著者

小林 信彦 Nobuhiko KOBAYASHI

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.35-50, 2000-01

被引用文献数

1

---

In ancient India, the Buddhist samgha as a self-governing community maintained order by means of its own law called "vinaya." Violators were punished according to vinaya. On the other hand, all Buddhists, whether monks or laymen, were expected to follow particular customs called "sila." Unlike vinaya, this was not compulsory and did not carry penalties. In Japan far away from the original land of Buddhism, no one paid attention to the distinction between vinaya and sila, because temples were the apparatus of government and there was no samgha to be governed by vinaya. Under such circumstances, Saicho (766-822) openly repudiated vinaya and replaced it with sila. From that time down to this day, the Japanese have been convinced that the essence of true Buddhism consists in the repudiation of vinaya.

著者

山川 偉也 Hideya Yamakawa 桃山学院大学法学部

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.129-168, 2007-06-20

---

This article first takes a critical look at Aristotle's definition of "human being" as a "politicalanimal" (πολιτικον ζψον), as noted in his Politics 1253a2_3. Following that is a study of the correlation between Aristotle's and Diogenes' views of human beings. The author initially provokes the reader's attention to the fact that the Aristotelian term "political animal" originally had two contexts. First, according to Historia Animalium, the political animal is a species of "gregarious animal" (τα αγελαια). Therefore, it is not the case that human being is a unique species of political animal; a large group of different species described as political animals does indeed exist. Aristotle states, for example, that various forms of political animal, such as "man," "bee," "wasp," "ant" and "crane," each has a common property: the devotion to some common good in its political community. On the other hand, in Politics 1252a1_7, Aristotle identifies "the so-called city-state" (η καλουμενη πολιζ) as a "political community" (η κοινωνια η πολιτικη)_According to Historia Animalium, the human being is only one species of political animals. But, according to Politics 1253a 7_8, the human being is a "political animal" in a greater measure than bees or any other "gregarious animal". The author insists that it was precisely in this context that Aristotle needed to specify human beings by a geometrical proportion: `God :Man=Man : Animal.' The author analyzes thoroughly Aristotle's view of human being and discloses the fact that Aristotle's theory of the "natural slave" conflicts with his own definition of"man." In this way the author divulges the invisible aspects of Aristotle's political thought. The author then concentrates to clarify the meaning of Diogenes' mission "paracharaxon to nomisma" ("deface the currency") and to highlight the significance of his protest against the Aristotelian definition of human beings: God : Man=Man : Animal Thus, the author proceeds to deface the current interpretations of Diogenes of Sinope's conception of justice and cosmopolitanism, which has been regarded by scholars as almost "nothing"or at least as a "shadowy ancestor" of the cosmopolitanism of Zeno of Citium. In place of these interpretations the author is submitting another version of cosmopolitanism that is to be regarded as a defaced version of Alexander's. Following the Sinopean dog philosopher's mission"παραχαραξον το νομισμα" ("deface the currency"), the author is defacing contemporary views on Diogenes of Sinope's "character" (χαρακτηρ)_

著者

梅山 秀幸 桃山学院大学国際教養学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.59-78[含 英語文要旨], 2011-07

---

Dojoji is the famous temple for the wicked love story of Anchin and Kiyohime. But there is also an another legend of Kaminaga-hime (Princess Long Hair) which tells of the origin of the temple. There once was a fisherman's daughter who had beautiful long hair by grace of Kannon figure to which she always prayed. One day a bird brought some of her hairs to the imperial palace. Discovering the hairs, the emperor ordered his servants to find the owner of the hairs in order to marry her. Brought to the palace and made a favorite of the emperor, the fisherman's daughter although was sad because she had abandoned the Kannon figure. Dojoji was built by the emperor who sympathized with her anxiety for the Kannon figure. On the discovery of the golden hairs brought by a bird, King Mark had Iseult brought from Ireland by Tristan to his palace. The story of Kaminaga-hime of Dojoji is a variation of "Tristan and Iseult". In addition, Kaminaga-hime of Dojoji is not an isolated case in Japan. In Kojiki we can also find another version of "Tristan and Iseult". Kaminaga-hime of Hyuga province was sent to Yamato to marry Emperor Ojin. Nintoku, son of the emperor, falls in love with her because of her enormous beauty and became sick of impossibility of his love. Ojin, acquainted with the agony of his son, decides to concede his beautiful fiancee to him. This relation of three persons (Kaminaga-hime, Nintoku, and Ojin), recalls the triangular relation of Iseult, Tristan, and Mark. The folklore tales of "Esugata-nyobo (The Portrait of the Beauty)" which succeed those of Kaminaga-hime, are found from north to south in Japan. In those tales a portrait enchants a lord instead of hairs. Looking by accident at a portrait of a beauty, a lord commands his retainers to fetch and carry her to his castle. Her husband, surprised at the sudden disappearance of his beloved, comes to the castle where she is living melancholically with the lord. Then, her husband, profiting by his excellent musical skill, succeeds in exiling the lord and regains his wife. It is needless to say that Tristan is an expert at the lute and the violin. The Chondara theater still remains in Okinawa. It is said that Chondara is the name of the musician who came from Kyoto and brought Japanese traditional music to Okinawa. Chondara had a very beautiful wife, whose portrait was blown by the wind and was gained by the Emperor. Emperor wanted her and ordered hie men to abduct her in order to satisfy his desire. In his deep desperation, Chondara came to the castle and performed music well in the presence of his beloved and the abductor. Chondara did not succeed to regain her, but being awarded the fief of Okinawa, had to live alone as a musician there. Tristan, of course, at last lived in Bretagne, crossing over the sea, far away from Iseult.

