著者

辻原 万規彦 藤岡 里圭

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.584, pp.51-58, 2004-10-30 (Released:2017-02-09)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

4 5

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The object of this study is to clarify the current issues of arcades in Japan. The typical examples of arcades constructed after the World War II in East Japan were analyzed by historical practice. The following four phases about development of arcades were focused on: firstly, the phase of invention (silver awning and silver arcade); secondly, the phase of fashion (the arcade of the various types); thirdly, the phase of expansion (the arcade of the louver type); finally, the phase of maturity (the arcade of the vault type). Moreover, the social conditions, which had changed the role and design of modern arcades, were investigated. The factors influenced the appearance and transformation of arcades were considered.

著者

辻原 万規彦 小林 正美 中村 泰人 外山 義

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.524, pp.215-222, 1999-10-30 (Released:2017-02-03)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

1 1

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For supporting design of arcades which improve the amenity in urban area, typical examples of modern arcades in West Japan after the world war II were arranged historically and analyzed systematically. In consequence, these examples were classified into four groups in chronological order, the period of invention (silver awning and silver arcade), the period of fashion (the arcade of the "Gassyou" type), the period of expansion (the arcade of the louver type), the period of maturity (the arcade of the dome type). The social conditions which had changed the role and design of modern arcades were investigated.

著者

政木 哲也 長坂 大

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.749, pp.1173-1182, 2018 (Released:2018-07-30)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

3 1

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In this study, we have surveyed the spatial configuration and distribution of Jizo (stone statue of Buddhist god) found within the limits of public housing in Kyoto city, and analyzed them in order to consider the transformation of common space by manners brought in by the residents. Jizo in urban areas is common mainly in the Kansai district. In the case of central Kyoto, citizens have traditionally formed religious urban spaces for the local community by enshrining Jizo on the streets. Kyoto suffered a serious housing shortage caused by the rapid population flow during the post WW2 era and the high economic growth period. Major suburban housing developments were accelerated to solve this issue. This led to many residents living in a whole new modern urban space. On the occasion of developing their own community, they have brought in their religious customs, including Jizo. Danchi-nai-Jizo (Jizo inside public housing) is still largely unexplored; a field research was conducted in order to clarify the present condition of every Danchi-nai-Jizo. This research includes recording their locations and orientations among the site. The total number of surveyed Danchi is 148 including three different housing categories; municipal housing, prefectural housing and rental apartments built by Japan Housing Corporation (JHC). As a result, 55 of these Danchi included Danchi-nai-Jizo. Our analysis of geographical distribution shows that Danchi-nai-Jizo can be found in every ward of Kyoto except Kamigyo-ward and more in suburban Danchi than ones in the central area. Some specific areas were found where many Danchi-nai-Jizo gather densely. Our analysis of chronological distribution of Danchi-nai-Jizo linked with construction year of each development, clarified that Danchi-nai-Jizo exists widely from the old Danchi to the new. They were both found in larger Danchi, most built in the 60's and early 70's, and smaller ones built after the 80's. Focusing on Danchi-nai-Jizo within common spaces, three pattern types, “Apartment type”, “Danchi type” and “Neighborhood type”, were derived through analysis of space configuration. This corresponds to three different scales of community space. The “Apartment type” is the configuration of Danchi-nai-Jizo that is placed close to the residents nearby the apartment building, at the center of a small unit of community space. Danchi-nai-Jizo for “Danchi type” is usually located inside or around the square facing towards the empty space. In this case, the Danchi-nai-Jizo is at the center of community space for the entire Danchi. “Neighborhood type” describes the Danchi-nai-Jizo on the border of the housing development. This configuration looks similar to Jizo seen on the streets in central Kyoto, but this Danchi-nai-Jizo has less relation to the Danchi it self. Danchi-nai-Jizo is an informal act by the residents, but it has been accommodated in the Danchi space for decades. The “Apartment type” Danchi-nai-Jizo has fit in a small excess space around the resident access path and more accommodation is found in these common spaces. In the case of “Danchi type”, it is about how Danchi-nai-Jizo was accepted and how it replaced the original function of the open space. “Neighborhood type” showed how Danchi space accommodates to the surrounding neighborhood. In conclusion, it is safe to say that Danchi-nai-Jizo has existed despite the transformation of Danchi space, and flexible and accommodating nature in Danchi was clarified through the existence of Danchi-nai-Jizo seen in various types of common spaces.

