著者

沢田 允茂

出版者

三田哲學會

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

no.35, pp.121-139, 1958-11

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伝統的論理学では論理学の最高原則又は原理として同一律、矛盾律、排中律等を挙げていることは衆知の事実である。しかし同時に現代の数学的論理学に於いてはこのような原理は唯一の公理の組ではなくて、せいぜい他の多くの論理規則の中の二三のものとして加えられるに止まり、従って論理学の原理とか原則などと云う概念そのものさえ余り用いられていないことも明かなことである。しかし過去の多くの哲学体系の中には明瞭に同一律、矛盾律、排中律等の論理学の原理が哲学の出発点となっている場合が多いし(例えば肯定的な意味ではフィヒテ、否定的な意味ではヘーゲルを挙げることが出来るであろう)、又論理学と対象界との関係が問題になる場合にはある意味に於いて右の原則の解釈が中心的な地置を占める場合が多い。従って右の原則は論理学プロパーの問題に属すると云うよりはむしろ認識論的な議論に属すると見ることが出来る。しかし従来それらがいはゆる論理学の原理と考えられていた所に実は論理学と認識論との、はっきりと区別し難い哲学的問題が指摘され得ることも見逃すことは出来ない。この小論文では(1)これらの原則の論理学内に於ける表現の仕方自身がすでにある哲学的、認識論的立場を先取していること、(2)これらの原則のある特定の解釈から生じている哲学的立場の批判、及び哲学的、認識論的問題として如何にこの問題を解決すべきかについての或る意見を述べることとする。There are altogether five different ways of expressing the so-called principles of logic. They are: a) term-expessions A is A, A is not non-A etc. b) propositional expressions {1) syntactical form p⊃p, -(p・-p) etc 2) semantical form "p" is true⊃"p" is true -("p" is true・"-p" is true) c) predicate-expressions {1) syntactical form (x)(px⊃px), (x)-(px・-px) 2) semantical form (x)("p" is true of x⊃"p" true of x) (x)-("p" is true of x・"-p" is true of x) etc. The history of logic shows that the term-expressions of these principles do not belong to the original aristotelian logic but originate in the late 15 cent., and have come to be widely accepted as such during the following centuries. In Aristotle, e.g., the law of contradiction is expressed either in the form of b1), b2) or c1), c2). Many problems of traditional philosophy have arisen from the way of thinking which made, more or less, no clear distinction between term expressions and other forms of expression. Philosophers used to think that the principles of logic correspond to or reflect, in a way or others, the structure of reality. Such correspondence is, in fact, possible so far as we think of the correspondence between statements and facts instead of between concepts (terms) and things. Being short of the adequate analysis of our linguistic behaviour, most philosophers of the past have failed in recognizing this difference. They, consequently, look after some theoretical ground which enables this pseudo-correspondence between concepts and things. Thus, on the one hand, traditional ontology postulates some hidden immovable entities called substances to which ideas or concepts correspond. The so-called dialectic logic, on the other hand, regards reality as varying processes and constructs, against the formal logic, an alleged true logic (dialectics). These are two main philosophical systems which arise from the logically inadequate interpretation of the nature of logic.I 哲学,慶応義塾創立百年記念論文集