著者

志保田 務/山田 忠彦 山田 忠彦 桃山学院大学経営学部/京都大学法学部図書室

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.123-147, 2002-12-20

---

Ryunosuke Akutagawa (1892-1927), one of the major novelists in modern Japan, is also famous as an adapter who learned from other writers in the inside and the outside. His works are considered bookish. Therefore, we assumed that he read many writers' works in his day, and we tried to prove the causality and we attempted to show how these works affected his own writing. In this work we would show some materials of the above facts consisting on the records of "A bibliography of writers who were read by Ryunosuke Akutagawa, based on "Akutagawa Ryunosuke Zenshu", published by Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 1977-1978, 12 volumes". Each entry in this index has three items: the writer's name, the title of the work, and the date when Ryunosuke Akutagawa would have read the work. Entries are ordered according to the writer's name in the Westerner syllabary this index.

著者

小林 信彦 Nobuhiko KOBAYASHI 桃山学院大学文学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.107-140, 2001-03-15

---

Japanese kamis who hate sins get angry and bring about disasters when men do wrong. Without sins they are happy and do not cause disasters. Taking advantage of this behaviour, the Japanese framed the idea of kekwa They tried to soothe angry kamis by chanting sutras as magic formulae in order to stop disasters such as droughts and plagues. This is a new type of harahe and therefore repenting is not involved in spite of its name "kekwa" (to repent).

著者

木村 二郎

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST. ANDREW’S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.3, pp.29-43, 2017-03-16

---

In the 46th general election of members of the House of Representatives held on December16, 2012, the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP) gained a substantial victory, and the Abeadministration was established. In his inaugural address, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe expressedhis firm intention to promote a set of economic policies named the “three arrows” : aggressivemonetary easing, flexible fiscal stimulus, and a new growth strategy, with the aim of rescuing theJapanese economy from prolonged deflation. Pushed by the government, and based on a joint announcement(policy accord) issued with the government, Masaaki Shirakawa, the then Governorof the Bank of Japan (BOJ) agreed to set a 2% inflation target in January 2013. To achieve thistarget, Haruhiko Kuroda, who succeeded Mr. Shirakawa in March 2013, introduced the quantitativeand qualitative monetary easing (QQE) policy on April 4, 2013.During the period of rock-bottom rates that started in 1995, the BOJ introduced a new monetarymeasure called “unconventional monetary policies,” including zero interest rates, quantitativemonetary easing (QE) and comprehensive monetary easing policies. Similar unconventionalmonetary policies have also been employed in the United States and European countries since theLehman Brothers went bankrupt in 2008. Generally, the QQE policy adopted by the Kuroda-ledBOJ can be categorized as an extension of these unconventional monetary policies. However, becausethe implementation level and impact of QQE are more extensive than existing policies interms of scale and extent, the QQE policy by Mr. Kuroda is also called “ijigenkanwa” (differentdimension easing policy). It can be said that QQE was actually introduced under compulsion ofthe government as a measure to attain the 2% inflation target.Although three years and several months have passed since the introduction of the QQE policy,the BOJ has not yet achieved its initial goal of “realizing a 2% inflation target within two years.”The purpose of this study is to assess the monetary easing policies implemented by the BOJ. InChapter 1, I examine the dogma of pro-reflation economists (a doctrine that considers deflationas the cause of the economic stagnation), which is an underlying idea of the QQE policy, from acritical viewpoint. Chapter 2 clarifies that although the QQE policy has had a favorable impact onthe monetary economy such as foreign exchange rates, the stock market and the bond market,their effectiveness in the real economy has not yet been adequately confirmed. Chapter 3 examinesthe relationship between monetary policy and fiscal policy, particularly focusing on “monetary financing” issues, in an attempt to point out that the increase in the future risk of economicdifficulties such as sudden rise of interest rate (sudden drop of government bond price), hyper-inflation and so on is an adverse effect of the QQE policy. Chapter 4 introduces existing principalstatements/opinions on QQE policy assessment issues. Chapter 5 provides a critical examinationof the details of “a shift in monetary easing policy” and “comprehensive assessment,” which werediscussed at the BOJ Monetary Policy Meeting held in September 2016.

