5-6, pp.523-538, 1970-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

著者

上杉 昌也 矢野 桂司

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.253-271, 2018

被引用文献数

2

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<p>本稿は,都市内での教育水準の空間的不均衡とジオデモグラフィクスに基づく居住者特性との関係を明らかにし,近隣地区における社会経済的要因の影響を除いた教育水準の学校間格差について評価するものである。対象地域として社会経済的な居住分化が比較的明瞭で,2013年から「全国学力・学習状況調査」(全国学力テスト)の学校別の結果が公表されている大阪市を選んだ。全国学力テストの平均正答率を教育水準とみなすと,都市の空間構造に対応した教育水準の不均衡が存在し,近隣スケールにおいてもジオデモグラフィクスに基づく社会地区類型と通学先の学校の教育水準には一定の関係が見出された。また社会地区類型間で教育水準格差が存在することも示唆され,社会地区類型の差異により学校間の教育水準の変動の約半分が説明された。そのため学校の教育水準の評価においてはその学校の置かれた地域条件を考慮することが不可欠であるといえる。さらに,実際の学力テストに基づいて計測される教育水準からこの地域条件の影響を取り除いた実質的な学校効果は,教育水準が高い学校ほど大きいことも明らかになった。これらの知見は,ジオデモグラフィクスが地域間や社会集団間の教育格差を明らかにするだけでなく,空間的公正の観点からそれらの格差解消に向けた政策ターゲットの特定においても有用であることを示すものであるといえる。</p>

著者

前畑 明美

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.4, pp.344-359, 2011 (Released:2018-01-23)

参考文献数

67

被引用文献数

2

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In Japan, more than one hundred islands have been connected to the mainland by bridges since the period of high economic growth beginning in the late 1950s. This has been aimed at bringing the economic levels of the islands up to that of the mainland. But, although reliable transportation routes to the mainland have been secured, a diversified life space has yet to come into existence on the islands. Indeed, the functioning of the communities on the islands has weakened.The objective of this paper is to understand the present status of the social and functional decline on these bridged islands. Here our example is Kouri-jima in Okinawa, where a fixed link to the mainland was completed in 2005. We consider the influences of the sea bridge from the perspective of the social experiences of the inhabitants.Analysis reveals that the fixed link has certainly brought some merits to the island, in terms of saving time, labor, and transportation costs, as well as the reliability of the route. In fact, the new route has brought convenience and flexibility to some of the island’s inhabitants. On the whole, however, these effects have been restricted to a narrow range of the island’s livelihood. In addition, the effects of the fixed link on transportation have brought disadvantages to many aspects of everyday life, causing the inhabitants mental, physical, and economic burdens at the levels of the individual, the family, and the community. As a result, close social connections between the inhabitants, on which the traditional community was based, have weakened considerably, bringing changes to the “island lifestyle” that depended on the sea that surrounded it.The influences of the fixed link have resulted from essential differences between land transportation and marine transportation. Three factors have compounded the negative influence of the fixed link: first, the loss of the functions of marine transportation, which had complemented and maintained the restrictive and cooperative characteristics of the community; second, the independence and reliability of land transportation; and third, the increase in strong influences from the mainland. The results of this study suggest that characteristics of a “non-island community” have emerged here, with the new land transportation route and its emphasis on convenience causing an imbalance in the transportation system and a disruption of the cooperative and symbiotic nature of the community.

著者

保坂 武志

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.5, pp.427-441, 1990-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