著者

三上 真理子

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, pp.223-258, 2005-03

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特集都市・公共・身体の歴史社会学-都市社会学誕生100年記念-B編 身体と公共の歴史社会学論文1. はじめに 兵役忌避者のイメージ2. 大正・昭和の『読売新聞』にみる兵役忌避報道 2-1. 大正・昭和の『読売新聞』 2-2. 報道件数の推移と報道内容の特徴3. 兵役忌避者の肖像 : 大正・昭和の『読売新聞』報道から 3-1. 兵役の不平等 : 国民と兵役をめぐる議論 (1) 兵役という"貧乏くじ" (2) 兵役は「名誉」か「苦痛」か 3-2. 二つの忌避者像 : 大正の忌避者たち (1) 減らない兵役忌避 (2) 学生への猶予問題再び (3) 都市のインテリに忌避の傾向 (4) 児戯に類した嘘をつく 3-3. 兵役法の公布から総動員体制へ : 昭和の忌避者たち (1) 物語の復活 : 転落のストーリー (2) 姿を消す忌避者たち4. おわりに イメージの力・イメージする力The purpose of this paper is to describe the portraits of draftdodgers in Japan and through them to think about the relationship between the government and their people and the role of newspaper as the agent between them. Since the conscription was introduced in 1872, there were many draft-dodgers in Japan. To escape from conscription, they used various legal and illegal means, but they proposed the same question. That is, could the government force their people to kill or to be killed against their will? In this meaning, the draftdodgers represent the tensions between the government and their people. In this paper, I tried to describe the portraits of draft-dodgers from the articles of YOMIURIin Taisho and Showa era. YOMIURI is one of the most popular newspapers in Taisho and Showa era in Japan. I found 107 articles about draft-dodgers in it. I have already analyzed the changes of their portraits in Meiji era. Through Meiji era, their portraits changed from the men of darkness to HIKOKUMIN as coward and the cunning intelligentsia. In Taisho era, YOMIURI presented two typical portraits of draft-dodgers. They were as cunning intelligentsia and men of darkness and ignorance. However, the conscription was also criticized because of its unfairness and inequality. In Showa era, the experiences of continuous wars changed their portraits to as wrongdoer and offender. They were criticized as obstacles to accomplishment of wars. After the breakout of war against China, the articles about draft-dodgers in Japan faded out from YOMIURI. Instead of them, the articles of draft-dodgers in America, China, England-the portraits of enemies-appeared. The portraits of draft-dodgers reflected the changes of political, social and military situations. They represented the worst category of Japanese at that time. YOMIURI kept showing people the image of "good" Japanese by showing them the portraits of "bad" Japanese, the draft-dodgers.

著者

浦野 茂

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, pp.245-266, 2007-03

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特集記憶の社会学投稿論文1. はじめに2. 記憶-政治学3. 記憶という実定性4. 多重人格者と想起の実践5. ループ効果6. 過去の不確定性7. 歴史的存在論The purpose of this paper is to understand Ian Hacking's arguments on sciences of memory. Exploring the development of the modern multiple personality movement, Hacking found its roots in the sciences of memory that emerged in the late 19th century. The focus of his arguments is on process in which multiple personalities, the new kind of people, emerged through "looping effect", that is, interaction between sciences of memory and people. Through following his arguments on this looping effect, this paper is to consider the way to describe the relation between human experiences and human sciences.

著者

西脇 与作 藁谷 敏晴

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, pp.23-49, 1977-01

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1. logical valueの論理 : 存在論的価値 1.1. 文、真理値、存在の相互関係 1.2. 真理値と2値性 1.3. 結合子としての同一性記号2. W-言語と理論3. SCIの諸性質 3.1. SCIの基本的定理 3.2. 論理評価と指示 3.3. 論理評価の種類4. SCIの拡張 4.1. 中間的諸システム 4.2. 拡張の過程In this paper, " non-Fregean logics " proposed by R. Suszko are studied ; 1. from a philosophical point of view concerning the necessity of introducing the identity-connective, and 2. from technical point of view concerning logical structure of non-Fregean logics. Analysing the Frege's ambiguity in treating the logical constants 1,0 (in Frege), we were led to the conclusion ; 1) A distinction between valuational two valuedness and ontological (referential) two-valuedness should be made, 2) keeping the valuational two-valuedness (the principle of bivalence), the abolition of ontological one is possible (ontological many-valuedness), 3) in order to express logical systems based on valuational two-valuedness and ontological many-valuedness, the introduction of identity-connective is unavoidable. Such logics have been studied among others by R. Suszko as theories of kind W, and its sentential part is called SCI (sentential calculus with identity). In this paper, our interest was directed esp. on 1) logical relations between SCI, SC (sentential calculus) and there intermediate variaties, 2) A possibility of introducing some meta-notions into object languages, 3) some valuations of non-Fregean languages.