著者

辻 洋一郎

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.87-101, 2015-01-30

---

Ascertaining the process of acquiring persuasive abilities can engender the development of effective materials and teaching methods to improve these abilities. This report describes that acquisition process and explains the evaluation of persuasive abilities. We evaluated the ability of first-year students by assigning them an evaluation task three times (stages): to write an e-mail message to a teacher requesting postponement of a report deadline. Results show that, in the first stage, most reported only data which had been shown to them as much as possible, but they tried to include their insistence and requests in the middle stage. They arranged several necessary conditions adequately in the final stage. Their evaluation tests also showed a trend toward adding salutations and polite messages in the final stage. Aside from analysis of characteristics of the high-development group, we also examined how to improve the abilities of the low-development group.

著者

木村 二郎

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.3, pp.29-43, 2017-03-16

著者

矢根 真二

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.23-40, 2016-12-05

---

本稿の目的は, 日本の上水道料金の大きな格差という視点から, 道州制レベルへの事業地域範囲の拡大という抜本的な改革の重要性を提起することである。その主要な根拠は, 「市町村原則の罪」と「政治的な価格決定」という2つの仮説的な見方である。すなわち, 地域固有の経済的合理性よりも水道供給責任を各市町村に課す原則を優先させたために, 高費用な零細事業者を作り出したことと, その結果としての費用格差の拡大が原価を賄えない政治的な価格決定を過半の事業者に蔓延させたことである。この2つの見方を経験的に裏付けることによって, 価格格差以上に著しい費用格差のある現状理解が容易になると同時に, この問題解消の難しさも明らかになる。そこで最後に, 平等面でも財政面でもいっそう魅力的に映る道州制レベルで試算された価格表を提示する。

著者

山内 はるひ/栄 セツコ 栄 セツコ

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.3, pp.1-21, 2016-03-15

---

The Psychiatric Social Worker Act issued in 1997 was amended in 2011, putting more emphasis on exercises and training sessions in the training course. Training sessions are thought to play an important role in understanding the value of the work of psychiatric social workers (PSWs) and the formation of one's identity as a PSW. However, no study has so far investigated how trainers teach the value of the work of PSWs to trainees. This study clarifies how trainers teach the value of the work of PSWs to trainees and how the trainees acquire the knowledge by conducting semi-structured interviews with trainees and their trainers. We found that trainees experience a process : awareness, verbalization, deepening recognition, self-awareness, recalling knowledge from experience and practice, and value formation. At each stage of the process, the trainers supervise and teach the value of the work of PSWs to the trainees by teaching them to extract abstract values from specific cases and then choose which value to prioritize among contradicting values. The trainees strengthened their learning through a post-learning and field practice after the training. We consider the abilities of regarding their practice objectively, visualizing and verbalizing the value of their work, and maximizing their ability to supervise as prerequisites to being good trainers.

著者

山川 偉也 Hideya YAMAKAWA

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.141-179, 2000-09

---

Momoyama-gakuin University aims primarily at fostering the cosmopolitans embracing Christianity who participate actively in the international affairs and contribute much to the community of nations so that build a new dimension of the cosmopolitan culture. But, why is the word 'cosmopolitan' connected with Christianity and what does it imply in the contexts of university curriculum? What at all is the origin of the word 'cosmopolitan' which might not always be positively evaluated? In regard to these questions, in a series of papers, I would like to delineate some significant circumstances concerning the origins and the essence of 'cosmopolitan' and 'cosmopolitanism.' The present paper in speciality examines some cosmopolitan characters in Marcus Aurelius, Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, and Aurelius Augustinus and tries to classify the ideas of cosmopolitanism into four types which run parallel to the four categorical propositions in the traditional formal logic.