著者

政木 哲也 長坂 大

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.763, pp.1871-1881, 2019 (Released:2019-09-30)

参考文献数

18

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In this study, we have surveyed the distribution and spatial spread of Jizo-bon (ceremony of Jizo =stone statue of a Buddhist god) found within the limits of public housing located in eastern suburb of Kyoto city, and analyzed them in order to consider the nature of common space used for ceremonies held by the residents. Jizo-bon is a ritual ceremony common mainly in the Kansai area, held in 24th August, the ceremonial day of Jizo-bosatsu (A god of Buddhism). While Jizo-bon is composed by several events, the most important section is the Buddhist chant and lecture provided by the priest. In the ceremony, prayers will gather around the Jizo to pray with the priest. Our study focuses on the behavior of this ceremonial area. Jizo-bon inside public housing is still largely unexplored; a field research was conducted in order to clarify the present condition of every Jizo-bon held inside public housing in the eastern suburb of Kyoto city. The scope of the survey was aimed at public housings located in Yamashina-ward and eastern Fushimi-ward. The history of this area is relatively short compared to central Kyoto. Urban development experienced rapid growth in the post WW2 era and during the high economic growth period. Major housing development led the growth of population of this suburban area. In our last study, we have pointed out these suburban areas are the specific areas in Kyoto where large amount of Danchi-nai-Jizo (Jizo inside public housing) were found. Research of Jizo-bon in this area will highlight the traditional manners within the modern habitation environment. Jizo-bon was identified in 17 public housings, out of 19 (with Danchi-nai-Jizo). 11 were found in Yamashina ward and 6 were in the eastern Fushimi area. There was a clear correlation between the housings with Danchi-nai-Jizo and the ceremony. We confirmed that these Danchi-nai-Jizo were mainly placed for the Jizo-bon festival. We found three pattern types identified based on its position, “Open-air”, “Pilotis”, and “Halls”. These types were derived through analysis of chronological configuration. In massive housings built by the early 70s, small sized “Open-air” Jizo-bon, the ceremony held outdoors at the Jizo location, were typical. During this era, social interest of Jizo-bon grew throughout the city, and the performance of ceremonies become bigger and grander in scale. Jizo-bon in “Halls”, the ceremony performed indoors of the hall in public housing, were found during this era. Public housing built in each era tend to carry and maintain their own Jizo-bon until today. This explains the various forms of Jizo-bon we see. Spatial analysis of the ceremonial areas within common space brought out two specific behaviors; “diverse” and “traverse”. “Diverse” explains the original purpose and function of common space diverted into ceremonial use. “Traverse” explains the crossover use of various common space, while temporarily neutralizing the borders within. The loose articulation among the common space sustains the use of various Jizo-bon in public housings. Tents, mats and lanterns are usually placed around the Jizo during the ceremony. These temporary elements make the everyday common space into the ritual space. This shows that Jizo-bon in public housing is an event that the common space overlaps the extraordinary. In conclusion, it is safe to say that loose articulation found among common space in public housings, carries and sustains the various ways of common use by the community, such as the Jizo-bon.

