著者

平川 力 米良 信昭 佐野 泰三 根岸 信彰 竹内 浩士

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.1, pp.71-92, 2009-01-01 (Released:2009-01-01)

参考文献数

52

被引用文献数

11 12

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Photocatalysis has been widely applied to solar-energy conversion and environmental purification. Photocatalyst, typically titanium dioxide (TiO2), produces active oxygen species under irradiation of ultraviolet light, and can decompose not only conventional pollutants but also different types of hazardous substances at mild conditions. We have recently started the study of photocatalytic decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) under collaboration with the National Research Institute of Police Science. This article reviews environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis, decontamination methods for CWAs, and previous photocatalytic studies applied to CWA degradation, together with some of our results obtained with CWAs and their simulant compounds. The data indicate that photocatalysis, which may not always give a striking power, certainly helps detoxification of such hazardous compounds. Unfortunately, there are not enough data obtained with real CWAs due to the difficulty in handling. We will add more scientific data using CWAs in the near future to develop useful decontamination systems that can reduce the damage caused by possible terrorism.

著者

青木 学一 小田 さつき 久保田 聡 齋藤 栄 横田 訓男 柴﨑 淳 渋谷 清 酒向 孫市 尾鳥 勝也

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.1, pp.125-133, 2021-01-01 (Released:2021-01-01)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

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The immunosuppressant azathioprine (AZA) is classified as a hazardous drug. AZA contamination during tablet-splitting increases exposure risk. However, there is no study on contamination and exposure during AZA tablet splitting and dispensing. AZA tablet splitting and dispensing methods were classified based on whether tweezers are used during splitting and packaging. In Dispensing Method (1), no tweezers were used in either step. In Dispensing Method (2), no tweezers were used during tablet splitting, but were used during packaging. In Dispensing Method (3), tweezers were used in both steps. After AZA half-tablet split-dispensing, we quantified the adherent AZA removed from the tools, packaging machines, and dispensing counters by three consecutive wipings with water-dampened polypropylene cloths. A large amount of AZA adhered to the gloves used in Dispensing Methods (1) and (2), wherein tablets were placed with gloved hands, compared with Dispensing Method (3), wherein tablets were held with tweezers. Thus, the gloves must be replaced before touching the packaging paper during the final step. After three consecutive wipings, AZA was not detected at most of the sites in the third round. Thus, we recommend that (1) AZA tablet splitting should be performed while wearing gloves, (2) the gloves should be changed before packaging the half tablets, and (3) the tools, packaging machines, and dispensing counters should be wiped twice or thrice with a water-dampened cloth after dispensing.

著者

千原 呉郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.3, pp.171-186, 1988-03-25 (Released:2008-05-30)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

6 7

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The most important problem in cancer research is to increase comfortably the survival time and to prevent completely recurrence after surgical resection in cancer patients. Cytocidal anticancer chemotherapeutics have detrimental side effects and destroy host defence mechanisms, and are not useful for cancer patients. On the other hand, there is several evidence suggesting the existence of intrinsic resistance to cancer. The examples are an equilibrium state with proliferation and regression in a small amount of cancer cells and spontaneous regression of cancer. An increase in this resistance may be one of the most important problem to find new anticancer drugs. In Oriental medicine practiced in Asian countries from olden times, the fundamental principle is to regulate homeostasis of the whole body and to bring the diseased person to a normal state, rather than to attack the focus directly. On the basis of such a concept, the antitumor activity of numerous folk remedies has been reexamined and isolated a polysaccharide with marked antitumor activity and named as lentinan. Lentinan is a strictly purified β-1, 6 : β-1, 3-D-glucan, and exerts prominent antitumor activities in murine allogeneic, syngeneic and autochthonous hosts, prevents chemical and viral oncogeneses, and suppresses tumor metastasis in several clinical models. The antitumor action of lentinan is host-mediated. Comparing with other well-known immunostimulants, such as BCG, C. parvum and LPS, lentinan appears to represent a unique class of immunopotentiator, a T-cell oriented adjuvant in which macrophages play some parts. First, lentinan triggers the increased production of various kinds of bioactive serum factors associated with immunity and inflammation, such as CSF, IL-1, IL-3, vascular dilatation hemorrhage inducer and acute-phase protein inducer, by direct impact of macrophages or indirectly via lentinan-stimulated T-cells, which results in the induction of many immunobiological changes in the host. Augmented IL-1 production amplifies the maturation of immature effector cells to mature cells capable of responding to IL-2 and other cytokines, but lentinan do not augment production of IL-2. This is the most important characteristics of lentinan, because this suggests a contact point between new immunology and Oriental medicine. Lentinan augments differentiation of various kinds of important cells in the host defence. These results clearly explain the requirment of intact macrophages and T-cell compartments for antitumor activity of lentinan. Lentinan has only a little toxic side effect in in vivo application to animals and human. An excellent result was obtained in 4 year's follow-up of the randomized control study of lentinan in Phase III on the patients with advanced and recurrent stomach, colo-rectal, breast cancer and malignant lymphoma. These results suggest that lentinan might be more effective for micrometastasis after surgery. Lentinan is a hopeful drug for cancer patients.

