著者

モハンマド ウマール アジジ 安藤 徹哉

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.783, pp.1592-1600, 2021

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<p>This paper aims to study the characteristics of houses with covered walkway structures locally called <i>Dalan</i> in the Asheqan wa Arefan quarter of Kabul Old City, Afghanistan. It examines their locations, distribution, access, the number of stories, plan types, space usages, and analysis of reasons for their construction and destruction. The house locations and their accessibility networks are indicated based on a satellite image followed by detailed field surveys conducted between 2018 and 2019. Conclusions are drawn for the conservation of <i>Dalans</i> as part of cultural heritage in the historical landscape.</p>

著者

大野 隆造 松田 好晴

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.519, pp.93-99, 1999-05-30 (Released:2017-02-03)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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Public behavior is affected by perceotion of other peoples' personal space. This study investigated the influence on this perception of the other person's varied positional relationship with wall and column subspace establishing elements. Full-size experiments demonstrated that there is a perceived occupied space around a person, depending on the position of that person in relationship to a wall or column, and that the boundary of this space is rarely crossed. A second experiment with a scale model of the same previous spatial arrangements was conducted, as a means of discovering the extent of these perceived personal spaces, by the subjects' use of such words as "aside", "between", and "inside". Thus the areas expressed by these words were used to predict the boundary of space that the subjects rarely go into, i.e., the perceived occupied area.

著者

加藤 公花 後藤 春彦 山近 資成 吉江 俊

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.779, pp.125-135, 2021

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<p> As the number of foreign residents move to Japan increases, so does the number of their descendants, the next generation of foreign residents. It has been pointed out in the field of psychology and sociology that many of them form an ego derived from multiple places, such as the culture of their home country, the culture of their place of residence, and the culture of the area where they have moved so far, and they have difficulties in living in terms of their behavior and their relationship with the community where they belong.</p><p> In particular, it is estimated approximately 170,000 Muslims currently live in Japan, and they are likely to face daily difficulties in urban life due to the significant difference in code of behavior between the host and Islamic societies. For those with anxiety and difficulties, support has already begun, including learning support and psychological care, to help them adapt to the host society. On the other hand, space improvement suitable for them with different life style is not yet sufficient.</p><p> Clarifying the code of conduct for Muslims who live in Japan and have difficulties with their cultural identity and the characteristics of the space required is important for planning multicultural receptive urban environments.</p><p> Based on this background, the paper clarified following two points;</p><p> </p><p> <b>1) Community created by second-generation Muslims</b></p><p> Oral history research has shown that second Muslims strengthen their ties by sharing the unique identities arise from living in both host and Islamic societies. It was also found that all the subjects of the survey had some problems due to differences in the code of conduct, and among them, the lack of places to worship was a problem for many second-generation Muslims. In some cases, it was found that they chose the instant space for worship by searching it in the town or on the street other than the mosque or home.</p><p> <b>2) Spatial elements and their values of "Prayer Space on the Street"</b></p><p> A study of the street environment suitable for this "street prayer space" revealed that it is easier to find an environment suitable for worship in an area where both quiet and noisy environments exist than in an area where the whole is quiet.Analysis of the downtown prayer space revealed 11 environmental factors. In addition to understanding the necessary factors regardless of the surrounding environment, it was also found that in areas where there are many car streets, it is necessary to stay away from busy roadways in order to concentrate on worship.</p><p> As globalization advances, cross-border cultural diversity is an urgent issue in urban planning. On the other hand, developing an urban environment specialized for them is a way to isolate them and exclude them from the host society. As we have seen in this study, there are many spaces with minimum elements for worship, such as a corner of a parking lot or a backyard of a store where few people pass by, and it is easier to make them available temporarily for worship than to establish a new place of worship. It is important to create an environment in which the existing space can be interpreted and used in various ways by recognizing the meaning and spatial value of the space from the viewpoint of different folklore and culture.</p>

著者

野村 正晴

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.728, pp.2297-2307, 2016 (Released:2016-10-30)