著者

美山 良夫

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, pp.175-189, 1991-04

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文学部創設百周年記念論文集II序1. ツァルリーノの旋法論とフランス2. フランスの旋法性格論とツァルリーノ結D'apres D.P. Walker, le sujet de l'Academie de Poesie et de musique n'etait pas la creation de la musique mesuree, mais la revivification de l'ethos de la musique de l'Antiquite. Les moyens que l'on a concu sont: i) Unification de la mesure de poesie et de rythme de la musique. ii) Utilisation de genera. iii) Caracteristique des modes. Cependant, l'effort de l'Academie, les essais sont en vain. Parceque la theorie de Zarline concernant les modes et ses caracteristique sont confus entres les noms et les numeros des modes. En plus, "modurum dux" de la polyphonie cause des probleme. Donc l'effort de Le Jeune et de Mersenne etait limite dans quelque ouvrage theorique du temps.

著者

石井 清輝

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, pp.125-156, 2007-03

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特集記憶の社会学投稿論文1. はじめに 農村表象の変容2. 先行研究 : ノスタルジアとナショナリズム3. 流行歌の中のノスタルジア (1) 変わらない「故郷」 (2) ノスタルジアの変質4. テレビの中の高度成長と「故郷」 (1) 「変わる」故郷と「変わらない」故郷 (2) 悪しき「開発」/美しい「伝統」5. 消えゆく「ムラ」の思想史 (1) 共同体解体の「理論」 (2) ユートピアとしての「ムラ」6. 消費社会におけるノスタルジアとナショナリズム (1) 「故郷」を消費する社会の誕生 (2) ノスタルジアとナショナリズムの消費社会的転回7. 結論In Japan, the value of rural communities changed in the 1960s-1970s. In 1950s, rural communities were negative object. Because, in prewar Japan, rural communities had supported the Emperor system and the fascism in Japan. But in the 1960s-1970s traditional rural communities had gradually praised by its excellent function. First the purpose of this paper is to explain this change. Second is to think about the relationship between nostalgia and nationalism. In order to explain this relationship, I would like to examine how rural communities (and furusato) have been related with tradition in popular song, TV program, discourse of social science and tourism campaign. Now the relationship of nationalism and tradition are theorized by cultural nationalism theory. This perspective argue that tradition strengthen national identity. But this perspective can't recognize the dynamics of traditionalization in high-consumption society. In this paper I try to explain how nostalgia have been related to tradition and how nostalgia have idealized rural communities.

著者

美山 良夫

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.55-73, 1977-09

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La musique mesuree de Claude Lejeune (1600), l'un des representants de l'humanisme musical en France, a ete imprimee dans trois recueils publies successivement en 1594, en 1603 et en 1608. Ayant compare les recueils, nous reconaissons des changements du texte et de la notation musicale dans les editions posthumes. 1 Texte : les vers mesures et non rimes de l'edition de 1594 sont devenus les vers mesures et rimes, et naturellement, on a perdu l'etroite correspondance entre la quantite d'une syllabe et celle d'une note. 2 Notations musicales : l'usage de la note coloree (dit "color") et du "tacet" est uniformise sans aucun but reel. La notion moderne des signes de mesure qui semblait montrer par notre compositeur se rend nul apres sa mort. La diversite de la notation musicale ainsi que les solutions tres variees qui tiennent compte de l'execution des oeuvres est perdue dans les recueils posthumes. La nouvelle vogue des vers mesures et rimes autour de N. Rapin et ses amis protestants nous releve que ces poetes semblent remanier des oeuvres de Claude Lejeune. Par consequent, on peut considerer les " Airs" (1594) comme la source la plus significative et qui nous transmit l'idee originale du compositeur.

著者

永井 均

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, pp.75-95, 1984

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In seiner "Transzendentalen Asthetik" beabsichtigte Immanuel Kant, die Aprioritat von Zeit und Raum zu beweisen. Ob es ihm aber gelungen ist, sie als eine Begriindung von objektiver Gultigkeit der Erkenntnis geltend zu machen, scheint mir einigermaBen fragwurdig. Um die Begrundung zu berechtigen, muBte auch der ProzeB des Zustandekommens von der Zeit-und Raumvorstellung als apriorisch angesehen, vielmehr bewiesen werden. Meines Erachtens konnte jedoch die Zeit-und Raumvorstellung nur a posteriori entstehen als Bedingung fur Existenz. Dabei taucht eine Frage auf : Wie kommt man zur Erkenntnis, daB Zeit und Raum notwendige Bedingungen fur Existenz seien? Erfahrung allein konnte diese Frage nicht uberzeugend auflosen. Das ist der Grund, warum ich hies Notwendigkeit in zwei Arten kategorisiere : ,,absolute und relative Notwendigkeit,,. Dieser DenkprozeB wird uns unvermeidlich zum SchluB fuhren, daB Zeit und Raum wirklich die notwendigen Bedingungen fur Existenz sind. Alles in allem : die Selbstverstandlichkeit der Existenz hebt die relative Notwendigkeit zur absoluten auf.