著者

矢根 眞二

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.151-172, 2012-03-30

---

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the investment requirements to replace old water pipes, which are the main capital stock within the supply structure of Japanese drinking water suppliers. This is an urgent issue because these updates are overdue. As a result, I have derived four important implications. First, bulk water suppliers' sustainment of their dam-water purification capacity and water suppliers' conservation of ground water are indispensable to maintaining the current supply system. Second, water suppliers need to spend an average of 920 million yen per year for the next half-century in order to maintain the water pipes currently in use. If they add this spending to water rates, the average water rate nearly doubles. Third, the majority of these water suppliers use aged water pipes that have actually exceeded their legal working life. In order to renew these pipes, water rates would need to be 4.5 times as much as they are now. Fourth, although a prompt regulatory reform is desired due to the difficulties faced by small-and-tinysized utilities in trying to solve these problems on their own, political conventions prevent these reforms by delaying them. The fact that these conventions themselves are the root of the problem is a grave issue.

著者

青野 正明

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.3, pp.5-9, 2003-03-20

著者

査 蕾 竹歳 一紀

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.167-187, 2015-07

---

This paper focuses on community-based power plants in Japan, and analyzes ways of citizen participation and schemes for revitalizing communities with these kinds of energy projects. Community-based power plants (CBPPs) utilize natural energy resources, such as solar, wind and hydro power, which are underused in communities. CBPPs are expected to not only be alternative energy resources but also effective triggers for community revitalization. For these purposes, CBPPs have been spreading in Japan, especially after the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. Citizens can participate in CBPPs by donating or investing money. Some people are also engaged in management and maintenance of CBPPs. Profits from selling electricity generated by CBPPs are shared by the investors, who are in most cases local residents. For some CBPPs, the profits are paid back as "community money," which can be circulated in these communities. In these ways, CBPPs can generate profits from natural resources and circulate the profits in local communities. In this paper, we investigate three CBPPs, one located in Tsuru City in Yamanashi Prefecture, and the other two in Yasu City and Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture. In Tsuru City, the city government issues public bonds, limiting the holders to city residents. In Yasu City, a kind of "community money" is used to collect money to build the CBPP, and it also contributes to increasing the sales of local shops. In Hikone City, residents who are interested in the CBPP have formed a group to invest in the CBPP. Based on several cases of CBPPs, including those described in our study, we can conclude that a moderate-sized project, proper methods of raising money, and positive support from local government are necessary in order for CBPPs to trigger community revitalization. More importantly, local people themselves should ensure that a proper CBPP scheme is developed in their community through participation and discussion.

著者

井上 敏 Satoshi Inoue 桃山学院大学経営学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.85-95, 2009-03-18

---

Present Japan is confronted with a grave economic crisis. Museums are being forced to streamline their management under pressure from the economic situation affecting Japanese society overall. But the legal system for museums in Japan is not prepared for optimal management of museums. What is needed is an open discussion on implementing a new system under the concept of "intellectual freedom" in museums. This paper will examine this concept by looking at two key themes. One of these is Dr. Juzo Arai's theory of museum studies. The other is the legal case of the Museum of Modern Art, Toyama. In his theses, Dr. Arai emphasized the importance of selfgoverned organization by gakugeiin ( Japanese Curator) of local museums. This suggestion was indeed used as factual evidence in the legal case of the Museum of Modern Art, Toyama (1986). In Japan's present museum system, little attention is given to the opinions of gakugeiin, creating the need to organize independently from local governments. The concept of "intellectual freedom" in museums must be discussed as a first step toward revising the Museum Act in Japan.

著者

金本(遠山) 伊津子

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.43-55, 2021-03-22

---

This is a diachronic analysis of two quantitative research studies on the aging of Japaneseand Japanese Americans living in Greater New York. All the data in this paper are based on thefirst research study conducted in 2006 and the second conducted in 2018. This paper revealsboth the social transitoriness and the cultural immutability of the Japanese elderly communityin Greater New York.The following is a summary of the findings :(1)a growing Japanese American communitywith US citizenship, higher academic qualification, and better communication competency hasbeen observed.(2)Not only the concerns and anxieties for later lives but also the plans andpreparations for aging are much the same.(3)The elderly are provided with culturally specificcare(with regard to language, food, and concept of care)— even allowed to live with other Japanese people— and the needs of caregivers who can understand Japanese culture are satiated.(4)The allowable range of private expense to hire personal caregivers has been widened.(5)Almost half of those in the community find it difficult to eliminate the possibility of returningto Japan, and some of them have already chosen to migrate back to Japan.Because of the COVID19 pandemic in 2020, the vulnerability of the healthcare system in theUnited States is circumstantially unveiled among certain ethnic groups— particularly the ethnicelderly— who are widely victimized, and their strategy for their later lives may have changed.Additional research is required to find out the interrelationship between aging and culture.