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In this paper, I outline the birth and development of department store architecture in modern Japan and the interrelation of profitability and architectural plans by examining the case of the Mitsukoshi flagship store at Nihonbashi. This paper covers the following five periods of development: (1) 1914: Completion of the Main Building's Construction Efforts were taken to construct spaces such as entryways and stairwells to instill a sense of splendor and novelty in visitors. Expressing the establishment of the business style of the department store was regarded as the primary matter of importance, and little thought was given to profitability. A dry-goods business model was still followed, and suitable architectural plans were made for this model. (2) 1921: Completion of Restructuring and Expansion Work An intentional expansion of the sales area was undertaken in response to perceived demand. An awareness of profitability began to be reflected in architectural plans. Specialization of clerical work was also observed. The service model of the dry-goods model was still being followed, but now a rationalization of the store's management system led to a change in the service model, and this change was also reflected in the architectural plans. (3) 1927: Completion of Restoration Work for the Whole Building There was a small increase in the percentage of pure sales space. This was the result of the consideration of other methods of profit maximization besides increased sales space, such as attracting customers through enhancing guest facilities and an increase in customer turnover rate through changes in line flow, floor organization, and clearance practices, which was accompanied by the discontinuation of footwear due to a decrease in demand following the Great Kanto Earthquake. The changes reflected the popularization and expansion of department stores and, ironically, suggested that the earthquake provided an opportunity to plan a full-scale shedding of the dry-goods model. (4) 1935: Completion of Restructuring and Expansion Work Pure sales area proportion was decreased for the restoration of stairwells and to enhance customer facilities. This proactive reevaluation of construction plans for stairwells, introduction of a large-scale event hall, and use of basement selling space had not been present in the previous phase. These actions were attempts to attract customers, which in turn reflected the popularization of department stores. (5) 1956: Completion of Restructuring and Expansion Work This period saw no significant alteration in the architectural plans for the floor area, but there were fine adjustments and enhancements such as the extension of the façade along Nihon-odori by filling out the block, refinement of characterization through orientation, adjustment of line flow, increase of sales space, and refinement of vertical organization considering customer access. The discontinuation of footwear after the earthquake, the minimization and subsequent restoration of the splendid staircases, and the expansion of utilized space were all direct and significant sources of the changes in architectural plans. However, one can infer from a comparison of floor plans and the distribution of floor space that each architectural plan or act of restructuring and expansion was also designed to actualize changes in sales methods that coincided with changes in floor organization and in the store's customer base. The raison d'être for the department store's architecture and the managers' greatest demand to designers was to improve sales. Because of this, each architectural plan was an optimized solution not just to realize the maximization of the profitable area but also to achieve an increase in customers through the consideration of changes in the customer base.

著者

べルデホ J.R.ヒメネス 布野 修司

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.668, pp.1867-1874, 2011-10-30 (Released:2012-01-25)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 1

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Authors have been conducting the field research on the former Spanish colonial cities under the title ‘Origin, Transformation, Alteration and Conservation of Urban Space of Colonial Cities since 1999. In the Spanish colonial period, cities were planted and established in Philippines. This paper focuses on Cebu city which is the first city established by Spain in Asia. As cartographic database, images and maps from AGI(Archivo de Indias de Sevilla), other archives and libraries in the Philippines are used for analysis. Through the analysis of the colonial maps, authors discuss the Spanish Colonial urban process in the Philippines Island. This paper clarified formation and transformation process of Cebu City and present formation of urban core of the city based on the field survey on the distribution of facilities, building types, and so on, finally discuss the characteristics of early formation and urban planning comparing other Spanish colonial cities like Manila, Vigan and those of Ibere-America.

著者

松本 泰生 戸沼 幸市

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.577, pp.119-126, 2004-03-30 (Released:2017-02-09)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2 2

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This study tries to clear the changes of slope area landscape in the central part of Tokyo during Edo era to present. The slope area which hadn't been used became a residential section gradually caused by the increase in the population. Then, the space which was a boundary was lost between the heights and the low land And, three factors influence space formation in the slope area. They are the original geographical features, the particulars of the land use, the conditions of the land possession. Much is a slope at present though many stairways existed on the road in the Edo Period. And the stairways which have landscape based on the natural geographical features are being lost in the central Tokyo by the large-scale re-development.