著者

市田 雅崇

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, pp.111-145, 2008-03

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特集文化人類学の現代的課題II第1部 空間の表象投稿論文はじめにI. 民俗宗教的空間の把握II. さまざまな「異説」の由来の物語 1. 近代の叙述 2. 中近世のさまざまな由来III. 正伝としての物語の叙述 1. 明治初期の儀礼の改変 2. 「異説」の一元化と正伝化 (1) 「国幣中社気多神社社伝来之祭典儀式」(明治25年4月) (2) 「国幣中社気多神社創立由緒等記録」(明治27年4月6日) (3) 「古社并宝物等取調書」(明治28年6月20日) (4) 「神宮号復旧之儀ニ付請願」(明治29年9月28日) (5) 「社格昇進願」(明治30年11月27日) (6) 「社格御昇進之義再願」(明治31年11月18日)IV. 宗教的エリートによる叙述の過程まとめにかえてThe aim of this paper is to present the historicity of religious space from the view of Folk-Religion. In this point of view, we can grasp the religious space in the dynamic process which is formed by the concrete phases where on one hand the authorities of religion create meaning to space, on the other the beliefs of normally living people do so at the same time. As the case example, I adapt Jinjaengi which is a record dealing with the origins a shrine and of its connection with the deity enshrined at a shrine (saijin), and the relation of the ritual surrounding that deity as well as supernatural stories related to the shrine and its deity. There is an implicit religious cosmology within a ritual, and the ritual is the symbolic system representing it dynamically. Through practicing a ritual, a religious cosmology links real places inscribed Jinjaengi such as the visitation of shrine saijin, which produces the religious space. In order to investigate, I focus on the policies in early Meiji era, especially the unstable shrine administrative practices before 1900 and the preservation policy of ancient shrines and temples. Within that process, one large shrine (taisha) in one local area, Keta jinja in Ishikawa prefecture, insists on the upper lank among the many shrines in Japan and intends to justify shrine's history. The agents of those shrine's attempts were the religious intellects of shrine (shinshoku), and they restructured the old-fashioned narratives of shrine history into narratives measured up to history of modern state. So we can understand the historicity of folk-religious space in early Meiji era.

著者

上岡 磨奈

出版者

三田哲學會

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

no.147, pp.135-159, 2021-03

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This study examines the tools of communication between fans and young pop singers, also known as idols, focusing on the "Cheki" — a type of photography taken by small polaroid camera. It has been proposed that the figure of idol culture is in the relationship between idols and fans, and it is not vertical but horizontal. "Cheki" notably symbolize this relationship. In this paper, I will clarify the meaning of this phenomenon in the context of the Japanese idol culture. I demonstrate that the concept and process of taking "Cheki" photography has not been described in previous studies. Although "Cheki" can be considered a similar to Handshake events, there are many differences between these activities. To observe the rules and behavior during the "Cheki" shootings, I have conducted web survey and interview with participants, including both fans and idols. As a result, it became clear that "Cheki" photography has strong connection with and within the idol culture. I argue that intimacy between fans and idols tha t appears during the photo shooting is a symbol of idol culture. Moreover, the materialness of "Cheki" also visualizes accumulation and such connection.投稿論文

著者

シュミットハウゼン ランバート 齋藤 直樹

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, pp.67-99, 2002-02

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投稿論文訳者まえがきはじめに1. 自発的な施しとしての他者救済(利他)の活動2. 同情とその精神的根源3. すぐれた振るまいにおける同情4. 四つの,心情のかぎりない解放(四無量心)5. 同情の効力6. 無頓着と憐憫とのあいだの緊張