著者

柏柳 誠

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.132, no.11, pp.1247-1253, 2012-11-01 (Released:2012-11-01)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

3 1

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Olfactory cells receive numerous odorants including toxic substances. To avoid complete loss of the olfactory function by toxic odorants, continuous neurogenesis of olfactory cells occurs even at adulthood. Newly generated olfactory neurons extend their axons to the olfactory bulb. Various molecules including polypeptides, proteins, polynucleotides, virus, and cells administrated intranasally have been reported to move from the olfactory epithelium to the brain tissue via the olfactory epithelium-olfactory bulb pathway. I discuss the pathway of substances intranasally administrated to the brain from the view point of characteristics of the olfactory epithelium.

著者

天ヶ瀬 紀久子 中村 英志 加藤 伸一 竹内 孝治

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.131, no.12, pp.1711-1719, 2011 (Released:2011-12-01)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

2 4

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Glutamate is known as the umami substance in the diet and umami taste has been traditionally preferred in East Asian countries. Recent our and others' studies showed that glutamate has potential to protect the gastrointestinal mucosa against noxious agents. In contrast, Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are recognized as the two major causes of gastrointestinal diseases characterized by gastritis or gastrointestinal ulcers. We examined whether dietary supplementation of glutamate prevents the Helicobacter pylori infection- and NSAIDs-induced gastrointestinal damages in animal models. In this paper, we first review how these noxious agents develop gastrointestinal damages, and secondly discuss the possible candidates of protective factors as well as the mechanisms how glutamate prevents these gastrointestinal damages. We propose that our daily intake of glutamate has important roles in protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa against Helicobacter pylori and NSAIDs and possibly contributes to the maintenance of our healthy lives.

著者

大谷 道輝 川端 志津 假家 悟 内野 克喜 伊藤 敬 小瀧 一 籾山 邦男 森川 亜紀 瀬尾 巖 西田 紀子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.122, no.5, pp.323-329, 2002-05-01 (Released:2003-02-18)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

11 13

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The effect of the intake of 200g of grapefruit pulp (corresponding to one grapefruit) on the pharmacokinetics of the calcium antagonists nifedipine (NF) and nisoldipine (NS) were investigated in 8 healthy Japanese male volunteers. A crossover design was used for the study: group I did not ingest any grapefruit (control group); group II ingested grapefruit 1 h after drug administration; and group III ingested grapefruit 1 h before drug administration. The intake of grapefruit pulp increased the plasma concentrations of both NF and NS, an effect that has previously been reported with grapefruit juice. The increase was most marked when grapefruit was eaten before drug administration. For both NF and NS, subjects who ingested grapefruit 1 h before drug administration exhibited a greater Cmax and AUC0—24 than did subjects in the control group. For NF, the Cmax was 1.4 times higher and the AUC0—24 1.3 times larger in group III than in group I. For NS, the Cmax was 1.5 times higher and the AUC0—24 1.3 times larger in group III than in group I. The increase in the AUC0-24 was significant for both drugs (p<0.05). The finding that the ratios of Cmax and AUC0—24 for unchanged drug and metabolites did not vary greatly among the three groups for either drug suggests that the increase in serum concentration produced by grapefruit intake may be due to other factors than an inhibitory effect on drug metabolism. Also, the increases in Cmax and AUC0—24 of NS produced by grapefruit intake were smaller than those produced by grapefruit juice intake, indicating that grapefruit pulp and juice have different effects on the pharmacokinetics.

