著者
Nakar Eldad
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.117, pp.89-123, 2007-03

特集記憶の社会学投稿論文はじめに2. 第二次世界大戦を題材とする日本のマンガ 2.1. 1950年代後半から1960年代後半まで 2.1.1. 英雄的な戦闘 : 羅憲的語り 2.1.2 プロットの構成に見られる類似点 2.1.3. 単純なプロット,可愛らしい登場人物,歴史的リアリズム 2.1.4. 悲惨な戦争 : 拒絶された語り 2.2. 1960年代後半から1970年代後半まで 2.2.1. 悲惨な戦争 : 羅憲的語り 2.2.2 プロットの構成の類似点 2.2.3. 個人の証言と女性の記憶 2.2.4. 英雄的な戦闘 : 薄れゆく語り3. 自己を映す鏡 3.1. 1945年~1954年 : 時間の隔たり 3.2. 1950年代後半から1960年代後半まで : 肯定的な過去のイメージの出現 3.3. 1960年代後半から1970年代後半まで : 忌まわしい過去の記憶4. マンガの社会的枠組As the literature on collective memory acknowledges, when individuals recall their past, their memory is a collaborative product, influenced by society, and modeled by the collective frame of the day. Collective memory, scholars agree, is substantiated through multiple forms of communication. To infer on how a certain society remembers its past, scholars, thus, take on the task of investigating various mediums and different cultural productions. In Japan, it seems, however, that scholars failed to include manga into the above comprehension. As if manga is not a medium of communication that abide by the collective memory frame of the day, whenever the issue of collective memories of World War II in Japan has been addressed-and there were ample investigations on the issue so far-only few scholars looked at Japanese manga. Responding to the above tendency, in my paper, I choose to concern myself solely with the fictional representation of WW II over the manga. I seek to put manga tales of WW II against the social environment from which I argue they draw their ideas and worldview. I apt to demonstrate that manga narration of WW II is also a reflection of the different times in which it was produced.
著者
丹野 貴行
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲學 = Philosophy (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.142, pp.9-42, 2019-03

特集 : 坂上貴之教授 退職記念号#寄稿論文
著者
浅野 光紀
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.135, pp.25-43, 2015-03

投稿論文Panpsychism is the view that all things have mind or a mindlike quality, whether or not they are parts of living organisms. The purpose of this paper is to clarify this basic thesis and examine the historical meaning of the recent resurgence of panpsychism in the contemporary mind-body debate.Modern Physicalism inherited the Cartesian, dualistic conception of matter, which is lifeless and devoid of any experiential character. I will argue that this makes it difficult even for the weakest form of physicalism, namely emergentism or non-reductive materialism, to coherently reconcile its two basic doctorines 'physicalist ontology and reality of mind' and panpsychism more plausible.
著者
大貫 挙学
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.106, pp.183-229, 2001-03

特集変容する社会と家族投稿論文1. はじめに2. ジェンダー概念の言語論的転回とジュディス・バトラー 2-1. 反本質主義のジェンダー概念 2-2. ジェンダーのパフォーマティヴィティ 2-3. 法の産出機能と異性愛のマトリクス3. マルクス主義フェミニズム理論の再考 3-1. マルクス主義フェミニズムと「家父長制」 3-2. 近代における公私の二重構造 3-3. マルクス主義フェミニズムの意義と課題4. 近代家族と異性愛主義 4-1. セクシュアリティの発明と「同性愛者」の誕生 4-2. セクシュアリティのジェンダー化 4-3. 有性生殖と再生産5. ジェンダー/セクシュアリティ/主体 5-1. ゲイ・アイデンティティの成立 5-2. レズビアンの不可視性と「女」という主体 5-3. 主体と(非)主体6. おわりにThe purpose of this study is to consider the subjection of gender/sexuality in modern society from the viewpoint of antiessentialism (social constructionism). My special concern here is to describe how gender category and sexual identity (or gendernization of sexuality) have been constructed, and how that has made modern society experienced. Though modernity appears very pluralistic and complicated, in this paper I focus my attention on the public/private dichotomy in terms of the modern family. Referring mainly to Marxist Feminism and Judith Butler's theory on performativity of gender, I tried to define the subjection of gender/sexuality in relation to a social structure or a social institution. I would like to make it clear how the subjection of gender/sexuality is acted out between public and private spheres, production and reproduction processes, and the subject and the (un) subject.
著者
沢田 允茂
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲學 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
no.35, pp.121-139, 1958-11