著者

金本 伊津子 Itsuko Kanamoto

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.53-60, 2009-03-18

著者

片平 幸

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW,S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.125-142, 2016-07-22

---

This essay examines how Puccini's Madame Butterfly has been perceived in Japan since the early 20th century. Composer Giacomo Puccini (1858_1924) wrote the opera Madame Butterfly, which premiered in Italy in 1904. The story is about a tragic love between 15-year-old Japanese girl Cio-Cio-san and American naval officer B. F. Pinkerton. The setting is in Nagasaki in the early Meiji period. This story derives from the Western imagination of the 19th century, when great interest emerged in the West toward Japan due in part to international exhibitions of the time and the influence of Japonisme in Europe. Consequently, the Japanese people and customs represented in Madame Butterfly were exotic if not awkward based on a Western fantasy of the 19th century. Madame Butterfly is an opera production of the early 20th century, and eventually very popular, performed on stage all through the 20th century. This means, then, that there were newly directed or interpreted versions of it. Nevertheless, "Japan" in Madame Butterfly has been often represented in a peculiar manner for today's audiences in Japan. So how have Japanese people reacted to the representation of Japan in Madame Butterfly ? The aim of this essay is to investigate how Madame Butterfly has been perceived in Japan. Through this, I will analyze Japanese newspaper articles from the 1910s and onward. In addition, I will argue how Madame Butterfly can be an effective material to study the issue of representation as well as cross-cultural understanding. I also report how Madame Butterfly can be explored in lectures based on my educational practice.

著者

竹内 真澄 Masumi TAKEUCHI

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.141-151, 2001-03-15

---

The U. S. A has been considered a developed country which advocates liberalism. But, as Noam Chomsky points out, in fact the manipulation of public opinion by the media has been carried out under the pretense of freedom of speech. The task of this paper is to explain how the media of the U. S. has successfully managed to reconcile the manipulation of public opinion with the condition of freedom of speech. I approach the question by considering New York Times reportage on Okinawa from 1995 to 2000. In this period, following the well-known 1995 rape of Japanese schoolgirl by U. S. Marines, the tension between human rights and U. S. world strategy reached crisis level in Okinawa. Correspondingly, the New York Times sought to adopt a position between two. In the first part of this paper, I will analyze reportage on the rape incident, examining the ways in which the New York Times was able to balance out the numerous factors involved so as to come down on the side of existing U. S. polocy.

著者

尾本 惠市 Kaiichi Omoto

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.101-120, 2004-02-20

---

This paper attempts to answer some important questions such as, “Who are indigenous people?” and “What are human rights?” from the standpoint of anthropology. Usually, these are regarded as questions of law, political, or historical sciences. However, as an anthropologist with experiences of field work among the indigenous hunter-gatherers or affluent foragers in Asia, such as the Ainu of northern Japan and the Negritos of the Philippines, I believe that these questions are of fundamental importance in the integrated, new human science at which I am now aiming. After having examined the various definitions of the indigenous people, I tried to compare the histories of the Ainu and the Native Americans with special regard to the problem of human rights. It was found that the two groups show a number of similarities or parallelism in the ways of being invaded, deprived of their land, and ill-treated, as well as suffering from the assimilation policy of the colonists or the national majority group, who were the Japanese for the Ainu and the Europeans for the native Americans. The four wars of the Ainu against the Japanese colonists under the government of the Edo period were compared with the similar events of contemporary northern America. These were the wars of Koshamain (1457), Henauke (1643), Shakushain (1669), and Kunashiri-Menashi (1789). It was argued that the basic ideology of the colonists who invaded the land and ill-treated the indigenous peoples was monotheism and/or ethnocentrism. I do not support the view of “civilized” people that the hunter-gatherer groups of today living as a tiny minority of the world population are the stragglers left behind by civilization. I rather consider these groups to be the invaluable eyewitnesses on the original way of life of modern humans with spirits based on animism. Today, when humans are said to be approaching the end of existence, I think we should hear their messages to the modern civilized world.