54

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Central place theory(CPT) is built with assumptions that traffic condions and demand distribution are uniform. These assumptions are usually not met in the real world. The purpose of this paper is to detect the hexagonal arrangement of hinterlands implied in CPT by transforming the real world into an uniform surface, mainly focusing on demand distrition.The transformation of the real world into an iso-demand surface is called “map transformation” (Getis, 1963; Rushton, 1972). However, these previous studies have paid no attention to traffic conditions. The idea adopted in this paper is as follows: if boundaries of hinterlands, which are influenced by traffic conditions, were transformed on an iso-demand surface, the resulting areas of hinterlands will meet the above two assumptions. In order to perform this “map transformation”, an area cartogram is used, whose algorithm is developed according to Dugenik et al. (1985).Public baths are taken as an example of emprical work; their patrons are behaved as if the nearest center hypothesis is confirmed (see Fig. 4), so that boundaries of their hinterlands are easily demarcated using the Thiessen polygons defined around their locations. The study area is the northwestern part of Tokyo City in 1970 where demand and supply of public baths seem to have been well balanced then; CPT assumes that the balance of demand and supply is kept.Comparing the iso-demand surface (Fig. 7) with the real world (Fig. 3) reveals that variance of areas of hinterlands in the former is much smaller than that in the latter (see Fig. 8). The result of map transformation analysis also suggests that the study area is divided into two districts in terms of goodness-of-fit, which can be differentiated according to the urbanization level in 1970.The first is the district already developed by 1970-most part of Toshima, Shinjuku, and Nakano Words. The developed district consists of two types of residential areas: residential quarters with detached houses, such as Ochia'i district, and built-up areas with wooden apartments. While in the real world the areas of hinterlands in the former residential areas are much larger than those in the latter, the both areas are nearly equal in the iso-demand surface; there is relatively less demand for public baths in the former residential areas where a lot of high-class houses had been built with a bathroom, and so people were less densely inhabited compared with the latter residential areas. It seems that demand and supply of public baths were belanced in each different type of residential areas.The second is the developing district, the nortwestern part of the study area. Its hinterland areas are larger than the areas in the developed district, even on the iso-demand surface, which is due to an imbalance of demand and supply.In sum, this paper has illustrated that hinterlands can be arranged in the manner prescribed by CPT if its all the assumptions are met.

著者

西野 寿章

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.6, pp.504-528, 1988-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

97

被引用文献数

2 2

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the locational characteristics of electric supply enterprises and the local conditions which influenced each enterprise, through case studies in central Japan before 1938.As a result, we can identify three types of location of the electric supply enterprises:(1) The first type of the location of the electric supply enerprises was one in urban areas. In such areas, a typical case was the‘Nagoya Electric Supply Company’established in 1889 in Aich Prefecture. This company built many electric power stations in the upper reaches of Kiso River and began to supply electric power to the urban and manufacturing areas of Aichi Prefecture, and later further to the Osaka area which was developed as the largest manufacture region in this period. Thus, this company developed to the one of the largest electric supply enterprises in Japan, absorbing many other electric supply enterprises in this area, changing its name to‘Toho Electric Supply Company’in 1922. A new company, ‘Daido Electric Supply Company’was separated from the‘Nagoya Electric Supply Company’.In this process, the‘Toho Electric Supply Company’and‘Daido Electric Supply Company’ were developed together and could exchange their electric power to fill the increased demand from electric power stations spread increasingly at the upper reaches of large rivers supported by the improvement of techniques in the generation and transmission of electric power.(2) The second type was one located in the traditional manufacturing areas, such as raw silk manufactures in Nagano Prefecture in central Japan. Raw silk manufacturing had developed in central Japan before World War II, based on increasing exports. The Suwa area in Nagano Prefecture was famous for this manufacturing. In the early days, many managers of this manufacturing weren't interested in electric power as their power source. But, later, they introduced electric power to increase their production, and they planned eagerly to establish many electric supply enterprises and manage these enterprises.Thus, electric power that was produced by these companies was mainly demanded by such raw silk making manufacturing in the Suwa area in the middle of Nagano Prefecture.(3) The third type was one located in the mountain areas, which was established by the public sector, managed by the authority of towns and villages. In peripheral areas, especially in the mountain areas in central Japan, the supply of electric power had to be managed by public sectors in each small village, because the larger electric supply enterprises could not economically supply electric power to these areas, due to their low demand for electric power. Kamisato Village in Nagano Prefecture was one such case. At first, all of the villagers wanted electric power to be supplied by one of the electric power enterprises. But the enterprise agreed to supply electric power only to a part of this village. Thus a conflict between the electric power enterprise and villagers occured.After this, the villagers made a decision to establish a new public enterprise to supply electric power to each household in the village. This could be accomplished because the village had extensive forest land and forest resources, and created a large fund by cutting and selling timbers.