著者

シュミットハウゼン ランバート 齋藤 直樹

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.109, pp.71-100, 2003-03

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投稿論文1. 救済(利)の終極としての仏性にむかう契機としての憐憫2. 自己救済(自利)と他者救済(利他)3. 「無量」の再解釈4. 精神性の相補的な両極としての憐憫と空性とのあいだの緊張5. 有情ぬきの憐憫6. 空性知の発露としての憐憫7. 仏陀の本質という教理における,救済活動と解脱との統合

著者

青池 慎一

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, pp.403-414, 1990-12

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Lazarsfeld, Berelson and Gaudet(1948)が1940年のアメリカ大統領選挙における投票行動の研究において,人々の意思決定に影響を与える人々や対人的影響の存在を発見し,その担い手としてのオピニオン・リーダーの分析を行って以来,多くの研究者によって,さまざまな意思決定分野や領域において,対人的影響やオピニオン・リーダーの存在が確認されてきているのである.オピニオン・リーダーは,いうまでもなく,Summers(1971,p.313)が述べているように,インターパーソナル・コミュニケーションによって,他の人々に大きな影響を与える人である.また,このインターパーソナル・コミュニケーションは,インフォーマルなものである.このオピニオン・リーダーに関して,今日まで数多くの研究が展開されてきているが,依然として,さらに検討されるべき多くの論点が残されているのである.本稿において,今後さらに研究されるべき諸論点のうちの三点をとりあげ,いかなる論点であるかを明らかにしていきたい.

著者

佐々木 掌子

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.115, pp.305-336, 2006-02

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特集教育研究の現在-教育の統合的理解を目指して-教育心理学投稿論文I. はじめに : 生物学的性別とは何か?II. ジェンダー・アイデンティティの形成要因 i) 環境の影響 a. Moneyのジェンダー・アイデンティティ研究 b. 性別割り当てとジェンダー・アイデンティティ研究 c. 家庭環境とジェンダー・アイデンティティ研究 d. 社会的な視点とジェンダー・アイデンティティ研究 ii) 生物学的な影響 a. ホルモンの影響 b. 遺伝の影響 iii) 遺伝と環境の交流点としての行動遺伝学III. ジェンダー・アイデンティティの形成と教育 i) 旧文部省(現・文部科学省)における性教育の基本的な目標と内容(抜粋) ii) 旧文部省の性別観とこれからの性別観 1) 生殖器の性別に基づいた性別二分法に対して 2) 性指向に関して,異性愛を前提にしていることに対して 3) 性役割に関して,固定的な性役割観を見直すことに対して iii) ジェンダー・アイデンティティと遺伝と教育This paper reviews the environmental factor (family and society) and biological factor (hormones and genetics) concerning the formation of gender identity. After that, from crossover view point between nature and nurture, it will discuss the methodology of behavior genetics, and the findings about the gender identity. So far, a number of studies have revealed that all people have their biological bias, and have challenged the biological dichotomy of men and women. Based on these findings, this paper suggests new gender concept and new point of view about sexuality education. Especially, as regards gender identity formation, it was discussed that we should not dismiss it as just the issue of particular individual (genetics), but deal with as social and environmental issues. The biological, psychological, and sociological research on gender self-formation with the interdisciplinary manner are expected to considerably shake the gender educational concept in the future.

著者

Witkam Frank

出版者

三田哲學會

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

no.148, pp.1-35, 2021-10

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Instruction in the Fundamentals of Success is a Meiji-era print series depicting historical paragons from ancient times to the present designed by the ukiyo-e artists Kobayashi Kiyochika (1847–1915), Utagawa Kuniaki II (1835–1888), Toyohara Kunichika (1835–1900), Inoue Yasuji (1864–1889), Mizuno Toshikata (1866–1908), Taisō Yoshitoshi (1866–1908), and Yōshū Chikanobu (1838–1892). The series consists of 53 prints and was published by Matsuki Heikichi from 1885 to 1890. In this paper, it is argued that the portrayals of the historical figures in the series was strongly influenced by the mid-19th century illustrated book series Zenken Kojitsu by Kikuchi Yōsai (1781–1878), and 19th-century pictures of classical narratives and warrior pictures designed by artists of the Utagawa School. Several of the pictures in the series can also be interpreted as an implicit criticism of the Meiji government. These prints, all related to the events of the Meiji restoration (1868) and the Satsuma Rebellion (1877), are analyzed in detail in the final part of this paper.特集 : 林温教授 退職記念号

