著者

後藤 宗理

出版者

日本教育心理学会

雑誌

教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.85-93, 1979-06-30

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The two following experiments were carried out in order to point out that earlier studies of social reinforcement were defective in the way of presenting reinforcement, and to state that the social context should be chosen as a determinant of social reinforcement effectiveness. The manipulations in each experiment had much in common. First, day-nursery boys and girls were subjected to a 10-minute treatment session, in which they received the reinforcing stimuli either twice (deprivation) or 16 times (satiation) from a male experimeter. This was followed by a discrimination test made of 75 trials, in which the same reinforcing stimuli as in treatment session were given to all correct responses by the experimenter. At the end of the test, they were inquired about their awareness of response-reinforcement contingencies. The measure analyzed was the number of correct responses in the test. In experiment I, the partial replication of Massari (1971) study was carried out to point out that earlier studies of social deprivation-satiation were defective in the way of presenting reinforcement. Forty subjects were instructed to read picture books in treatment session, in which they received the reinforcing stimuli, either "orikou-san-dane" ("good child" in Japanese) or a sound of bell, on the fixed schedule. This was followed by a discrimination test. The dependent measure for the four experiment groups was subjected to an analysis of variance. The results of the analysis showed no significant effects for the type of reinforcement (social-nonsocial) and the treatment (deprivation-satiation). It was discussed that the mechanical presentation of reinforcement in treatment session caused these results. And it was proposed that social reinforvement, in order to find the social deprivation-satiation relation should be presented in social context, and that the procedure in treatment session should be modified Experiment II was carried out to show that social context was an important factor of social reinforcement effectiveness. One hundred and thirty-six subjects took part in playing with building blocks in a 10-minute treatment session, either with an experimenter (social interaction condition) or alone (no interaction condition). In this session, two-thirds of them received the stimulus words on the fixed schedule, but one-third of them received no words. This was followed by the test. In interaction condition, only boys made more correct responses in the deprivation group than in the satiation group. Among girls in interaction condition, Ss of the satiation group tended to make fewer responses than those in no word condition. These results suggested that the social deprivation-satiation hypothesis was supported only when reinforcement was given in the context of social situation, not when it was given according to the method used in earlier studies. In a general discussion, it was pointed out that social reinforcement ought to be presented in a social context.

著者

丸山 起誉幸 山崎 泰男 内田 健二

出版者

一般社団法人日本消化器外科学会

雑誌

日本消化器外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:03869768)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.5, pp.600-603, 2004-05-01

被引用文献数

1

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症例は65歳の女性,既往歴 : 1994年3月,十二指腸癌に対し幽門輪温存膵頭十二指腸切除を受けている(T4, tubl, med, INFα, ly0, v0, n0, H0, P0, M0, stage IIIA).現病歴 : 健康診断で便潜血陽性,大腸内視鏡検査を施行し,横行結腸に1.5cm大の頂部に潰瘍を有する粘膜下腫瘍を認めた.生検結果から高分化型腺癌と診断した.2001年11月29日,横行結腸部分切除を施行した.病理組織学的所見として,大小不整形の異型腺管が漿膜から粘膜下層にかけて多数みられ, wel, ss, v_o, ly_1, n_3, (+)(No.223), stage IIIbであった.十二指腸癌の組織像と比較検討した結果,十二指腸癌の大腸癌転移として矛盾しない組織像であった.転移性大腸癌の頻度は0.1%から1%とされている.転移性大腸癌は術後7年以上で発症する場合もあり,定期的な消化管検査が必要である.その予後は不良であるが,治癒切除可能であれば原発性大腸癌に準じた手術を行うべきである.

著者

赤松 直樹

出版者

昭和大学学士会

雑誌

昭和医学会雑誌 (ISSN:00374342)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.6, pp.576-579, 2011-12-28 (Released:2012-08-03)

参考文献数

4

著者

朝日麦酒株式会社 [編]

出版者

朝日麦酒

巻号頁・発行日

1950

著者

小松崎 拓男

出版者

金沢美術工芸大学

雑誌

金沢美術工芸大学紀要 (ISSN:09146164)

巻号頁・発行日

no.54, pp.85-91, 2010

著者

梅原 達治 ウメハラ タツヂ

雑誌

札幌大学教養部紀要 = = The journal of the Faculty of General Education, Sapporo University

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.203-224, 1989-03-31

著者

小田 寛貴 増田 孝

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

名古屋大学加速器質量分析計業績報告書

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.189-194, 2002-03

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我々はこれまで, 加速器質量分析法(AMS : Accelerator Mass Spectrometry)による^<14>C年代測定が古文書の年代判定法としてもつ有効性と限界とを示すことを目的として, 書跡史学の見地から年代を求めた古文書の^<14>C年代測定を名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターのタンデトロン加速器質量分析計を用いて行ってきた.現在までに測定した古文書資料は表1に示した18点である.こうした研究から, 和紙は"old wood effect"による誤差(ずれ)が小さく, 暦^<14>C年代が歴史学的年代と大きく異なるものではないことを明らかにしてきた.これら18点の古文書のうち12点の資料(資料No.1-12)についての解説・歴史学的年代・^<14>C年代は, 既に別稿において報告されている(小田・増田ほか, 2000;小田・増田, 2001).そこで本報では, 今年度新たに測定を行った6点の資料について, その解説と^<14>C年代測定の結果を報じるものとする.前年度までに測定を行った12点の資料に続き, 資料番号を以下のようにNo.13〜18とした.