著者

岡田 浩

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.135, no.3, pp.367-371, 2015 (Released:2015-03-01)

参考文献数

13

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The number of Japanese patients with chronic diseases is increasing year by year largely because of the acceleration of demographic aging and lifestyle changes in Japan. Although many patients with chronic diseases receive their medications from pharmacists, many community pharmacists have not changed their communication style with their patients. Empowerment is the basic idea that patient support is not widely known by pharmacists but the certified diabetes educator (CDE). We started Diabetes Theater, a program for healthcare providers that includes short drama and discussion with attendees, in 2009. The concept of the program is empowerment for patients: a process to help patients make better healthcare decisions. In addition, we launched another educational program to help community pharmacists learn about communication skills with diabetes patients named “The Three star Pharmacist Training Program” in 2012. In this article, we discuss our forthcoming plans to spread these ideas of empowerment among pharmacists.

著者

榎木 英介

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.138, no.4, pp.459-464, 2018-04-01 (Released:2018-04-01)

参考文献数

27

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Cases of research misconduct (fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism) have been increasing worldwide, including in Japan. In particular, since 2006, many cases of research misconduct have been reported in Japan, and these cases have also been covered by the media. The 2014 case of the withdrawal of articles on STAP cells followed a rare course in which research misconduct became a full-blown social phenomenon. In recent years, even the University of Tokyo has experienced reported cases of research misconduct. In this report, I would like to introduce some representative cases of research misconduct in the field of life sciences over the past decade. These examples include studies conducted at Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine (2006), Osaka University Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience (2006), Ryukyu University School of Medicine (2010), Toho University School of Medicine (2012), The University of Tokyo Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (2013), and several cases outside of Japan. I will discuss what researchers should do to reduce the incidence of research misconduct. In addition, I will discuss how these cases were covered by the media, because the public's impression of research misconduct is formed by media coverage.

著者

佐藤 雄一郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.135, no.11, pp.1281-1289, 2015-11-01 (Released:2015-11-01)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

1 1

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The recently discovered high mannose (HM)-binding lectin family in lower organisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, and marine algae represents a novel class of anti-viral or anti-tumor compounds. This lectin family shows unique carbohydrate binding properties with exclusive high specificity for HM glycans with core trisaccharide comprising Manα(1-3)Manα(1-6)Man at the D2 arm. At low nanomolar levels, these lectins exhibit potent antiviral activity against HIV and influenza viruses through the recognition of HM glycans on virus spike glycoproteins. In addition, some of these lectins, such as bacterial PFL, show cytotoxicity for various cancer cells at low micromolar levels. Cell surface molecules to which PFL bound were identified as integrin alpha 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by peptide mass finger printing with MALDI-TOF MS. Upon PFL binding, these molecules were rapidly internalized to cytoplasm. EGFR was time dependently degraded in the presence of PFL, and this process was largely responsible for autophagy. Furthermore, PFL sensitizes cancer cells to the EGFR kinase inhibitor, gefitinib. In vivo experiments showed that intratumoral injection of PFL significantly inhibited the growth of tumors in nude mice. PFL-mediated down regulation of integrin/EGFR ultimately contributed to the inhibition of tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the novel anti-cancer mechanism of PFL suggests that this lectin is potentially useful as an anti-cancer drug or as an adjuvant for other drugs. This class of proteins will likely have beneficial impact as a tool for biochemical and biomedical research because of its unique carbohydrate specificity and various biological activities.

