著者

清水 右郷

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.85-1, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-09-30)

参考文献数

34

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The concept of “trans-science” has been widely used thanks to contributions from science, technology, and society scholars but sometimes interpreted arbitrarily. I examine original and current usage of the concept and then propose a new definition of it. “Trans-scientific questions” were originally defined as questions of facts which cannot be answered by science, while the standards of unanswerability in science were not definite. Nowadays Japanese scholars invoke “transscience” to claim that scientists should not answer political questions. My proposal is to remake the definition of “trans-scientific questions” in order to accept both original and current usage.

著者

谷川 卓

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.2, pp.51-70, 2022-03-31 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

16

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In this paper, I show what philosophical topics we should examine in order to answer the question “Do holes exist?” First, I point out that the meaning of “concreate” is to be clarified in order to explicate the ontological status of holes. Then, I argue ontological problems of holes in relation to property theory and space-time theory. In my opinion, the ontology of holes should be approached in relation to space-time theory. But in that case, some distinctive features of holes we ordinarily acknowledge might be lost.

著者

坂上 雅道 山本 愛実

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.2_29-2_40, 2009 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2

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To survive in changeable circumstances, we have to make appropriate decisions on our behavior. Recent studies have suggested that we have two brain processes to calculate reward values of objects. One is the process coding a specific reward value of a stimulus or event dependent on direct experience. The other enables us to predict reward based on the internal model of given circumstances, including societies, which doesn't necessarily require direct experience. The nigro-striatal network works for the model-free decision and the prefrontal network contributes to the model-based decision. These two networks are cooperative in one occasion and are competitive in another.

著者

長滝 祥司

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.41-60, 2020-03-30 (Released:2020-07-03)

参考文献数

52

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In this paper, I examine the relationship between emotion and body. First, I briefly survey the history of the concept of emotion with referring to the concept of reason. Second, I explain three ways to access the mind and consider the controversy of nature vs culture about emotion from a viewpoint of the intersubjective body. I argue that the controversy depends on what aspects of the body we focus, suggesting that nature and culture in this context are not necessarily exclusive. Finally, I introduce the experiment we have conducted and confirm that the body involved in emotion is social and intersubjective even at the physical level.

著者

西堤 優

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.1_31-1_44, 2010 (Released:2010-09-26)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 1

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The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) proposed by A. R. Damasio has brought forward a new framework for understanding our decision-making based on the latest findings of neuroscience, and holds that emotion is an essential factor in any decision-making. However, the “Iowa Gambling Task” (IGT), which is the evidence to confirm the hypothesis, has unclear points about how to interpret its results. The present paper makes clear the interpretative problem of the IGT results, suggests some additional tasks to solve the problem, and then, clarifies the contents of SMH.

著者

稲岡 大志

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.67-82, 2014-07-30 (Released:2015-07-24)

参考文献数

21

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In this paper, we would present an overview of the recent studies on the role of diagram in mathematics. Traditionally, mathematicians and philosophers had thought that diagram should not be used in mathematical proofs, because relying on diagram would cause to various types of fallacies. But recently, some logicians and philosophers try to show that diagram has a legitimate place in proving mathematical theorems. We would review such trends of studies and provide some perspective from viewpoint of philosophy of mathematics.

著者

高橋 泰城

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.17-30, 2013-12-20 (Released:2014-06-28)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

---

One of the recent promising theoretical approaches to accounts of the violation of rationality (or generalize the concept of rationality) in human decision making is quantum decision theory. In this expository review article, I introduce 1) problems of rationality in quantum decision theory and 2) relationships between psychophysics, theoretical neuroscience including neuroeconomics, and quantum decision theory.

著者

古田 徹也

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.53-66, 2014-07-30 (Released:2015-07-24)

参考文献数

5

---

This review concerns Professor Hitoshi Nagai's recent book, Wittgenstein no Goshin (Wittgenstein's Misdiagnosis). In this book, Professor Nagai makes his understanding of the latter part of Wittgenstein's “Blue Book”. He argues that Wittgenstein set up an epoch-making solipsism, which Professor Nagai calls “Wittgenstein's solipsism” or “linguistic solipsism”, but he adds that Wittgenstein himself misunderstood the meaning and significance of this solipsism. In this review, I consider the validity of Professor Nagai's arguments.

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.2_101-2_134, 2008 (Released:2009-08-31)

参考文献数

7

著者

入江 俊夫

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.115-129, 2012 (Released:2016-01-15)

参考文献数

26

---

This paper concerns so called ‘concept formation thesis' that we can find in Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics. I will deal with this topic by focusing on his view of the relation between a problem and its solution in mathematics. In his ‘middle' period, he had the view that some problems (or conjectures) expressed by the sentences involving quantification over infinite domains are senseless. This is very important because it suggests that the problem-solution relation is such that the solution gives the grammar to the problem. In a special sort of language activity, ‘riddle', words in the question also receives some new meanings from the answer. I will compare mathematics with riddle, which enables us to see the change of perspective that determines similarity and dissimilarity.