著者

松本 正夫

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, pp.1-47, 1961-12

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Relying upon the existence-experience of regions of matter, life and mind, and using the analogy of proportionality of essences, I explained the conception of their essences and categories, Thus I arrived at the standpoint of analogical universal which transcends particular regions of beings. On this basis we get the regional metaphysics about the world in general. As we consider the essence of world as relative being and the essence of God as absolute being in the proof of God's existence, and by using the analogy of proportionality of existences, proportioned to each essence, we arrive at the standpoint of transcendental wholeness, ens commune sive analogicum, in which the absolute being and the relative being can coexist. Here we get metaphysics, i.e. ontology which treats not only regional beings in the world, but also the absolute being as its object. If ens commune sive analogicum, which covers both the absolute and the relative were itself an objective being, it would have to be another world, containing God and the world, where the God can not retain His absoluteness and becomes a mere relative being. So in order that, without loosing their "thing in itselfness", the absolute and the relative might still relate with each other in their coexistence, ens commune sive analogicum should not be universal in object but universal in function. Kitaro Nishida's place-universal and the voidness in Mahayana thought are the equivalents for that. This is an excessus from the absolute itsself and "diffusivum sui" of God. God establishes ens commune sive analogicum "the place" which is not aliquid in any sense i.e. nothing, or voidness, by throwing His pure act of actual existing upon not-existence; thus His pure act leaves behind all sorts of essences and even His own essence of the absolute i.e. the existence itself. This is the only place where the absolute and the relative can coexist. In His nature God has ens universale which can cause every creature but can only have ens commune sive analogicum as "the place" of Himself and His creature in habitus of creation. On one hand in ens commune God makes creatures coexist with Himself, still in the full possession of His absoluteness and on the other hand the mind of creature must expand (dilatare) itsself by ens commune in its habitus, though in its nature it remains finite and relative. "anima quodammodo omnia fit." For man, it is possible to meet the absolute as "you" in its transcendental itsselfness, and mot in any shade of idolatry only when he makes his mind-structure coincide with voidness of "the place", that can be realized in acquired habitus but never in its apriori nature.

著者

永井 均

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, pp.27-47, 1981-01

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第1節. 問題設定第2節. ふたつの立場第3節. 第一の思考実験第4節. 第二の思考実験第5節. 私の心とひとの心第6節. 第三の思考実験(実質排去)I think that the problem of other minds arises already in the formation of my-self: the contrast between my mind and other minds is reduced to the contrast between my mind as it self and my mind as a person's mind. I have tried to explain this view in this paper which is divided into six sections. In §1 the problem is posed in a general way. In §2 phenomenological points of view and linguistic points of view are compared. The latter look upon the problem as a matter of grammar while the former look upon it as a matter of fact. In §3 the supposition that others have no minds as a matter , of fact is discussed. In this section I conclude that it is actually and grammatically possible though it is contradictory to our form of life. In §4 the supposition that I myself have no mind is examined. And here I come to the conclusion that it is absolutely impssible even if it is grammatically possible. In §5 the difference between the concept of human mind and that of my mind is made clear through the contrast between mind as faculty of differentiation and mind as private substance. In §6 the supposition of the reduction of my private substance is considered. In conclusion I have to say once again what I mentioned at the outset of this summary.

著者

赤江 達也

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, pp.69-88, 2007-03

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特集記憶の社会学投稿論文1. はじめに : 政教分離訴訟の多様性2. 「憲法の戦後レジーム」の成立 : 政教分離訴訟の前提条件 2.1. 戦前と戦後のあいだ : プラカード事件 2.2. 憲法の諸理念 : 「反戦平和」・「信教の自由」・「政教分離」3. 違反と権利の同時発見 : 政教分離訴訟の出現 3.1. 最初の政教分離訴訟 : 津地鎮祭訴訟 3.2. 最高裁での敗訴と「天皇の影」4. 違反を問題化する論理 : 連鎖する政教分離訴訟 4.1. 「靖国問題」の磁場 : 浜松市政教分離原則侵害違憲訴訟 4.2. 政教分離訴訟のなかの断層 : 箕面忠魂碑訴訟5. おわりに : 政教分離訴訟の2つの論理This article describes and analyzes the emergence and transformation of `litigation for separation of religion and politics' in post-war Japan. Such constitutional cases started in the mid-1960's, spread out after the 1970's, and some of them are still going on. These cases are the same regarding the point of making an issue of the constitutional violation in question. But they are concerned with various points, such as religious acts undertaken by local governments (or public funding for religious events), enshrinement of the dead without the bereaved family's consent, and the prime minister's visits to Yasukuni Shrine. In this paper, I focus on the logic of the litigation, which is used to bring up the problem of violations of the constitution, as well as practices which support this logic. As a result of analysis, I point out that there is a subtle difference between the two types of logic employed; one applied when some initial litigation has begun, and another applied to give them political-and sometimes religious-meanings and to connect various cases. These two types of logic show the peculiar complicatedness of the relationship between religion and politics in postwar Japanese society.