著者

齋藤 佳敬 山田 武宏 小林 正紀 榊原 純 品川 尚文 木下 一郎 秋田 弘俊 井関 健

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.139, no.12, pp.1601-1608, 2019-12-01 (Released:2019-12-01)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

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Paclitaxel (PTX)-associated acute pain syndrome (P-APS) is characterized by disabling but transient arthralgia and myalgia in up to 80% of patients administered with PTX. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely administered to patients with cancer who have pain or fever, and are mainly used to manage P-APS. In this study, we investigated how P-APS appear in the patients who were administered NSAIDs prior to PTX injection. The incidence or severity and duration of P-APS in patients previously administered NSAIDs were compared to those of patients who were not administered NSAIDs. The relationship between previously administered NSAIDs and rescue administration for the relief of P-APS was also evaluated. It was revealed that the incidence and duration of P-APS were 72% and 4.67±2.30 d, respectively, in the control group and 84% and 6.19±3.30 d, respectively, in the NSAIDs group. There was no significant difference in the incidence and duration and the severity of P-APS between the two groups. Patients who were previously administered NSAIDs tended to obtain less pain relief from NSAIDs administered as rescue medications, and needed other medication. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed no correlation between previously administered NSAIDs or patient characteristics and the incidence of P-APS. In this study, it was found that clinical condition that needs NSAIDs and previously administered NSAIDs prior to PTX injection do not affect the incidence, severity, and duration of P-APS. These results will help in educating patients about their medications and will contribute to the management of P-APS.

著者

舘 知也 伊野 陽子 島内 あかり 野口 義紘 堺 千紘 井口 和弘 加納 亜紀 寺町 ひとみ

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.139, no.2, pp.327-339, 2019-02-01 (Released:2019-02-01)

参考文献数

17

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Construction of regional inclusive care system is being promoted and pharmacists are required to implement multidisciplinary collaboration in order to provide appropriate pharmaceutical care to patients. However, there are few studies on collaboration between medical facilities and community pharmacies. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey of community pharmacies in Gifu City, which assessed the experience and attitudes regarding collaboration with other medical facilities. The survey items are: I. Participation in regional care meetings, II. Case discussion conferences, III. Joint workshops/study conferences, IV. Community service, V. Sharing information through medical cooperation network, and VI. Accompanying community pharmacists at home medical care. For the implementation of collaboration, the percentage of “not implemented” were as high as 70% or more in II, IV, V and VI. Regarding the attitudes toward collaboration, more than half of pharmacies answered that they wanted to implement in all items. In the comparison by the number of pharmacists, pharmacies with two or more pharmacists had significantly higher implementation ratios than pharmacies with one pharmacist in IV and V. Regarding the attitudes toward collaboration, pharmacies with two or more pharmacists had significantly higher ratios of considering implementation than pharmacies with one pharmacist in I and VI. Based on the results of this survey, there were many items that were not implemented as collaboration with other medical facilities at community pharmacies. However, many community pharmacies are planning to collaborate with other medical facilities in the future.

著者

岸本 桂子 竹内 智重 福島 紀子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.12, pp.1533-1541, 2017 (Released:2017-12-01)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