著者

豊川 斎赫

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.782, pp.1272-1283, 2021

被引用文献数

1

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<p>I reanalyzed the photographs and captions in a 1960 photo collection titled "Katsura" in light of the spatial theory that Kenzo Tange set forth in his correspondence with Herbert Bayer. I also identified seven points of contention in the correspondence between Walter Gropius and Tsutomu Ikuta, and analyzed Tange's theory for the Katsura Imperial Villa in view of its contemporaneity and anachronisms. This research yielded five new findings.</p><p>First, during a visit to Japan, which formed part of a cultural exchange program organized by the Rockefeller Foundation, Gropius emphasized the commonality between traditional Japanese architecture and modernist architecture. The purpose of the program was to encourage Japan to align with the US against the Soviet bloc. Accordingly, Gropius was sent to Japan because of his dislike of Soviet realism. The program succeeded in enlightening Japanese intellectuals through modernist architecture.</p><p>Second, Walter Gropius criticized divine architecture, noting that the ancient city of Rome had been dedicated to the emperor. He argued that modernist architecture should embrace democratic values and adopt a human scale. On the other hand, Gropius also argued, as Japanese fascists had done before the end of the war, that architecture should form a cultural unity. Gropius believed that Japanese architecture, as exemplified in the Katsura Imperial Villa, embodied a human scale.</p><p>Third, Tsutomu Ikuta fiercely debated with Gropius over traditional Japanese architecture. I identified seven points of contention in their correspondence. Tange's theory for the Katsura Imperial Villa did not deviate significantly from the ideas of either Ikuta or Gropius. Tange, while seeking to differentiate his ideas from those of Ikuta and Gropius, picked out their good points and blended them into his own theory. For example, Tange emulated Gropius in downplaying the influence of Chinese architecture on Japanese architecture and in underscoring the role of Zen. However, whereas Gropius focused on the simplicity of Zen, Tange emphasized how Zen monks had introduced the other gardens associated with Zen.</p><p>The fourth finding concerns my re-analysis of the captions for the "Katsura" photo collection, in which Tange described his spatial theory found in his letters to Bayer. Postulating a Jomon–Yayoi dialect, Tange used the concepts of "pattern," "space," and "space-time." Most notably, Tange found creative freedom in the Katsura Imperial Villa by focusing on the tension arising from conflict between the reception room "space" and stepping stone "space." Additionally, I clarified that Tange criticized the overall design of the villa ("space-time"), including its mukuri (convex) roof, claiming that it is no more than scenery.</p>

著者

吉田 哲 戸田 忠秀 宗本 順三

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.591, pp.141-147, 2005-05-30 (Released:2017-02-11)

参考文献数

11

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In this study, we calculated each laboratory's excess of electricity bill over dividend on a per capita basis of numbers of laboratories in each 2 departments (electricity) or 1 group of 6 departments (chemistry), in national university corporation. In 5 laboratories out of 9, excess over dividend are less than excess over expenses that interfere with research work. And in rest 4 laboratories, differences of excesses are the 100 thousands yen mark. Furthermore, we made it clear numbers of laboratories, that will have to pay excess over dividend, decrease from 23 to 13, when the quantity of electricity decrease 20%.

著者

畑 智弥 土本 俊和

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.513, pp.259-266, 1998

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

5 4

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This paper traces some links between frame and roof truss via the town-houses in Kyoto of Edo-Meiji period. Frame has pillars and.beams. Roof truss has purlins, ridgepole and rafters. The town-houses has two walls, Doma-side wall and Yukaue-side wall, and has the line between the two. On Doma-side and Yukaue-side wall, pillars line up half of a Ken interval and bear up purlins and ridgepole. On the line between the two big pillar 'Daikoku' bears up purlin or ridgepole. In this manner every pillar bears up purlins or ridgepole. Thus frame and roof truss doesn't separate in the town-houses.

著者

李 彰浩 後藤 春彦 三宅 論

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.542, pp.175-182, 2001-04-30 (Released:2017-02-04)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

4 6

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On account of the increase of students and the deterioration of facilities etc., the number of the universities that established new campus in the suburbs or moved to there increased. What is worse, in the case of the universities located in the city, the relationship between campus and its neighborhoods has weakened. Under the situation like this, university and its neighborhoods must search the way of coexistence in the city. In this study, the degeneration phenomena of the university neighborhoods are grasped. And then the community planning activities for the regeneration of university neighborhoods are investigated. Finally, the future assignments of the community planning activities are clarified.