著者

次田 瞬

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.17-33, 2015-07-31 (Released:2015-11-08)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

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Philosophers of mind have advanced three approaches in the project of naturalizing semantics: information semantics, conceptual role semantics, and teleo-semantics. This paper examines the most celebrated but complicated version of teleo-semantics, that is, Millikan's theory of representations. The first half of this paper (section 1-3) motivates and formulates her theory. The latter half (section 4-6) provides clarification of the two technical notions in terms of which Millikan's theory is formulated. One is the cooperation among the producers and the consumers of the representations. The other is the Normal conditions where the consumers of the representations function properly.

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.137-139, 2023-03-31 (Released:2023-03-31)

著者

石田 知子

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.67-91, 2019-12-30 (Released:2020-06-20)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

---

Most life scientists and philosophers would agree that molecular biology has produced reductionistic explanations which consist of physico-chemical terms. According to Sarkar, this means that informational terms are merely metaphors which have misled scientists and eventually ought to be discarded. However, the actual situation is the opposite; informational concepts are intensively used in the life sciences. In this paper, I will argue that informational concepts become indispensable elements which work as epistemic resources, enabling a schematic understanding of life phenomena; thus, informational terms are necessary in order for the theory of molecular biology to provide such resources.

著者

三木 那由他

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.47-65, 2019-12-30 (Released:2020-06-20)

参考文献数

20

---

Intention-based semantics (IBS) serves as the paradigm in the field of speaker meaning analysis. However, it has grappled with a well-known problem: the infinite regress of a speaker’s intentions. Theorists such as Grice, Schiffer, Davis, and Green have tried to remedy the situation; however, no one has found any solutions until now. The present paper claims that the inability of IBS theorists to resolve the regress problem may be attributed to the conflict between two basic assumptions that they espouse: representationalism and the transparency of speaker meaning. When both are adopted alongside each other, as the current paper shows, the regress problem immediately emerges. It follows, then, that it would be prudent to reject IBS to sufficiently analyze speaker meaning.

著者

鴻 浩介

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.27-47, 2016-12-20 (Released:2017-09-29)

参考文献数

20

---

A normative reason is a consideration that counts in favor of doing something. According to Internalism about reasons, a consideration is a normative reason for an agent to do something only if that consideration is capable of motivating the agent to do that action. Externalism about reasons denies this claim. After surveying the debate between Internalism and Externalism, I defend the oldest version of Internalism, that is, Bernard Williamsʼ deliberative Internalism. My argument is twofold: first I argue that there is a specific motivation for adopting deliberative Internalism, and then try to address the most serious objection against Internalism, i.e., the undergeneration problem.

著者

鈴木 雄大

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.133-150, 2021-03-31 (Released:2021-03-31)

参考文献数

28

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This paper aims to put forward an alternative to the standard theory of action (STA), which I call “the teleological theory of action (TTA)”. I also examine the main argument for STA and maintain that there is a possibility to deny two premises of the argument. Each denial is called the disjunctivism of bodily movement and the disjunctivism of intention. TTA implies that an intention in action is (part of) a bodily movement, and this in turn implies the two disjunctivisms. TTA is supported by the causal dispositionalism which takes dispositions as basic and understands causation in terms of them.

著者

網谷 祐一

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.35-48, 2015-07-31 (Released:2015-11-08)

参考文献数

17

---

In Realism and Naturalizing Knowledge (Keisho Shobo, 2013), Ryo Uehara carefully formulates the homeostatic property cluster theory of natural kinds and expands it by applying this framework to artifacts and knowledge and thereby drawing them in the naturalistic picture of the world. This is a substantial addition to the development of naturalistic philosophy in Japan. In this essay I shall make general comments on his account of natural kinds in the following respects: Uehara's distinction between real and nominal kinds, his objection to the species-as-individual thesis, the relative lack of attention to the distinction between the realism of natural kinds and the scientific realism, and finally, races as possible natural kinds.

著者

源河 亨

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.37-48, 2016-07-31 (Released:2016-11-10)

参考文献数

26

---

In our daily lives, we assign some value to various things. For example, we say, ‘this picture is dynamic', ‘his clothes are unfashionable' and ‘she is brave'. In these cases, we experience the value of these things. In this study, I examine the nature of such value experiences. I argue that some value experiences are cognitively penetrated perceptual experiences and that what penetrates into them is emotion. In other words, owing to the evaluative component of emotion, which affects perceptual systems, perceptual experiences can represent things as having some value to us. Furthermore, I propose that this cognitive penetration model of value experience supports the particularistic view of evaluative judgement.

著者

田中 泉吏

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.1_1-1_13, 2008 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

---

Altruistic behaviors are quite impressive features in nature and call for selective explanation. Ever since Darwin, many biologists have appealed to group selection to explain altruism. In the 1960s, Williams knocked down these naïve group selectionists and alternatively promoted gene selectionism. However, group selection was highlighted again in the 1980s by Wilson and Sober, who suggested a hierarchical conception of evolution. Opposing to this conception, some philosophers, together with some biologists, proposed to adopt a pluralistic stance toward various models of selection. These three approaches give different explanations of the evolution of altruism. I compare them and show a pluralistic one is the most valid among them.

著者

森田 邦久 等

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.105-116, 2014-12-20 (Released:2015-11-08)