4

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In Japan, a pharmacy or drug store license is required for selling pharmaceutical products. However, civilians without a pharmacy or drug store license are displaying pharmaceutical products for sale on a flea market application, which is illegal dealing. This study discussed the modality for implementing countermeasures for the illicit selling of pharmaceutical products. We extracted pharmaceutical products displayed for sale on three flea market applications (Mercari, Rakuma, Fril) on one day. One hundred and eighty-one pharmaceutical products were displayed (49 on Mercari, 86 on Rakuma, and 46 on Fril). There were 6.1% (11/181) domestically prescribed drugs, 69.1% (125/181) domestic OTC drugs, 23.8% (43/181) foreign-made prescribed drugs, and 1.1% (2/181) foreign-made OTC drugs. The seller could display the product for sale without confirming whether it is prohibited. We alerted the service providers of this illicit selling at flea markets at three different instances. The pharmaceutical product displays were deleted by the service providers at a rate of 55.1% (27/49) for Mercari and 51.2% (44/86) for Rakuma. The average number of drugs that were displayed for sale by each seller was 1.4 and the average number of total products that were displayed for sale by each seller was 100. The seller could have unintentionally displayed the pharmaceutical products for sale, without the knowledge that it is illegal. The service providers of flea market applications should create mechanisms to alert the sellers that displaying pharmaceutical products for sale is an illicit act and regulate these violations.

著者

山本 美智子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.134, no.3, pp.355-362, 2014 (Released:2014-03-01)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 5

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It is necessary to offer the proper information about prescription drugs for appropriate use of them in clinical practice. However, a lot of time and labor is required to comprehensively collect the information necessary for clinical application and it could be extremely difficult. If the clinical experience and other information is derived solely on a commercial basis, then it may lead to improper prescription practices. “Academic detailing” is a form of interactive educational outreach to physicians to provide unbiased, non-commercial, evidence-based information about medications and other therapeutic decisions, with the goal of improving patient care. In Western countries, the public funds are used to support universities and other research institution programs. The experience from such programs spreads to a broader scientific community. In US, “Academic detailing” was pioneered 30 years ago. National Resource Center for Academic Detailing (NaRCAD) is an initiative supported by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) grant. Clinical pharmacists are acting as Detailers in Europe and America, and this improves medical quality. The importance of Academic Detailing activity would be also recognized in Japan, and fully-trained (with six-years of specialized training) pharmacists with evaluative and communication skills can be expected to act as such a specialist.

著者

山田 武宏 鏡 圭介 今井 俊吾 秋沢 宏次 岩崎 澄央 福元 達也 石黒 信久 井関 健

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.7, pp.917-925, 2017 (Released:2017-07-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

3

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Bacteremia is one of the most serious infectious illness resulting from nosocomial infection. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial chemotherapy should be provided as soon as possible to patients exhibiting symptoms of infectious disease and having positive blood culture results. Antimicrobial stewardship (AS) guidelines were recently released by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The guidelines recommend “proactive intervention and feedback” as one of the core strategies for implementing optimal antimicrobial drug use to improve patient outcomes in clinical settings. We began using the AS program for optimizing antimicrobial chemotherapy in patients with positive blood culture results. The results of blood cultures and antimicrobial prescriptions for the corresponding patients were daily reviewed by a pharmacist and a physician, members of the infection control team (ICT). If the antimicrobial agents selected were inappropriate, ICT made a recommendation to the attending physicians who prescribed the antibiotics. To evaluate the outcomes of this program, we conducted a single-center, retrospective investigation for near a hundred of patients who underwent intervention by infection-control physician and pharmacist. Resolution of bacteremia (determined by blood culture results) was 96.3% in the group that accepted intervention, whereas only 16.7% of the cases resolved in the group that did not accept intervention. These results strongly suggest the importance of the infection disease-specialist team intervention. This program could become an important method for improving clinical outcomes in patients with bacteremia.

著者

細井 義夫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.10, pp.841-848, 2006 (Released:2006-10-01)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