著者

高須 大 横尾 剛

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.109, pp.273-289, 2003-03

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研究ノート1. 導入2. 主観説とダッチ・ブックの論証 2.1. 主観説の方策 : 信念の度合いから確率への2段階の置き換え 2.2. 賭けの一般形式と賭け指数 2.3. 第1段階 : 信念の度合いと公平な賭け指数 2.4. 第2段階 : 公平な賭け指数と確率 ダッチ・ブック定理3. 結論 : 第1段階と第2段階の統合付録 ダッチ・ブック定理の証明Lots of efforts have been paid for interpreting the concept of probability by another familiar concept such as ignorance, degree of a partial logical entailment, degree of belief, frequency, and propensity. In this paper the subjective theory is addressed. According to this theory, probability is interpreted as coherent degree of belief of a particular individual. This interpretation is achieved through following the two-step replacements: (1) Degree of belief is interpreted as fair betting quotient; (2) Fair betting quotient is interpreted as probability. The first replacement is based on the claim that in a bet (decision-making in an uncertain situation) a bettor's degree of belief whether an event will occur can be measured by a real number which she gives through her judgement on the fairness of the bet. The second replacement is based on the fact that when a bettor makes bets on events, in order to be guaranteed not to lose whatever happens (in order to be coherent) she should assign her betting quotients in accordance with the probability axioms, and vice versa. It is the so-called Dutch Book Theorem that guarantees this fact mathematically. The purpose of this paper is to clarify and confirm the contents of the subjective theory in terms of betting systems along the following approach (Ramsey (1931), de Finetti (1937), Howson Urbach (1993), Gillies (2000), etc.).

著者

佐原 六郎

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

哲學 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, pp.1-46, 1968

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まえがき(1) 白魚と文学(2) 有栖川宮熾仁親王と佃島(3) 川柳と佃島(4) 佃島関係の絵画(5) 住吉神社の建築(6) 住吉神社境内の木彫(7) 佃島の民俗 (a) 住吉の祭 (b) 佃ことば (c) 元日の初詣 (d) 盆踊佃島関係資料目録(試作)Various kinds of small unique communities existed in Tokyo till the end of the World War II. They were unique because the inhabitants of these communities had a consciousness of kind, special traditions and dialects of their own which were different from those of surrounding societies. They were also small as the land occupied by the inhabitants had comparatively narrow boundaries, and moreover, the population in them did not increase beyond a certain limit. Such communities in Tokyo had seen better days and had clearly shown their uniqueness in both Edo and Meiji eras. But almost all of these small unique communities in this large city were disorganized, one after another, before and after the World War II except Tsukudajima (once a fishing village in a small island at the mouth of the River Sumida) in which some characteristic qualities still remain. The uniqueness of Tsukudajima, however, is now being gradually lost and the differences between this community and other parts of Tokyo is disappearing under the influence of the remarkable social fluctuation and industrialization in Japan, especially after the World War II. Thus I intended to inspect and make clear the factors causing the spiritual and material changes of this community. For this purpose, I have tried in these papers to describe traditional characteristics of Tsukudajima, inquiring into the seven selected items listed below. (1) Shirauo (white bait) and literature (2) Prince Takahito Arisugawa (3) Senryu (witty epigrammatic poem) (4) Pictures (5) Architecture of Sumiyoshi-Shrine (6) Carvings (7) Folklore (a) Festivals (b) Dialects (c) The New Year's Day (d) Bon-odori (folk dance).