著者

清山 陽平 神吉 紀世子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.778, pp.2683-2693, 2020 (Released:2020-12-30)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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This study aims to clarify the locality in modern changing landscape. Research area is Minami-shinchi, Chusyojima, Fushimi, Kyoto, which was developed after 1925 without any masterplan. Its landscape can be described as cluttered landscape. On the existing buildings of various ages and designs, there are so many signs of repair or renovation left. It is a serious problem how to evaluate the locality in such a cluttered landscape in change and to propose the method of conservation.  Research objects are 11 shops in 10 buildings in Minami-shinch. I did design survey of these shop buildings and did life history interviews to shop owners. Through the survey, the history of buildings was clarified in detail, especially when/why/how/ they have been changed by owners. Through the interviews, I made an chronological table of these changes and it is clarified that all of these shop buildings have renovated or repaired partially several times. And these changes were done in order to manage the changing situation of owners’ life or business. Through the design survey, I clarified how the building at present has been created by these changes in detail with plans, elevations, and pictures.  There are 36 changes on the researched buildings in total. And there are 21 changes inside shops, but most of them are partially. Many changes are on the floors or walls with painting or wallpaper, which can cover and change wide area easily and cheaply. And there are 16 changes on the façade of the buildings. Most of them intend to change whole the façade, but original part and changed part(s) can be seen in all the buildings. Some were renovated to billboard architecture but the original roof can be seen, some were changed its 1st floor to open the shop but its 2nd floor for living space were not changed, and some were changed again partially to open the new shop.  As a result of these two surveys, I clarified these changes based on owner’s effort and ingenuities to manage the changing situation of business or life in their limited budgets. And that is the locality of this changing landscape in Minami-shinch. Therefore, cluttered landscape or buildings with many signs of changes can be evaluated as authentic in the folksy area with frequent changes of the situation of life or business of residents.

著者

池田 佳樹 辻村 壮平 佐野 友紀 安江 仁孝 今西 美音子 平手 小太郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.741, pp.2799-2806, 2017 (Released:2017-11-30)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

3 3

---

In this research, we conducted an interview survey using the evaluation grid method with elements of additional signs posted at the station as elements. As a result, we clarified the evaluation structure of preferable additional signs for users in the station and extracted considerations to be addressed for a better sign plan. The findings obtained are summarized below. · From the perspective of evaluating the additional sign of the station user, the four perspectives of "time reduction", "sense of security", "fatigue reduction" and "reliability" came up in this survey, and we found that these four factors are important. ·In order to raise the credibility of additional signs it is important to make it permanent rather than handwritten or handmade. ·In order to realize the movement smoothness contributing to above the three high-level concepts of "time reduction", "feeling of security", and "feeling of fatigue", “ease of finding" and "ease of judging the direction to the destination" is important. ·In order to achieve "ease of finding", "expression on the board surface itself and contents in the board" and "proper sign arrangement within the view" are important. ·The contents and directions drawn on the additional sign are easy to understand, making it easier to understand intuitively, and as a result it is easier to judge the direction of the destination. As a concrete design method of the "easy to understand contents and directions", " expression about contents in the board " and "proper sign arrangement on the plan of the station." are important. Compiling also the knowledge obtained in the past research, there were things that could be useful knowledge not only for additional sign but also for official sign , as described below. ·It is important to show the information that we want to emphasize in the sign beyond the height of the line of sight. ·The size of letters on the signboard surface and the posting height of the sign influence "attractiveness". ·"Enhancing movement smoothness" by the additional sign leads to an increase in the comfort of stations such as spiritual clearance and convenience as a result. We are considering "preference" from the results of an interview survey using elements of additional signs in this research. But from now on, based on the fact that differences in purpose affect the evaluation on the same sign, we want to explore better information provision methods for station users by considering the design and planning method each use purpose of the signs, such as assuming the situations at the time of using the station or conducting experiments using different elements.

著者

寺川 優美 田中 紀之 三浦 研 寺川 政司

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.571, pp.69-76, 2003-09-30 (Released:2017-02-09)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

3 5

---

The interactions of the aged were considered to be essential for aging in place. This research was based on surveys of the aged living in a depopulated region where the changes were more drastic. 1. Families, relatives, friends and neighbors had different functions to support the aged. Welfare services not only supported their living but also lessened their loneliness. 2. In winter, interactions tended to decrease because of heavy snowfall, but in some cases they increased because the aged had more free time, or their families visited more frequently to support them for shopping, snow shoveling and so on. 3. According to aging, interactions tended to decrease.