5 8

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Total-body irradiation (TBI) with 0.02—0.25 Gy has been reported to have antitumor effects. In mice, low-dose TBI induces tumor growth delay, antimetastatic effects, suppressive effects on the incidence of spontaneous thymiclymphoma, sensitization of tumor to ionizing radiation, and decrease in TD50 value. In artificial metastasis, 0.20 Gy TBI suppressed lung metastasis when it was conducted between 3 h before and 3 h after tumor cell injection into a tail vein. In spontaneous metastasis, 0.15—0.20 Gy TBI suppressed lung metastasis. Irradiation with 0.15 Gy twice a week from 11 weeks of age for 40 weeks significantly suppressed the incidence of spontaneous thymic lymphoma in AKR/J mice, which caused prolonged life span. Low-dose TBI has been used in the clinical treatment of lymphomatous malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The usual practice was to give 0.1 Gy TBI three times a week or 0.15 Gy TBI two times a week to a total dose of 1.5 Gy. Despite this low total dose, low-dose fractionated TBI could induce long-term remissions and was as effective as the chemotherapy to which it was compared. Experimental data suggest that the antitumor effects of low-dose TBI could be explained by immune enhancement, induction of apoptosis, and intrinsic hypersensitivity to low-dose irradiation. Possible mechanisms of immune enhancement are elimination of the T-suppressor subset of lymphocytes and augmentation of the immune response including alteration of cytokine release and enhanced proliferative activity of lymphocytes to mitogenic stimuli.

著者

入口 慎史 今井 徹 吉田 善一 折井 孝男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.135, no.5, pp.745-751, 2015 (Released:2015-05-01)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2 6

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Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of vancomycin (VCM) is recommended to minimize its nephrotoxicity and maximize efficacy. Recently, the concept of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) has been introduced to describe a clinical state resulting from the actions of complex intrinsic mediators in an acute-phase systemic response. However, there are few reports on the pharmacokinetics of VCM in patients with SIRS. This study investigated the effect of SIRS on the pharmacokinetics of VCM by analyzing the predictability of TDM and pharmacokinetic parameters in 31 non-SIRS patients and 52 SIRS patients, with stratification by SIRS score. The mean prediction error (ME) and mean absolute prediction error in SIRS score 2 and 3 patients differed from those in non-SIRS patients. The ME in the score 4 group showed a negative value. In the comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters by SIRS score, a significantly lower CLvcm value was observed at score 4 compared with scores 2 and 3, a higher Vd value was observed at score 4 compared with non-SIRS and at score 3, and a longer T1/2 was observed at score 2. In the comparison of patient characteristics by SIRS score, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels showed differences among the scores. However, no correlation was observed between VCM pharmacokinetics and these three laboratory parameters. These findings suggest that the pharmacokinetics of VCM may be affected by the pathology of SIRS rather than by patient characteristics.

著者

安宅 弘司 伊藤 雅文 柴田 高

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.12, pp.937-950, 2005-12-01 (Released:2005-12-01)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

3 5

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Wood creosote, the principal ingredient in Seirogan, has a long history as a known gastrointestinal microbicidal agent. When administered orally, the intraluminal concentration of wood creosote is not sufficiently high to achieve this microbicidal effect. Through further animal tests, we have shown that antimotility and antisecretory actions are the principal antidiarrheal effects of wood creosote. Wood creosote inhibits intestinal secretion induced by enterotoxins by blocking the Cl- channel on the intestinal epithelium. Wood creosote also decreases intestinal motility accelerated by mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus by the inhibition of the Ca2+ influx into the smooth muscle cells. In this overview, the antimotility and antisecretory effects of wood creosote are compared with those of loperamide. Wood creosote was observed to inhibit stimulated colonic motility, but not normal jejunal motility. Loperamide inhibits normal jejunal motility, but not stimulated colonic motility. Both wood creosote and loperamide inhibit intestinal secretion accelerated by acetylcholine. Wood creosote was found to have greater antisecretory effects in the colon than loperamide. Based upon these findings, we conclude that the antidiarrheal effects of wood creosote are due to both antisecretory activity in the intestine and antimotility in the colon, but not due to the microbicidal activity as previously thought. Wood creosote was found to have no effects on normal intestinal activity. These conclusions are supported by the results of a recent clinical study comparing wood creosote and loperamide, which concluded that wood creosote was more efficacious in relieving abdominal pain and comparable to loperamide in relieving diarrhea.