伝統的論理学では論理学の最高原則又は原理として同一律、矛盾律、排中律等を挙げていることは衆知の事実である。しかし同時に現代の数学的論理学に於いてはこのような原理は唯一の公理の組ではなくて、せいぜい他の多くの論理規則の中の二三のものとして加えられるに止まり、従って論理学の原理とか原則などと云う概念そのものさえ余り用いられていないことも明かなことである。しかし過去の多くの哲学体系の中には明瞭に同一律、矛盾律、排中律等の論理学の原理が哲学の出発点となっている場合が多いし(例えば肯定的な意味ではフィヒテ、否定的な意味ではヘーゲルを挙げることが出来るであろう)、又論理学と対象界との関係が問題になる場合にはある意味に於いて右の原則の解釈が中心的な地置を占める場合が多い。従って右の原則は論理学プロパーの問題に属すると云うよりはむしろ認識論的な議論に属すると見ることが出来る。しかし従来それらがいはゆる論理学の原理と考えられていた所に実は論理学と認識論との、はっきりと区別し難い哲学的問題が指摘され得ることも見逃すことは出来ない。この小論文では(1)これらの原則の論理学内に於ける表現の仕方自身がすでにある哲学的、認識論的立場を先取していること、(2)これらの原則のある特定の解釈から生じている哲学的立場の批判、及び哲学的、認識論的問題として如何にこの問題を解決すべきかについての或る意見を述べることとする。There are altogether five different ways of expressing the so-called principles of logic. They are: a) term-expessions A is A, A is not non-A etc. b) propositional expressions {1) syntactical form p⊃p, -(p・-p) etc 2) semantical form "p" is true⊃"p" is true -("p" is true・"-p" is true) c) predicate-expressions {1) syntactical form (x)(px⊃px), (x)-(px・-px) 2) semantical form (x)("p" is true of x⊃"p" true of x) (x)-("p" is true of x・"-p" is true of x) etc. The history of logic shows that the term-expressions of these principles do not belong to the original aristotelian logic but originate in the late 15 cent., and have come to be widely accepted as such during the following centuries. In Aristotle, e.g., the law of contradiction is expressed either in the form of b1), b2) or c1), c2). Many problems of traditional philosophy have arisen from the way of thinking which made, more or less, no clear distinction between term expressions and other forms of expression. Philosophers used to think that the principles of logic correspond to or reflect, in a way or others, the structure of reality. Such correspondence is, in fact, possible so far as we think of the correspondence between statements and facts instead of between concepts (terms) and things. Being short of the adequate analysis of our linguistic behaviour, most philosophers of the past have failed in recognizing this difference. They, consequently, look after some theoretical ground which enables this pseudo-correspondence between concepts and things. Thus, on the one hand, traditional ontology postulates some hidden immovable entities called substances to which ideas or concepts correspond. The so-called dialectic logic, on the other hand, regards reality as varying processes and constructs, against the formal logic, an alleged true logic (dialectics). These are two main philosophical systems which arise from the logically inadequate interpretation of the nature of logic.I 哲学,慶応義塾創立百年記念論文集
著者
田中 克佳
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.109, pp.135-147, 2003-03

投稿論文はじめに一. 三田村鳶魚の「江戸っ子」ニ. 西山松之助の「江戸ッ子」結び"Edokko (江戸っ子)" is the unique human image which a newly-established city Edo produced in Tokugawa Japan. Then what is the human image? And what are the social background which produced that image and the concrete substance corresponding to the image? These are questions which should be grappled in advance to research the education in the city Edo in Tokugawa Japan.
著者
佐藤 方哉
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
no.100, pp.275-299, 1996-03

100集記念号
著者
佐々木 掌子
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.123, pp.159-184[含 英語文要旨], 2010-03