著者

岡田 俊裕

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.5, pp.389-406, 1985-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

103

被引用文献数

1 2

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Koji Iizuka (1906∼1970) was a Japanese geographer and a critic of civilization. In this paper the writer reviews the transition of Iizuka's views of Asia from the time of World War II through the post war period. The writer states that this transition was accompanied by changes in Iizuka's views of Japan and West Europe. The beginning of this transition parallels the Great East Asia War, the surrender of Japan, the rise of nationalism in Asia and changes in the world situation. The transitions in Iizuka's views are summarized in the figure below: Iizuka's view of West Europe Iizuka's view of Asia Iizuka's view of Japan Transition of Koji Iizuka's views of West Europe, Asia and Japan

著者

松尾 容孝

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.4, pp.352-362, 1981-08-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

26

著者

高橋 学

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.150-164, 1979-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

60

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

粉川 春幸

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.4, pp.447-466, 2017 (Released:2018-02-23)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

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本稿の目的は,複数のエスニック集団によるエスニック・ビジネスの混在がみられる大阪市中央区南部を対象地域として,エスニック・ビジネスの実態を明らかにすることである。対象地域には,2016年12月時点で200軒近いエスニック系施設が確認された。その大半を占めるのが韓国系施設と中国系施設であり,前者は対象地域北部を中心として大小の通り沿いに分布する一方,後者は対象地域南部の主要通り沿いに線状に分布している。また,この地域のエスニック・ビジネスは,韓国系・中国系のいずれも飲食業・サービス業が多く,特に飲食業では多様化や専門化が進展している点は共通している一方,サービス業に関しては,韓国系では日本人向けの業態への進出もみられるのに対し,中国系では同胞向けにとどまっていることが明らかになった。また対象地域におけるエスニック・ビジネス事業所では,事業所内での国籍・エスニシティが複雑化している事例がみられるなど,その実態は多様である。

著者

山口 源吾

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.438-453, 1970-08-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

2

著者

渡辺 久雄

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.6, pp.473-500,578, 1961-12-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

29

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In ancient societies seas and rivers played an important role in spreading of the civilizations. In Japan seas and oceans have remained important even until now. The role of rivers in Japan, however, was gradually changed to that in irrigation and drinking, and its industrial importance has now become recognized in modern ages.There are two reasons for rivers retreating from the means of spreading of the civilization.1) Basins formed by one river system became complete as the space of life but lost their integration that had existed by means of a river. This was brought about by the new method of reclamation that came from China: For the management of paddy-field with rivers being the source of water supply it was necessary for rivers to be divided into small parts one system by one system.2) By using new method of reclamation powerful families in the provinces developed the space of life. As a result consanguineal societies were changed into territorial societies. Overland routes took the place of waterways as means of contact among many territorial societies formed in one water system. And rivers lost their importance as traffic routes and became important as the source of water supply (water for irrigaition).The purpose of this article is to make clear the history of the roles of such river systems, taking an example from Sumiyoshi Shrine that used to possess a large ancient dominion on the Hyogo River. As Sumyoshi Shrine was a tutelary god, its domain was on the Bay of Osaka (that was) next to the Inland Sea of Seto. However, by forming a connection with the Imperial Court of Yamato the shrine widened its domain along the river system and gained a vast area including woods and river valley inland. Because it was not originally the god of agriculture or forestry, it began to draw back when it lost the protection of the Imperial Court of Yamato, and finally retreated to the sea-side place which it had first possessed. The shrines that lost even their first domains have maintained only the buildings in which the faith in the gods of navigation and diplomacy is slightly kept.