著者

永宗 紗季 木下 光

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.722, pp.933-942, 2016 (Released:2016-04-30)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

1 3

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Hong Kong has been rapidly developed as a trading city since become a British colony. Currently, north coast of Hong Kong Island is a high-rise and high-density city around the Chung Wan area. In Hong Kong Island, steep mountain is adjacent to the city. In Central & Western District of Hong Kong Island, pedestrian paths play an important role to make space patterns based on the steep slope of hillside. There are many buildings not facing driveway in urban blocks with pedestrian paths, and that afford various commercial activities. In this study, it is assumed that these pedestrian paths are important elements that characterize the urban blocks. Therefore, the purposes of this study are following 3 things. (1) Pedestrian paths were classified according to their morphological characteristics. (2) Urban blocks were classified according to patterns of pedestrian paths. (3) Classified urban blocks were compared by contained building's entrance and type of land use. The following 4 things become clear. (1) As Characteristics of 63pedestrian paths, approximately half of pedestrian paths have a wide width over 4.5m. There are stairs to the many pedestrian paths and have a variety of cross sections. There is a difference in the shapes of the pedestrian paths among the area. There are many dead-end streets, within the neat-shaped urban blocks in Sai Wan area. In Sheung Wan areas near the mountains, there are a lot of streets connecting the pedestrian paths, thereby producing more complicated pedestrian spaces. (2) 35 urban blocks were classified into type of penetration, type of dead-end path, type of concomitance, according to patterns of pedestrian path. By the classification, the ground levels of buildings in the inner sides of the city blocks are differently used. It was clear that, the most number of the entrances were in type of concomitance. The most number of the entrances of shop were in type of penetration and type of concomitance, the most of the entrances of houses were in type of penetration and type of dead-end path. (3) 18 urban blocks have buildings not facing driveways located inside the urban blocks, type of concomitance most have it. There is a tendency that more entrances of shops and residences in such city blocks having a building not facing driveway, compared with urban blocks not having such a building. It can be said that a building not facing a driveway plays such a role in the city block space configuration that the building allows various retailing shops and residences to be on the ground level in the inner sides of the urban blocks. (4) By connected pedestrian paths of different urban blocks, were produced extensive pedestrian networks in the city. The pedestrian paths have been maintained for nearly 100 years even after the buildings have been scrapped and built. Thus networks of pedestrian paths should be recognized as the historical social infrastructure. Finally, pedestrian paths are valuable public and open space in high-density urban environment. They afford various commercial activities and buildings not facing driveways remain in the urban blocks. And wide pedestrian paths are utilized as the open terrace with deck and chairs.

著者

垣野 義典

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.631, pp.1875-1882, 2008-09-30

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

1

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This paper is the fourth in a series of studies on architectural planning of "free schools". In this part, action observation and interviews were conducted. 1) Children could stably engage activities by recognizing where staffs are. 2) Staffs choose locations according to four factors: children's activities, staffs activities, the situation at the time, and physical space. 3) Spaces without staffs control are essential for children for creating their own world. 4) Position of the staffroom is very important in relation with children's activities. 5) Staffs make a situation easy for children to approach and join them when staffs are not directly interacting with children.

著者

垣野 義典 須田 眞史 初見 学 長澤 泰

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.561, pp.121-128, 2002

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

2 2

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The aim of this paper is to clarify various self controled activities carried out by children in relation to utilizing various places in several "free schools" which provide places for those who do not want to go to ordinary schools. The result of field surveys and analysis are as follows ; 1) the number of children using the places are different from one day to another. In additon starting time and period of their activities varies from one person to another. 2) The ratio of period for free activities and programed ones in a ordinary day is respectively 80% and 20%. However, it was found that The ratio at programed activities rose up to 30%. 3) The ratios at individual activities in a day were from 20%-40%, while in the case of group activities were from 60%-80%. 4) Most of current "free schools" period quiet places for individual activities. Children selected an appropriciate place for their own need.

著者

桐生 伸喜 川西 利昌 井川 憲男 矢口 浩一

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.540, pp.9-14, 2001

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

9 5

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Ultraviolet Radiation is classified according to wavelength into three categories such as UV-A (315-400nm), UV-B (280-315nm), and UV-C (under 280nm). In these categories, UV-B is especially dangerous by causing damages such as cataracts, loss of skin immunity and increase in skin cancer. For this reason it is important to avoid overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. The first step in this avoidance is understand the sky UV'B radiance distribution and reflection of UV-B in areas of human activity. Although sky luminance distribution has been studied around the world, the sky ultraviolet radiance distribution has not yet been studied. This study is designed to observe an analyze the sky UV-B radiance distributions. And ultraviolet daylight factors were calculated based on the regression equation of the sky UV-B radiance distribution of clear sky.

著者

古田 朋子 鵤 心治 小林 剛士

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.605, pp.135-142, 2006

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this paper is to investigated the fact of technical standards for developments exceeded, to secure the minimal standards of town area. Result is as follows. Ranging small-scale development connected to roads of weak condition in the loose regulated area, which causes a condition of maze-like street. And we showed that technical standards in the City Planning Act are not enough to accumulate an ideal living environment. It is necessary to revise the technical standards or to guide developer development by local governments.