特集 : 教育学の射程投稿論文The purposes of this paper are to look back on arguments whether DSM (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) should include Gender Identity Disorder (GID) in children and adolescents or not, and to review the research outcomes on how treatments and interventions have been implemented and have produced effect. First, this paper discusses whether gender nonconforming children should be diagnosed as having a mental disorder or not and where an underlying problem of the disorder lies; in a society, a family, or child oneself. Depending upon where clinicians stand, treatments and interventions differ. Approaches to therapy can be placed into 4 categories: 1) therapy for aiming at changing cross-gender identity, 2) therapy that exhibits a nonjudgmental attitude to cross-gender identity, 3) therapy that affrmatively accepts cross-gender identity, 4) physical interventions for sex reassignment. Because no controlled comparison study has been conducted, we do not have any evidence for different outcomes by selected approaches. Finally, referring to researches in Western countries, the paper discusses support for children and adolescents with GID in Japan. For children, because of the possibility of gender identity change, we should provide a family a choice of the approaches 1), 2), or 3) as previously indicated. On the other hands, for adolescents, a family should be presented a choice of the approaches 2), 3), or 4). However, in Japan, as use of pubertal delaying hormones in GID treatment has never been discussed, we can not present the approach 4). Further discussion on physical interventions for adolescents is necessary.
著者
柏原 勤
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.128, pp.207-234, 2012-03

特集 : 社会学 社会心理学 文化人類学投稿論文The purpose of this investigation is to regard "2 -channel thread editing blog" as a new form of news communication, to identify the characteristics and processes of the news communication, and to present the possibility that these blogs can be examined from the perspective of several mass communication theories. "2-channel thread editing blog" is a famous blog genre for many Japanese Internet users. It contains articles whose recourses are selected from threads on "2-channel", the most popular anonymous bulletin board in Japan.This study classifies these blogs and its articles into two groups, "news" and "non-news", and considers the former a new form of news communication. This type of blogs functions as a news media by mediating news articles reported by traditional media, or reporting social events particularly occurring on the Internet.As a novel type of news media, "2-channel thread editing blog" presents some potentialities to be studied from the point of and by methods of mass communication theories or news communication researches, such as double geetkeeping, media effect theories, and so on.
著者
松田 壮一郎 山本 淳一
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲學 = Philosophy (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.142, pp.143-162, 2019-03

Deficits in emotion recognition have been well documented in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, recent review articles have reported that tudies of emotion recognition in ASD have yielded mixed results. This may have resulted from the various descriptions of "emotion recognition" in previous studies. In order to have the same operational description among studies, it is necessary to describe emotion recognition as the establishment of the stimulus–response (S–R) relation. Although behavioral interpretations of other cognitive/developmental important phenomena such as theory of mind and joint attention have been conducted, no study has presented a behavior-analytic conceptualization of emotion recognition in the context of autism research. In order for behavioral interpretation of emotion recognition, it is important to identify vari-ables that control behavior, "recognizing emotion," in the interaction between an individual and another person. This paper concludes with a discussion of the deficits in emotion recognition in individuals with ASD and suggestions for future research are made.特集 : 坂上貴之教授 退職記念号#寄稿論文
著者
永井 均
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
no.69, pp.p23-42, 1979-03

La plupart de la presente etude s'occupe de commenter la critique de Husserl par J. Derrida selon son livre La Voix et Le Phenomene qui porte sur Logische Untersuchungen. J'y suis a peu pres d'accord avec lui, cependant, il me semble que, au sens contraire de Husserl, son point de vue est aussi transcendantal, et que, en effet, la voix qui est une de ses figures critiques eventuellement passe par le monde, comme chez Merleau-Ponty. Je ne serai pas d'accord avec lui aux dernieres pages de cette etude parce que je pense que l'ego transcendantal a ete mort avant de se faire tuer par la signification; celui-ci ne me semble pas constituer le sens et la validite du monde, mais il en est la matiere ou la substance. La conception du sujet constituant chez Husserl, qui a pris modele sur le sujet mondain, est par essence metaphorique. Si l'on voulait faire une distinction entre l'ego mondain et le trancendantal, il faudrait considerer celui-ci comme ce qui n'est pas vivant; alors, on pourait dire: je suis mort done je suis.
著者
Gergely Mohacsi 森田 敦郎
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.125, pp.263-284, 2011-03