著者

大蔵省印刷局 [編]

出版者

日本マイクロ写真

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1888年02月24日, 1888-02-24

著者

高橋宗正著 宮城太英訳

出版者

赤々舎

巻号頁・発行日

2014

著者

矢田插雲 著

出版者

朝香屋書店

巻号頁・発行日

1924

著者

Masaki Ogawa Motoo Nakagawa Masaki Hara Masato Ito Toshihiko Goto Nobuyuki Ohte Yuta Shibamoto

出版者

Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 編集委員会

雑誌

Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (ISSN:13411098)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.46-48, 2013-02-20 (Released:2013-02-20)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

2 10

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We report a 64-year-old man with incidentally found uncorrected total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). There have been only a few case reports of untreated TAPVC diagnosed after 60 years of age. Also, this is a first case report of TAPVC in which ECG-gated CT and phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) was performed. He was referred to our hospital for the surgery of rectal cancer. He had been diagnosed to have an arterial septal defect (ASD) and persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC), and Eisenmenger’s syndrome was thought to be the cause of cyanosis at first. The vertical vein in TAPVC was initially misdiagnosed as PLSVC on enhanced axial CT images reconstructed with 5-mm slice thickness with gapless. ECG-gated CT and PC-MRI were useful to confirm the diagnosis. The vertical vein in TAPVC is morphologically similar to PLSVC. This kind of abnormality would be somewhat difficult to diagnose on non-ECG-gated CT, and might be misdiagnosed as a large ASD and PLSVC.

著者

Naoshi Yamawaki

出版者

Forum Academicum

巻号頁・発行日

1983

著者

蒲谷 宏 坂本 恵

雑誌

早稲田大学日本語研究教育センター紀要 (ISSN:0915440X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.23-44, 1991-03-25

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日本語教育における待遇表現教育について, その現状と問題点, 「待遇表現」の捉え方, 待遇表現教育のあり方の点から考察した.本稿では「待遇表現」を「表現主体」が, ある「表現意図」を, 「自分」・「相手」・「話題の人物」相互間の関係, 「表現場」の状況・雰囲気, 「表現形態」等を考慮し, それらに応じた「表現題材」, 「表現内容」, 「表現方法」を用いて, 表現する言語行為であると捉えた.このような観点から待遇表現行為の教育のために, 待遇表現に段階性を考え, 表現意図と言葉を繋ぐものとして「表現機能」を考え, さらに具体的な表現を選ぶまでの「方略」を示すという教育方針を提案した.

著者

曽我 祐典 Yusuke Soga

雑誌

総研論集 (ISSN:03877728)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.15-30, 1995-03-31

著者

Ikeda Hiroshi Nishikawa Masaaki Sota Teiji

出版者

Nature Publishing Group

雑誌

Nature Communications (ISSN:20411723)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.648, 2012-01-31

被引用文献数

108

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甲虫の種多様化要因の新説~飛翔能力の退化が種分化を促進. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2012-02-01.

著者

大井 恭子 田畑 光義

出版者

関東甲信越英語教育学会

雑誌

関東甲信越英語教育学会研究紀要 (ISSN:09112502)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.81-91, 2008-03-01

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The present action research is a unique attempt in that junior high school students performed a storytelling in English for elementary school children. This practical-minded research asked three questions: (a) What kinds of activities are possible for junior high school students in preparation for the storytelling performance, which would integrate four English skills? (b) How much can elementary school children understand of the story told to them? (c) What is the significance of storytelling activities for both elementary school children and junior high school students? Twelve ninth graders participated and performed for fourth graders. The ninth graders went through various activities in order to prepare for the storytelling performance, which required four skills in English. The degree of comprehension on the part of the elementary school children was measured after the performance. As a result, it was proved that children have a capacity to understand a story even though they do not know every individual word used in the story. In the preparation stage, the junior high school students enjoyed expressing their ideas, discussing them with their peers, and collaborating with each other; in other words, they enjoyed being in a "learning community," which was clearly reflected in their reflection sheets. Also they learned how to rewrite a story on their own based on the original, with the audience in mind. In conclusion, storytelling is an effective activity in terms of language learning, building confidence in students, and creating a learning community in school.

著者

原田 康徳

出版者

北海道大学

巻号頁・発行日

1992-03-25

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187

著者

栗原 アヤ子

出版者

中央公論新社

雑誌

婦人公論

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.7, pp.25-27, 1999-03-22

著者

山田孝雄 著

出版者

東京宝文館

巻号頁・発行日

1924

著者

謝 平

雑誌

名古屋外国語大学外国語学部紀要 = Journal of School of Foreign Languages, Nagoya University of Foreign Studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.43, pp.225-240, 2012-08