著者

葦沢 龍人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.136, no.7, pp.939-944, 2016 (Released:2016-07-01)

参考文献数

9

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For appropriate primary care practice corresponding to the various symptoms of a patient, team medicine on that combines the expertise of physicians and other medical staff has been recommended in recent years. It results in (1) higher quality of medical care, (2) lower burden on the physician, (3) better medical safety, and (4) reduced medical expenses. In order to promote team medicine through inter-professional collaboration, the responsibilities of the medical staff need to be reviewed to expand their respective roles. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare designated nine specific medical acts by pharmacists in 2010. Some acts require clinical reasoning (medical interview and physical assessment) in order to manage side effects in patients undergoing drug therapy. The new curriculum introduced in 2015 includes primary care education for pharmacists who see patients before they are seen by a physician. Because such patients are usually seen by the pharmacist on a walk-in basis, medical interview and inspection education is especially important in this situation. However, there is incongruity in the physical assessment education of prospective pharmacists among schools of pharmaceutical sciences in recent years, which tends to focus primarily on vital signs. Moreover, there is currently no consensus among physicians on the optimum range of procedures performed by a pharmacist before the patient is seen by a physician. In this presentation, the practice of primary care by pharmacists is discussed from the following perspectives: (1) target symptoms and patients, (2) clinical reasoning education at pharmaceutical schools, and (3) future issues.

著者

今井 徹 吉田 善一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.136, no.7, pp.967-972, 2016 (Released:2016-07-01)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

1

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Emergency and critical care centers provide multidisciplinary therapy for critically ill patients by centralizing the expertise and technology of many medical professionals. Because the patients' conditions vary, different drug treatments are administered along with surgery. Therefore, the role of pharmacists is important. Critically ill patients who receive high-level invasive treatment undergo physiological changes differing from their normal condition along with variable therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacists are responsible for recommending the appropriate drug therapy using their knowledge of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Further, pharmacists need to determine the general condition of patients by understanding vital signs, blood gas analysis results, etc. It is therefore necessary to conduct consultations with physicians and nurses. The knowledge required for emergency medical treatment is not provided during systematic training in pharmaceutical education, meaning that pharmacists acquire it in the clinical setting through trial and error. To disseminate the knowledge of emergency medical care to pharmacy students, emergency care training has been started in a few facilities. I believe that medical facilities and universities need to conduct joint educational sessions on emergency medical care. Moreover, compared with other medical fields, there are fewer studies on emergency medical care. Research-oriented pharmacists must resolve this issue. This review introduces the work conducted by pharmacists for clinical student education and clinical research at the Emergency and Critical Care Center of Nihon University Itabashi Hospital and discusses future prospects.

著者

渡辺 謹三

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.136, no.7, pp.933-937, 2016 (Released:2016-07-01)

参考文献数

2

被引用文献数

2

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At the time of consultation with a patient regarding OTC drugs, a pharmacist goes through the following five steps. In Step 1 information is collected, including the patient's gender, age, health condition, living situation, etc. In Step 2, upon analyzing and evaluating this collected information, the pharmacist decides whether to recommend that the patient see a medical doctor or whether an OTC drug is sufficient. In Step 3, when an OTC drug is required, the pharmacist suggests the most suitable OTC drug. In Step 4, the pharmacist provides the patient recommendations and information about the selected OTC. In Step 5, sales record entry and aftercare are performed. In these five steps, the pharmacist is making a decision on whether the consultation recommendation is required or optional; the step of making an optimal selection of an OTC drug is distinct from prescription dispensing. In many cases, at the time of OTC drug consultation, since the patient is not consulting a medical doctor, a pharmacist becomes a “first access” health professional. In this instance, the advice of a pharmacist may have a great influence on a patient's prognosis regarding the particular health challenge. Therefore, pharmacists who perform patient consultations regarding OTC drugs are required to have broad medical knowledge and communication skills. The features of consultation and information dissemination about OTC drugs by a pharmacist, and the practice and study of this subject in present-day pharmaceutical education, are described herein.