特集 : 人間科学投稿論文科学技術が日常生活にますます浸透しつつある現代世界において, 多様な見方を同時に生きることは, 当たり前だといえる. その結果民族学の基本的な手法とされてきた. 「比較」は, 客観性を思考する人類学者が俯瞰的に対象を眺める視点に属するのではなく, 移動し, 差異を認め, そこから知識を生み出そうとする人々が行う実践の中の一要素となってきた. 本稿が焦点を当てるのは, こうしたグローバル化する科学技術に従う比較の氾濫である. 一方, 日常的に生きられる比較のあり方を, 多様な事例研究を踏まえて描き出すことで, いわゆるポストプルーラルの世界を把握しようとする. さらにこれを, エンジニアリングと医療という「日々の通約」の二つの事例をとおして, 人類学者のフィ ルドワークにおける比較と併置し 存在論的な展開を図るための方法論を提案する. Anthropologists, in the field, work to recognize differences through continuously contrasting their findings with the cultural and other kinds of knowledge they bring from home or elsewhere. They keep comparing in order to make sense of the links between the particular and the general. On the other hand and this has been studied less thoroughly so far , such comparative work is also part and parcel of the very practices under study in anthropology. It is this implicit interplay between different scales of comparison that we want to reflect upon in this article. Through two short case studies of engineering in Thai and medical technologies in general we argue that the increasing mobility of scientific ideas and technological innovations is generated by practices that accumulate comparisons and contrasts on many levels. This will lead us to challenge ethnographic methodology from the vantage point of a post-plural understanding of the world.
著者
阪井 裕一郎
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.125, pp.105-141, 2011-03

特集 : 人間科学投稿論文The purpose of this paper is to clarity the axis of confrontation regarding the freedom of marital surname choice and to seek for the standpoint for justifying the freedom. From analyzing the discourses on the discussion of allowing marital couples to choose separate surnames (Fuufu-bessei) and my interview research for couples with separate surnames, I attempt to show the axis of confrontation and to examine the validity of legislation of this right.We can largely identify the different and opposite positions as four types: (A) those who insist that marital couples should have the same surnames, (B) those who support the legislation of the right for choosing separate marital surnames, (C) those who criticize the present family register (koseki) and support an ideal society based on the individuals, and (D) those who criticize the family resister but also require the legislation of the right for marital surname choice.With this classification, this study suggests the follows. Firstly, we can not take history or tradition as the grounds for the argument. Secondly, we should not regard the freedom for choosing separate surnames in the same light as requirement for equality of sexes, feminist ideals or individualism. In effect, some feminists or individualists continue to criticize the legislation of the right for choosing separate surnames.This study also suggests that the freedom of marital surname choice should be required in terms of not individualism but 'individual freedom'.
著者
上岡 磨奈
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲學 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
no.147, pp.135-159, 2021-03

This study examines the tools of communication between fans and young pop singers, also known as idols, focusing on the "Cheki" — a type of photography taken by small polaroid camera. It has been proposed that the figure of idol culture is in the relationship between idols and fans, and it is not vertical but horizontal. "Cheki" notably symbolize this relationship. In this paper, I will clarify the meaning of this phenomenon in the context of the Japanese idol culture. I demonstrate that the concept and process of taking "Cheki" photography has not been described in previous studies. Although "Cheki" can be considered a similar to Handshake events, there are many differences between these activities. To observe the rules and behavior during the "Cheki" shootings, I have conducted web survey and interview with participants, including both fans and idols. As a result, it became clear that "Cheki" photography has strong connection with and within the idol culture. I argue that intimacy between fans and idols tha t appears during the photo shooting is a symbol of idol culture. Moreover, the materialness of "Cheki" also visualizes accumulation and such connection.投稿論文
著者
佐藤 典子
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.112, pp.1-31, 2004-03