著者

久保 倫子

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.1-19, 2010 (Released:2018-01-19)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

4 6

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Numerous attempts have been made by Japanese geographers to study condominiums. The condominium supply began in the central areas of Tokyo in the late 1950s as a form of luxury residences. After the 1970s, the condominium supply began to extend into the suburbs, and within a short period of time, many people began living in condominiums.Since the late 1990s, the condominium supply has increased rapidly in the central areas of metropolitan regions and many local cities in Japan. In addition, the growth of suburban cores such as Makuhari and the increased condominium supply in suburban cores became remarkable phenomena. In recent years, the importance of residential areas in suburban neighborhoods has changed in the metropolitan regions.This study aims to clarify the decision-making processes involved in the residential choices of condominium residents, on the basis of a case study of Makuhari Bay Town, a new condominium district developed after the late 1990s. Among 130 households that participated in the interview surveys, data from 112 households that were living in resident-owned condominiums were used in the analysis.Most of the residents indicated that they had spent their entire lives in the suburbs and therefore preferred newly developed areas. In addition, some of the young families preferred to live close to their parents, while some parents moved into second-hand or rented houses in Makuhari Bay Town.The residents evaluated Makuhari Bay Town as a pleasant neighborhood. Hence about 20 percent of the residents choose to remain in Makuhari Bay Town when they decided to move to a new residence. The decision-making patterns of the residents were different from that reflected by the classical decision-making model. That is, most of the households sought homes in famous residential districts although they were not familiar with the areas. Some residents visited housing parks as a kind of recreational activity, and upon finding a residence that they liked, decided to purchase it and move into the neighborhood. The characteristics of the residential form and the prosperous residential conditions of Makuhari Bay Town facilitated these decision-making patterns. Few residents used the Internet to search for houses. However, they did use the Internet to familiarize themselves with new areas, particularly to learn about the lifestyles of the district and the reputation of the elementary schools.

著者

田中 豊治

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.3, pp.12-25,94, 1950-07-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

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1. In mountain villages great owners of forests are also main owners of arable land. As the forests are still in the possession of those great landlords and not yet distributed among the poor peasants, feudal control of landlords over the peasants still remains. Without the Re-distribution of forests there is no complete agricultural Reformation. The author shows the real state of things in several districts.2. The San-in District.The larger area of forests a village has the stronger the remains of feudal tenant system is there, which imposes upon tenant-farmers overwork and high rent. The prosperity of Japan's capitalism has involved such miserable lives of peasants.3. The Southern Ou District. In this district also, the larger area of land and forests a landlord has. He is generally the owner of the larger farm land. This is the fundamental condition for the maintenance of nago (boss of village) system, since the farmers need forests as a source of manure, fuel, and timber.4. The Kiso valleyThe forests are in the possession of the Imperial Household. The forests here supply manure and forage.5. Oki Island.Pastures here are owned by individuals but have been offered for common use for the villagers. But as stress has been laid on the management by the individual farmers, this system has stood on the verge of ruin. The problem here is different from those of other districts.6. and 7. If landlords are left to possess large area of forests, feudalism will remain in the villages, and capitalistic aggression will come out. The poor peasants, who have become independent as the result of Re-distribution of farm land, still needs forests to be distributed among them, before the democratization of the villages are really possible, since without forests agriculture and stock-raising would be incomplete.

著者

成瀬 厚

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.5, pp.478-492, 2010 (Released:2018-01-19)