著者

鈴木 隆

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.482, pp.135-145, 1996-04-30 (Released:2017-01-28)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2 2

---

The composition of different types of architectural and urban spaces with a courtyard can be identified and explained by what we call the "principle of association of MA(Japanese meaning a room space)" based on two neccessary conditions : an opening for light and air of the MA and an efficient utilization of the site. 1) Different plans of houses with a courtyard result from the principle applied to the sites of various forms. 2) The principle permits to assimilate the galeries to the architecture with a courtyard. 3) The housing estates composed around a courtyard on large sites are a planning choice rather than the necessity of the principle. 4) A block of houses with a courtyard can be reorganized by the rearrangement according to this principle.

著者

山本 ゆかり

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.592, pp.233-238, 2005

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of this research is clarifying manifestation of a suburban residential section for "Sumiyoshi-mura" located in the Hanshin area where the suburban residential section's developed in modernization. "Sumiyoshi-mura" is reconstructed and developed in early 20th century. Several points were revealed. "Sumiyoshi-mura" made the land of a village housing site in 1900. Moreover, the many businessmen of Osaka bought the land of Sumiyoshi-mura. "Mototaro Abe" borrowed and developed land from the village. These were before generating of the residential suburbs in Japan.

著者

田村 正

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.531, pp.103-109, 2000-05-30 (Released:2017-02-03)

参考文献数

21

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Large Commercial theaters are often tried to rebuild as complex facilities to increase their business profit. I chose five of these theaters and compared them with simple theaters, in order to evaluate their spatial composition. I analyzed the composition of their mixed use, surveyed their sites, and studied both contextual and programmatic relationship to the neighborhoods around them. I also conducted interviews with their managers. The conclusion is that complex theaters have much more potential for profit than simple theaters.

著者

佐々木 宏幸

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.747, pp.885-895, 2018 (Released:2018-05-30)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1 2

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This study focuses on “flexible zone” and Parklet as means to provide outdoor spaces for eating and drinking while utilizing parking lanes. The purpose of this study is to clarify advantages and disadvantages as well as common and different features of “flexible zone” and Parklet, and to explore ways for realizing similar spaces in Japan. A “flexible zone” is a parking lane that is allowed to convert to outdoor dining areas by adjacent business owners with government permission, and three examples, Castro Street in Mountain View, Theatre Way in Redwood City, and First Street in Livermore, exist in California in the United States. On the other hand, Parklet is the program launched in San Francisco that facilitates the installation of public pedestrian spaces on parking lanes. The research on “flexible zone” is based on the previous study by the author and additional field surveys. In addition, with regard to universal design that is conceived as an important aspect for the comparison with Parklet, reviews of documents regarding the operation of “flexible zones” and hearings with an urban designer in charge of the design of all three “flexible zones” have been conducted. On the other hand, with regard to Parklet, reviews of documents and previous researches regarding Parklet as well as a hearing with a city official have been conducted. In addition, field surveys of all “flexible zones” and 26 Parklets have been conducted in order to observe actual conditions and operations. Through the comparison between “flexible zone” and Parklet, the author clarifies common features and differences between them, and then explores 1) their uniqueness as methods of producing outdoor spaces for eating and drinking, 2) their advantages and disadvantages, and 3) ways for realizing outdoor spaces for eating and drinking on parking lanes in Japan. With regard to the uniqueness, both “flexible zone” and Parklet are realized through the cooperation between public and private sectors while paying lots of consideration for design, safety and comfortability. In addition, in both methods, the balance between pedestrian spaces converted from parking lanes and on-street parking spaces is considered and maintained through their permission processes as well as their spatial flexibility. On the other hand, the level of publicness is a primary difference between them, i.e. “flexible zone” is not necessarily open to the public while Parklet is required to be open to the public. With regard to “flexible zone”, effectiveness for the improvement of pedestrian and urban environment, possible safety measures by street design, limited cost burden on business owners, high spatial variability, and appropriate maintenance and operation by business owners are conceived as advantages, whereas substantial cost burden on the public sector and limited use by the public are conceived as a disadvantage. On the other hand, with regard to Parklet, limited cost burden on the public sector, aptitude for phasing implementation, effectiveness for the creation of interactive spaces, and feasibility at various locations and for a short period of time are conceived as advantages, whereas lack of unity of streetscape, limited spatial flexibility, heavy cost burden on business owners, and improper operation are conceived as disadvantages. With regard to ways for realizing in Japan, it is important to consider 1) realization methods in accordance with purposes and existing conditions of a target area, 2) responsibilities, systems and measures for securing pedestrian safety, 3) consistency with related ordinances and their necessary revisions, and 4) introduction of a phasing implementation process through pilot projects, are important in Japan.