序I. フランスの家族に関する法と歴史的背景 1. 家族の現状 (1) フランスの婚姻事情 (2) 内縁=事実婚の傾向 (1) 内縁の実態 (2) 従来の内縁関係の問題 ア) 異性愛内縁カップル イ) 同性愛内縁カップル ウ) 内縁に対する法解釈と判例 (3) 親子関係の変化 2. 家族法の歴史 (1) 近代家族の誕生 (2) 家族の権威原則の消失 : 失墜した家父長制 (3) 複合家族の出現II. Pacsとは 1. パクス制定 (1) パクス前史 (2) パクス制定までの経過 2. パクス法とは (1) 法的な定義 (2) 法的なあいまいさ (3) 「内縁」の規定 (4) パクスの定着 3. パクスの法的な評価 (1) 内縁関係を立法化する必要があるのか (2) カップルが子を持つことの可能性 4. 社会的な意義の検証 (1) 同性愛カップルについて (1) 同性愛者個人に対する差別 (2) 同性愛カップルに対するまなざし (3) 同性愛カップルは家族か (2)異性愛カップルとパクス (3) 偽装パクス (4) 「友情以上結婚未満」カップルのケースIII. 象徴闘争としてのパクス 1. 親密関係の再政治化 (1) 「個人的なことは政治的なこと」であるか (2) 家族制度と「連帯(Solidarité)」 (3) 同性愛カップルにとってのパクス (4) 対幻想としてのパクス 2. パクスの象徴闘争としての側面 (1) パクスは脱構築されているか (2) 自己決定という名の陥穽 (3) 象徴的支配としてのパクス特集家族とその社会的生活世界の探求論文
著者
永井 均
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
no.66, pp.p27-54, 1977-09

L'intention de la presente etude est double : renvoyer la discussion sur la metaphore a son origine : l'ecriture; et ramener les interpretations de l'ecriture a son origine : la metaphore. C'est par cette voie que nous aurons la possibilite a la fois d'eclaircir la signification de la metaphore et d'expliquer le concept de l'ecritnre. C'est la d'ailleurs que sera montree l'invalidite des analyses structurales et phenomenologiques de la metaphore. Nous commencerons par mettre en question la theorie structuraliste de la metaphore : celle de Roman Jakobson. Nous examinerons dans la suit la critique du structuralisme par Paul Ricoeur afin d'elaborer notre conception de decalage. Nous etudierons enfin l'analyse de Max Black pour reconstituer sa theorie d'interaction de la metaphore. Les resultats de ces examens nous permettront de mettre en lumiere la metaphore de l'ecriture chez Jacques Derrida. Cet eclaircissement ouvrira sans doute pour la premiere fois la discussion fructueuse sur la metaphore. Parce que la metaphore de l'ecriture est fondee sur l'ecriture de la metaphore.
著者
三浦 直子
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.125, pp.235-262, 2011-03

特集 : 人間科学投稿論文It is important that the experience of quantitative researches influenced Bourdieu's sociology. In this paper, I examine Bourdieu's practice and theory of cultural sociology in the 1960s and find out two phases of the influence of quantitative researches. First, he located the statistical data (results of quantitative analyses) as the methods of controlling his practice in researches, so as to reflect it in epistemology. Therefore, by introducing the statistical approach, he aimed at objective research practice, excluding researcher's spontaneous conviction and common sense. Secondarily, by introducing it, he constructed original concepts and formed his unique sociological theory. Especially, his concept of "habitus" enabled to mediate subjective experiences and objective regularities, by involving the dualism of the statistical probability (the gap between the subjective probability and the objective probability).
著者
鈴木 正崇
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.128, pp.447-514, 2012-03