参考文献数

83

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This paper analyses the photographic works of Tanuma Takeyoshi who travels around the world. Although he is most famous for what he has made his life’s work, ‘Children of the World’, he has also produced works focused on Tokyo where he was born, grew up, and currently lives. Through the course of his world travels, he has identified particularly deeply with two regions, the Andes in South America and the Catalonia region of Spain, and has published books of photographs that were specifically devoted to each region. This paper investigates the process of his identification with these regions through the analysis of his photographs. By producing these photographs, Tanuma has acquired a sense of belonging to other places.Andes Sanka (Homage to the Andes) was published in 1984. This photo collection consists of all color photos which were taken on a journey in the 1970s. They include photographs of magnificent natural landscapes, the daily life of the Indios who live there, scenes of their festivals, the remains of the Inca Empire, and the geoglyphs of Nazca. The photographs of natural landscapes give viewers a sublime sense of vastness and spirituality.Romànic Català (Catalan Romanesque) was published in 1987. The monochrome photographs of Romanesque-style medieval buildings were taken in the mid 1980s. The buildings have been weathered through a history of more than a thousand years, and they have become artworks appropriate to their surrounding as they balance the upward striving of human creative intention with the downward force of natural gravity.By grasping the fascination with other places through taking photographs from a traveler’s viewpoint and finding spirituality and universal commonality in other places, Tanuma pays homage to these places and a sense of belonging. While all human beings have homes where they were born and grew up, they create a layered identity by ‘belonging’ to other places, selected according to individual taste, which also function as a home.

著者

山田 誠

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.6, pp.493-507, 2007 (Released:2018-01-06)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

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本稿は,日本の人文地理学の歩みと,今日それを取り巻く諸条件について紹介する。1910年代から欧米の方法論の咀嚼を通じてしだいに成果を積み上げてきた日本の人文地理学は,今日,新しい立場・対象・方法の研究が若い世代から現れ,また成果の海外への発信の機会も増えている。しかし,伝統的な人文地理学からの過度の断絶もときに見られるのは懸念材料である。

著者

南出 真助

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.5, pp.401-417, 1979-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1

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In medieval Japan a number of feudal manors were developed in certain parts of the country, and from those manors the tributes were despatched to the nobles' residences, temples, and shrines in Kyoto-Nara area and their vicinity. The interest of the author in this paper is focussed on sea-borne transportation of tributes from feudal manors in Aichi and Shizuoka areas to Ise Jingu Shrine in the present Mie prefecture, during the period from the 11th to the 15 th centuries. Since the manors in these areas were not linked directly with Kyoto, the sea-borne transportation routes have not been studied so far.The author made an examination of the following manors. Numbers (i) to (iii) were situated in the medieval province of Totomi, western section of the present Shizuoka Prefectue, and (iv) to (vi) in Mikawa, eastern section of Aichi Prefecture.(i) Hamana-Kanbe Manor(ii) Miyakoda-Mikuriya Manor(iii) Kamata-Mikuriya Manor(iv) Atsumi-Kanbe Manor(v) Akumi-Kanbe Manor(vi) Irako-Mikuriya ManorKanbe was a kind of manors which had originally been establihed in the ancient times, from which sake wine, silk, textiles, etc. as well as rice were sent as sacred tributes to Ise Jingu Shrine. The tributes from Mikuriya manors consisted mostly of rice and fish, whereas those from Misono manors were a variety of upland field products. In any case the medieval manors were developed either on the sea-coasts or along the river courses, and it is easily imaginable that some sort of facilities for water transportation were generally available to most manors.Through a study of selected manors, several points of interest seem to be disclosed. They are summarised below.1) Feudal manors of Ise Jingu Shrine situated in Mikawa and Totomi most probably depended on the sea-borne transportation as a means of despatching tributes.2) The tributes from Kanbe manors, which had been established earlier, were very much ceremonial in nature, and there remains a doubt as to actual importance of despatching goods.3) There were several newly developed Misono manors surrounding Kanbe. Harvests in Misono were sent to storehouses in Kanbe manors to be accumulated there.4) Each of Mikuriya manors had a group of fishermen, and these people were engaged in transporting tributed goods on board to Ise Jingu.5) A tribute transporting system covering those manors was formed at this early stage, and dispersed manors were organised in a network which was ultimately connected with Ise Jingu.