著者

植田 瑞昌 八藤後 猛

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.750, pp.1447-1457, 2018 (Released:2018-08-30)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 2

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Independent excretion requires disabled children to acquire communication ability and the ability to maintain posture throughout the process of growth. These efforts require a combination of medical care, rehabilitation and education. However, under the current circumstances, teaching and training for excretion are provided at hospitals, rehabilitation facilities or schools when they are not given under home conditions. Further, the need for the development of changing excretion environments along with the growth of disabled children is not referred to. No studies have been found that address these issues as well as appropriate excretion environments based on the stages of growth or development of disabled children from the perspective of architectural planning studies. Consequently, the objective of our studies is to highlight the current situations and environments of excretion among disabled children and the actual conditions of the development of excretion environments based on the stages of growth or development of disabled children (physical/intellectual ability). We conducted a survey using a questionnaire and obtained responses from 729 disabled children. We classified the disabled children based on the physical or excretion conditions into groups that share similar difficulties in terms of excretion environments and analyzed them group by group. Our survey revealed the following: 1. Some disabled children use diapers in spite of no excretion disability. If children have difficulties going to the toilet owing to reason of physical functions, housing environments need to be developed from the perspective of caregivers who assist disabled children with moving. 2. The development of excretion environments would enable disabled children to excrete or change diapers at the toilet. Even though disabled children use diapers at their houses, they would be able to excrete at the toilet using assistance tools or toilet bowls of various shapes at rehabilitation facilities or schools. The development of excretion environments at houses which allow disabled children to excrete without help is needed. 3. Few houses have sufficient excretion environments. Information on how to develop environments at houses or subsidy housing is lacking. 4. Excretion environments at public toilets away from home are highly unsuitable. That they have no table for adults to change children's diapers suggests they do not assume use by disabled children. 5. Children with severe intellectual disability such as sound hypersensitivity, allotriophagy or coprophilia have different issues from physically disabled children with respect to the development of excretion environments.

著者

岩本 馨

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.560, pp.305-310, 2002-10-30 (Released:2017-02-04)

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the "Jofu" system of Mito-han, which means settlement in Edo. The main contents of this paper are as follows. a) From the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate, lord usually lived in the Edo estate, and then, in the eighteenth century, vassals of Mito-han began to immigrate to Edo. At first, immigration was encouraged by lord. b) However, the advance of immigration was too rapid to be controlled, and the system of the castle city and the Edo estate had to be transformed critically.