特集 : 社会学 社会心理学 文化人類学投稿論文Mountain Worship is the important element to understand the basic folk culture in Japan. This paper analyzes the mountain worship of Mt. Chōkai (2,236 m) in Tōhoku area under the historical and folkloric perspective and shows the development and the transformation of folk culture. We explore the process of the continuity and discontinuity of folk culture by checking historical documents and oral tradition in detail. This paper writes down the critical comments on these. Some features of mountain worship are the following; supporting on the water supply, praying for fertility of agriculture, calming on the explosion of volcano, consoling the dead spirits, guarding of good life and so on.After the middle age, Shugendō, the religious group of mountain practitioner has been affected the great influence on the folk culture and established the unique ritual system of mountain climbing called "Mineiri" (entering into the peak). Furthermore, we explore the some features of this kind of asterism and make the interpretation of concepts and ideas related to Shugendō and the basic culture. Then we show several climbing routes to Mt. Chōkai and discuss on the religious character of them and Shugendō village on the foot of the mountain.In conclusion, I have made a special reference on the process of how the folk culture of mountain worship has continued and survived under the radical political change. In the end, the new trend to preserve the nature as a cultural property has discussed to clarify the modernization of mountain worship.
著者
Witkam Frank
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲學 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
no.148, pp.1-35, 2021-10

Instruction in the Fundamentals of Success is a Meiji-era print series depicting historical paragons from ancient times to the present designed by the ukiyo-e artists Kobayashi Kiyochika (1847–1915), Utagawa Kuniaki II (1835–1888), Toyohara Kunichika (1835–1900), Inoue Yasuji (1864–1889), Mizuno Toshikata (1866–1908), Taisō Yoshitoshi (1866–1908), and Yōshū Chikanobu (1838–1892). The series consists of 53 prints and was published by Matsuki Heikichi from 1885 to 1890. In this paper, it is argued that the portrayals of the historical figures in the series was strongly influenced by the mid-19th century illustrated book series Zenken Kojitsu by Kikuchi Yōsai (1781–1878), and 19th-century pictures of classical narratives and warrior pictures designed by artists of the Utagawa School. Several of the pictures in the series can also be interpreted as an implicit criticism of the Meiji government. These prints, all related to the events of the Meiji restoration (1868) and the Satsuma Rebellion (1877), are analyzed in detail in the final part of this paper.特集 : 林温教授 退職記念号
著者
石田 京子
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.134, pp.149-170, 2015-03

特集 : 西脇与作君・樽井正義君退職記念寄稿論文Diese Abhandlung betrachtet Kants Unterscheidung zwischen Moral und Recht vom Standpunkt der zwei fundamentalen Begriffe der Kantischen praktischen Philosophie, i.e., der Gesetzgebung und der Freiheit, aus, um das Verhältnis des Rechts zum kategorischen Imperativ zu erläutern. Grundsätzlich stimme ich dem Gedanken zu, es gebe einen negativen und einen positiven Begriff der äußeren(rechtlichen)Freiheit. Ein negativer Begriff der äußeren Freiheit kann als die Unabhängigkeit von der Nötigung durch andere Personen verstanden werden, während ein positiver als die Freiheit der rechtlichen Vernunft aufgefasst wird. Um diesen Gedanken zu bestätigen, weise ich zuerst darauf hin, dass die Selbstgesetzgebung der praktischen Vernunft in der Grundlegung nicht als identisch mit der ethischen Gesetzgebung in der Tugendlehre betrachtet werden kann. Die Selbstgesetzgebung in der Grundlegung ist die Selbstgesetzgebung überhaupt, welche sowohl der rechtlichen als auch der ethischen Gesetzgebung zugrunde liegt. Dann erwäge ich, was ein positiver Begriff der äußeren Freiheit ist und wie die Selbstgesetzgebung in Bezug auf das Recht möglich ist. Nach der Einleitung in die Tugendlehre kann man das höchste Prinzip der Rechtslehre für den kategorischen Imparativ an sich halten, welcher die Verallgemeinerbarkeit der Maximen fordert. Aber das höchste Prinzip der Rechtslehre bezieht sich lediglich auf die Maximen der äußeren Freiheit, die anderen Personen eine Handlung vorschreibt. In diesem Aspekt kann man in Kants Rechtslehre seine Idee der Autonomie finden. Dieser Gedanke hat mit dem Dilemma von Gemeinschaft und Freiheit zu tun. Zwar können wir keine Gemeinschaft mit anderen Personen bilden, wenn wir nicht unser gegenseitigen Verhältnis bestimmen. Aber wenn andere Personen bestimmen, was ich tun soll, wird mir die Freiheit entzogen. Kants Entwurf ist das einzige Konzept, das die Kompatibilität von Gemeinschaft und Freiheit möglich macht.