著者

丸山 俊明

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.573, pp.133-139, 2003-11-30 (Released:2017-02-09)

被引用文献数

4 4

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This work intends to disclose the ordering system for actual firefighting in Kyoto city under the Tokugawa regime (Tokugawa era). In this paper, it will be clarified who was acted as the command in chief in fire extinguishing performance at the firing location. In conclusion, the role of command in chief was used to be performed by Kyoto machibugyosho (magistrate of Kyoto) supported by Kyoto shoshidai (governor of Kyoto and its neighboring districts) for fire extinguishing team consisting of both of feudal lord group and citizen group.

著者

ファルキ・ジャヴェド・アフマド 小野 尋子 ハビビ・セイド・ムスタファ

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.782, pp.1233-1239, 2021

被引用文献数

1

---

<p>Kandahar is the second-largest city of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern part. It has experienced a drastic population increase and a dramatic expansion over the last two decades. Ahmad Shahi is an area which is located in the CBD of Kandahar city; it is famous for the historical dome houses and traditional urban fabric. The buildup area illegally expanded in violation of the master plan and caused a massive transformation in the land use from residential to commercial, which certainly affected the ancient architecture, culture and urban fabric of the area.</p><p>Cultural heritages and historical buildings have a significant role in the socio-economic development and identity of a place. According to the socio-economic survey, the residents are facing lots of problems in terms of the social and quality of life. The majority of the houses are at huge risk of collapse and failure due to the low maintenance from the construction point of view. There are a number of historical houses on the site with more than 100 years of building age; these are considering as a cultural asset for the area. Unfortunately, due to many reasons the government could not put any practical step for the preservation and rehabilitation of these assets so far. As a result, these houses have been destroyed gradually, and the architectural design and elements of these houses which are representing the ancient history and morphology of the area are steadily disappearing.</p><p>This study looks into a comparison and analysis of two maps associated with the target area from different years to find the percentages of transformation and changes in the land use.</p><p>There are a number of historical dome houses in the old city of Kandahar which have faced drastic changes and transformation since the last two decades. According to the spatial analysis from the satellite imagery of 2011 and 2018, (6.8%) of the residential lots have transformed into commercial regardless of the master plan which obviously have affected the environmental and social life aspect of the residents and as well as the characteristic of the area. This transformation and changes have occurred based on the land value, close distance to the CBD, transition of the family typology and some other minor factors. The historical houses are on the verge of collapse and need urgent repair and protection. Some other places which are currently in bad condition and may gradually perish if not paid proper attention can certainly threaten the life of the people who are residing there. This research basically focused on the traditional houses in the Old City of Kandahar and discussed the importance of historical value, land use transformation and its impact since the last two decades. Finally, some recommendations have been proposed to deal with the problem and to create a sustainable approach for the preservation of the old city of Kandahar.</p>

著者

村尾 修 岩本 宜式

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.594, pp.77-84, 2005

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

3 3

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Convenience stores contributed supplies to the damaged area due to the 1999 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake. Since then, how to practically use the convenience stores after earthquake disasters has been discussed by the Cabinet Office, Japan Franchise Association, and the convenience store companies. However, it cannot be realized without consideration of the location and regional potential capacity of each store. In this paper, the authors estimate the regional potential capacity for the distributable supplies of the stores in Kawasaki City from view points of the population, location, and range of the activity of the residents. Also it shows the disaster response plans by the companies.

著者

篠野 志郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.506, pp.191-195, 1998-04-30 (Released:2017-02-02)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 1

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In the research of the Byzantine city, the planning idea of the city, which is generally vague in spite of the development of urban culture in the Byzantine Empire, would have reflected into its image; it might be alluded unconsciously in the contemporary description. This paper based on this consideration deals with the symbolized concept of Constantinople by examining the descriptions of Patria written in the 10th century, which is by accident involved in the documents of Kodinos as Περι Κτισματον τηζ Κωυσταυτινουπολεωζ. As the result, Constantinople seems to have been recognized as a religious city without amusement by the contemporaries.

著者

野中 勝利

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.471, pp.99-109, 1995

参考文献数

15

---

The scenic district of most castle-towns were planned under the application of the Town Planning Law of 1919. This paper aims to clarify a policy for the scenic district on historical environment elements. The results are next points, 1) positive practical use, 2) close relation with park, 3) application to cooperate with preservation law.