著者

中村 景月 田路 貴浩

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.777, pp.2455-2465, 2020-11

被引用文献数

2

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<p> This paper focuses on the early modern urbanization process in the Higashi-Kujo area, the periphery of Kyoto, from the viewpoint of land ownership and land use. Shortly after World War II, extremely densely built up district and illegally occupied district formed in the area, so that the problem of a harsh living environment occurred. In addition, the area was subject to regional discrimination that originated in ethnic discrimination. The purpose of this study is to consider the factors that caused these urban problems through clarifying the urbanization process before the war.</p><p> First, the rural structure before urbanization can be broadly divided into three areas: a village formed around the Takeda Street, and farmland spread east and west of the village. Comparing the farmland in the east and west, the east side of the village are relatively infertile, probably because the east side was the floodplain of the Kamogawa River. Lands in the village was owned by local owners, including small-scale landowners, while farmland in the east and west was owned by large-scale landowners, including absent landowners. In particular, Lands on the north side of the area near the old urban area tended to be owned by absent landowners. It shows that potential urbanization was proceeding ahead of urbanization. In the early Taisho era, factories were located around the villages, and Housing construction mainly in houses tenement houses rapidly progressed around these factories from the end of the Taisho era. However, some farmland and vacant land remained. Also, affected by the rural structure before urbanization, there was a difference in the development of the urban area between the east and west of Takeda Street. Because the southwestern part was more fertile than the east side, it was maintained as farmland. In other words, the east side, which was inferior as farmland, took the initiative in urbanization. In addition, in the margins of the formed urban area, small-scale defective housing districts are scattered, and they were also settlements of Koreans. Especially in the northeastern part of the area, which was close to pre-modern discrimination areas, the concentration of poor people led to the construction of public housing, social welfare facilities, and flophouse.</p><p> Local landowners developed residential land following industrialization while securing the agricultural land in the southwestern part of the area to respond to the shift of the regional industrial structure from agriculture to industry. In addition, as poverty has increased, some have provided lands for the construction of social welfare facilities and public housing. However, each landowner had lands scattered throughout the area, so each landowner developed residential land individually. This is one of the factors that caused the poor residential area to remain small and scattered. On the other hand, some absent landowners were reluctant to convert to residential lands. Many lands continued to be held and remaining farmland was scattered. Especially in the northeastern part of the area, the remaining farmland and vacant land owned by absent landowners became all residential land after land readjustment beginning in the late 1930s and became a sink for extreme population inflow after the war.</p>

著者

徳尾野 徹 横山 俊祐

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.695, pp.39-48, 2014

被引用文献数

1

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The purposes of this study are clarifying as follows for reevaluation of &lsquo;bunka-jutaku&rsquo;.<br>1) trend of supply and demand and change of notion war<br>2) position on local development of nongovernment apartment houses<br>3) meaning as family type apartment house<br>The sources of information for the analysis are advertisements of real estate on Asahi newspaper morning (Osaka) (1952-1976). By result of analysis, it was cleared that as for &lsquo;bunka-jutaku&rsquo;, just negative understanding called a kind of &lsquo;mokuchin&rsquo; is insufficient. &lsquo;Bunka-jutaku&rsquo; was platform for trial that was gradual advancement of living convenience and expansion of unit for needs of nuclear family.

著者

大場 修 山田 智子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.509, pp.197-202, 1998

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

1 1

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On this study, by picking up town-houses in Osaka-city of modern ages, I drew the personal style and design of modern ages, investigated the characteristics of them. The summary of this study can be given below: ・The Omoteya-zukuri style which was one of characteristics of town-houses in Edo period was succeeded after Meiji period. ・After the middle of Meiji period, Zasiki room was formed in the second floor of town-house, and it tended tobe main room in town-houses. ・Influenced by extensions of streets, three stories town-houses came into existence after Taisyo period. Many of town-houses in modern ages took in western design. Especially facade and shop space of town-houses have remarkable western styles. But the building style of them succeeded the traditional style of old town-houses in Edo period such as the Omoteya-zukuri style.

著者

藤田 悠 斎尾 直子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.733, pp.697-703, 2017 (Released:2017-03-30)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