著者

島津 俊之

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.188-189, 2019 (Released:2019-07-13)

著者

加賀美 雅弘

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.190-191, 2019 (Released:2019-07-13)

著者

中山 洋子

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.103-118, 1972-02-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 1

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After the war damage, Warsaw was already rebuilt and transfigured considerably. Nevertheless the present midtown area, of this city was formed nearly again within the Third Enceinte (the so-called Wary Lubomirskiego), which was built in 1770, and surrounded the former city. Respecting such a historical background, the main subject of this article aims at examining the role of the construction of the Third Enceinte and reorganization of the city in the Age of Stanishaw August (1764-94)For this purpose the very conditions of the location of the city are reffered to in the first part. Then attention is focused on the construction of the Second Enceinte (the so-called Wax Zygmuntowski), which was accomplished under the leadership of King Zygmunt III in 1621-24. Next, the process of the establishment of jurisdictions outside of this Second Enceinte with the approval of the king for the citizens under the oppression of the rising feudal lords is analyzed, and the development of iuvisdictions from the middle of seventeenth century is examined concretely by regional groups. In this part we point out the characteristic situation of the city just before the Age of Stanishaw August, where regality and the citizenry were weakening under the increasing jurisdictions of feudal lords and churches.From the apove-mentioned preliminary considerations we come to realize not only the motives of the construction of the Third Enceinte and the liquidation of jurisdictions under the leadership of the king with the rising power of citizen, but also the dynamic process of formation of the present midtown area. This article estimates highly the role of the Age of Stanishaw August and his initiative in this matter and brings forth the following assertions to understand some aspects on the formation of the present midtown area of Warsaw geographically:1. The location of Warsaw is worthy of evaluation in traffic, with regard to defense in these parts, throughout the course of history.2. Three time constructions of enceintes until the end of eighteenth century were not only for defense, but also for the unification of separate areas in this city.3. Jurisdictions prevented at first the unification of the whole city against the inclination of initiators, but just after the liquidation, these promoted the rapid and dynamic unification and development of Warsaw.

著者

谷岡 武雄

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.109-133, 1962-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

33

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A dominant rural landscape in the Vendée region called “bocage” is an expression of common characteristic culture and agricultural economics in Western France. The “bocage” is usually considered in contrast with the “plaine” or “campagne”. But for some 20 years, French geographers have remarked a small open field, named gagnerie or méjou in the “bocage” zone. This phenomenon contains problems difficult to solve for the scholars in this country. The writer, who had surveyed practically “Esch” at the Moraine Zone in Northern Germany, and Akker at the Campine region in Belgium, is in a position where he is able to try to compare it with gagnerie. In August 1958, the writer visited the Vendée's village and was concerened directly in practical investigation of the field. In writing this report, the author is sincerely grateful to Prof. G. Chabot, Prof. A. Perpillou, of the Sorbonne, and Mr. F. Verger, of Poitier Univ.The commune of St. Hilaire de Talmont and the castle town of Talmont, whose field was surveyed by the writer, is located at the south-western margin of “bocage vendéen”. On the south side of this, there are dominant regions of “plaine” and “marais” landscape zone. Accordingly, affected by the village-settlement's type from the south, at the commune investigated, the hamlets which are dotted with several groups of farms are remarkable. Farmers call them villages.Such “villages” have “gagneries” making a narrow strip among the “bocage”.These “villages” have exsisted from at least 14 centuries. In one of these “villages”, a church was built, and the village grew up to bourg. On the other hand, castle town was built before that time. In the 19th century, vast waste lands were cultivated and the farms spread all over. Thus in these communes the systematical structure of farms-villages-bourg-castle town are organized. From the historical point of view, the “village” is the older type and may be considered as the original form of the rural settlement in this region. There are the same hamlets and field's landscape as gagnerie∼village in the case of Akker and Esch, but their regions of distribution as well as the time of establishment are different, so a simple comparison is not advisable. Likewise, from the “village” with “gagnerie”, it is also difficult to guess similarly the original form of villages in the northeastern parts of France.As a result of the development of traffic, the growth of local cities and the recent agricultural evolution, the present farms and villages are fairly well connected with bourg; moreover, these are related to castle town Talmont and equally Les Sables-d'Olonne. In short, the farms, villages, bourg hold the fundamental unit in the urban net of Talmont-Les Sables d'Olonne or La Roche sur Yon-Nantes-Paris.