2 7

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“Obnoxious facility” is a general term for the facilities that are necessary for society but that people do not want to be located near their habitation. Moreover, the sense of dislike of such buildings is termed “NIMBY”. Until now, incineration plants, crematoria, and other public facilities have been famous as obnoxious facilities in Japan. Recently, however, it has emerged as a big social issue that many nursery schools cannot open because of neighborhood opposition movements. In the 1990s, homes for the aged were also subjected to strong protests against their establishment. It is supposed that the factors of the phenomenon that cause these welfare facilities—which fulfill fundamental social demands—to become obnoxious facilities, or conversely cease to be so considered, include not only the political promotion of their establishment but also changes in social consciousness. This research aims to examine the historical transition of welfare facilities for the aged and children as obnoxious facilities, and to consider the social background and problems. In this study, we examine the newspaper articles on the opposition movements against the establishment of these facilities as the basis to judge whether they became targets of NIMBY. By analyzing the texts of these articles and the specific planned location of homes for the aged and nursery schools opposed by the residents living in the vicinity, we clarify the causal factors of this phenomenon. In Chapter 2, we compare for seven public facilities the change in the numbers of articles on the opposition movements against their establishment to reveal the historical positioning of homes for the aged and children as obnoxious facilities. Both types of facilities experienced a particular peak for the number of corresponding articles. In Chapter 3, we analyze the contents of these articles and the location environment of 23 construction plans for homes for the aged detailed in these articles. From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, there were many cases where prejudice against homes for the aged seemed to be most prevalent, but after that period, such cases gradually disappeared. However, due to the lack of site selection procedures in the late 1980s, there were also many cases in which the government began promoting their construction in green spaces, parks, and public squares to secure a comfortable environment for the residents among dense urban areas. We clarify that the number of opposition movements against homes for the aged decreased because people came to accept them and they have also become beneficial for an increasing number of people with the advancement of an aging society. In Chapter 4, we analyze the contents of these articles and the location environment of 15 construction plans for nursery schools detailed in these articles. In the 1970s, there were some movements against nursery schools and a controversy among society over dealing with them as an undesirable noise source. Moreover, since the 2010s, the number of these movements had increased again and it continues to expand more steadily now than in the 1970s. We reveal that the major factors in the growing number of cases in recent years comprise the deregulation of nursery schools executed in the 2000s, the change of the psychological distance to children among society mainly caused by the declining birth rate, and incomprehension of the necessity of nursery school among the elderly who have never used it. With the increase in demand for homes for the aged and children, it is expected that these facilities will increase ever further and that the arguments of the opposition movements will become increasingly diverse. We need to discuss how to promote mutual understanding within local societies.

著者

三浦 詩乃 吉田 宗人 田中 伸治 有吉 亮

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.781, pp.949-959, 2021-03

著者

今田 多映 権藤 智之

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.778, pp.2703-2711, 2020 (Released:2020-12-30)

参考文献数

14

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The management of sub-contractors and material suppliers is vital for building construction management which requires a great deal of workers or materials. However, it is difficult to find an appropriate data source for investigating this management information itself, particularly time sequential data. The Shimizu Corporation (“Shimizu-Gumi” in the post-war era) has stored approximately 3,000 construction reports from the post-war era (1923–1941), in which the types of businesses of the sub-contractors or material suppliers is recorded, such as carpentry, plastering, and supply of lumber or cements, among others. The aim of this paper is to investigate the actual condition and the changes introduced in the process of the management of sub-contractors and material suppliers by Shimizu-Gumi in the post-war era. Shimizu-Gumi has been one of the largest general contractors in Japan since the 18th century. The authors recorded the types of businesses of house construction (510 records) and office construction (360 records). Up to 30–36 types of businesses are recorded in each construction report. The authors calculated the “appearance rate” and the “average number of businesses.” The “appearance rate” is the percentage of the construction reports which recorded the name of the target type of business in the total construction reports. The “average number of businesses” is, on an average, how many times the type of business is recorded in one construction report. In some cases, a type of business is recorded more than once in one construction report. The findings are as follows: 1. In house construction, there are 47 types of businesses where the appearance rate is more than 5%, while there are 52 types in office construction, among which 43 types are common. The types of businesses in which the appearance rate is high are carpentry, plastering, and scaffolding, among others. The type of business in which the appearance rate is low is mainly supply of materials, which deals with finishing materials. 2. In office construction, the comparison between wooden construction and non-wooden construction (reinforced concrete, steel, etc.) revealed the difference in the appearance rate or changing process, such as the appearance rate of tiles increasing first in wooden office construction and then in non-wooden construction. 3. The appearance rate increased or decreased in several types of businesses. Some of these changes corresponded to previous studies, such as the increase of “tobi-doko” (the integration of tobi, scaffolders, and doko, earth workers) or the increase of tiles and decrease of bricks. 4. There are approximately five types of businesses in which the average number of businesses is more than 1. In the business of metal doors, according to one construction report, data regarding workers (sub-contractors for construction) and material suppliers are recorded. In future studies, the authors will investigate the names of the workers or companies recorded in the construction reports. This will elucidate the selection of workers or material suppliers by the general contractor, the difference between workers of material suppliers in house construction and office construction, and the changing process of types of businesses by the same workers or material suppliers. In addition, further analysis is required to establish whether these findings can be applied to other general contractors or other types of constructions.

著者

田口 俊夫

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.735, 2017-05

被引用文献数

3

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&nbsp;Minato Mirai 21 (&ldquo;MM21&rdquo;) is a waterfront redevelopment scheme that blends offices, residential and commercial uses in the center of Yokohama. It is regarded as one of the most courageous attempts at waterfront redevelopment in Japan. It started with a proposal in 1964 by Akira Tamura, an eminent Japanese urban planner. This work was commissioned by Ichio Asukata, a liberal socialist mayor of Yokohama city. They envisaged the relocation of an aging but operational shipyard, harbor piers and railway freight yards in order to create a new site which would connect two existing central districts that had been separated by these industrial estates.<br>&nbsp;Besides MM21, Tamura proposed other novel structural plans as &ldquo;six spine projects&rdquo; for Yokohama, which was then under population influx pressure from Tokyo. Because of the city government's financial constraints and limited planning power, Tamura initiated a paradigm shift in planning principles towards ceasing reliance on paternalistic support from central government. He strongly advocated a local planning approach with local government initiatives and also the introduction of privatization. Tamura wrote numerous books detailing his peerless experiences as a leader of the new urban planning and coordination bureau of the city for ten years. However, a chronological study of his work based on historical facts has not been attempted previously. This research aims to clarify the detailed process for planning and negotiation of MM21. The roles and positions adopted towards the MM21 scheme of the concerned bodies such as the City, Mitsubishi Group, Japan National Railways (&ldquo;JNR&rdquo;), the Yokohama maritime industry, Japan Housing and Development Corporation and national ministries have also been explored.<br>&nbsp;Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (&ldquo;MHI&rdquo;) owned the old shipyard, and Mitsubishi Estate acquired most of the shipyard land, becoming the major landowner in the area. JNR operated huge freight yards within the planned area. As the area was exclusively a harbor district, the maritime industry of Yokohama wished to protect their interests. Tamura prepared a new industrial estate in a newly reclaimed area to relocate the shipyard which made it possible for MHI to expand its production. Tamura negotiated and reached a deal with MHI, but they could not make a decision on relocation due to the extremely volatile economic situation surrounding the ship industry. At the same time, Tamura persuaded JNR to either move or abandon their freight yards, which caused a strong movement of community opposition to the relocation. Tamura envisaged an appropriate size for redevelopment of the Mitsubishi Estate in terms of private investment by minimizing the volume of reclaimed land. By allowing the company to make decent profits from the redevelopment, the construction of public infrastructure and facilities was planned mostly through private contributions rather than public investment.<br>&nbsp;Tamura was later required by the new mayor to relinquish control over the second stage MM21's execution, but Tamura's successors were able to successfully execute the second stage of MM21. Regarding the privatization aspect of the project, Keiichi Ozawa as the new chief urban planner made a breakthrough by persuading the Mitsubishi group and the maritime industry to introduce a land readjustment scheme in the area and also provide a new maritime development area within it. After Ozawa left his role, Ryoichi Hirose, as the next chief planner, helped concerned bodies to reach agreement on the final implementation plan in 1983. Both Ozawa and Hirose were reliable staff members of Tamura's group. Although the redevelopment area was eventually expanded due to pressure from concerned parties, the continuity of dedicated chief urban planners made the project successful over a longer term.