著者

宇田 正

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.3, pp.62-92, 1988-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

藤村 大時郎

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, pp.24-54,ii, 1989-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

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After reviewing administrative structures of multi-unit enterprises in the mid-nineteenth century France, I examined that of Schneider et Cie which had been defined by its 1913 organizational rules. Like most advanced structures of contemporary american firms, it had a central office comprised of heads of functional departments-operating, financial, industrial accounting, personnel and legal departments. Into the first operating department, however, were integrated manufacturing, sales and engineering offices, and the line of authority between the major manufacturing and the other two units, and also between the operating and the other departments was defined on a line-and-staff basis. This contrast to the american integrated industrial enterprises can be explained by the similarity in the object of organization building, that is coordination of production and marketing activities, as well as the difference, lack of its own sales network in the french enterprise.Another and more important difference is found out in behavior at organization building. In contrast to american organization builders, Schneider's executives used data only for controling activities, so not for evaluating the performance of managers, and their range of authority and responsibility remained obscure in consequence. This discovery of another way of organization buildng suggests that creation of the general officers which constitute a major innovation in developing the decentralized, divisional structure was a result of the american way of organization building, because strictness in the delegation of authority to the division managers is assured by clearness of individual responsibility confined by objective figures. The schema of strategy and structure of A.D. Chandler, Jr., therefore, should be reconsidered.

著者

柴 孝夫

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.1-32, 1988-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

2 1

著者

大塩 武

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.67-76, 1988-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

岡山 礼子 田中 隆雄 作道 潤

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.76-91, 1988-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.92-105, 1988-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

片岡 豊

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.33-58,ii, 1988-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

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Many of the modern companies in Japan have developed as jointstock companies.In respect that those jointstock companies raised funds mainly by issuing stocks, the role of stockholders was important. And it is stockholders' meetings that ensure the rights of those stockholders who invested in the companies. It is, however, debated that stockholders' meetings in these days are nothing but are held as a matter of form.The purpose of this paper is to survey the function of the stockholders' meetings in the Meiji Era when the modern companies had just come into existence.The object of my study in this paper is the stockholders' meetings for the mergers of railroad companies. It is because the merger was, and of course is, one of the most important affairs for the companies, and also for the stockholders concerned. Moreover stocks of a railroad company had relatively wide distribution in those days.In this paper mergers are divided into three kinds of cases. The first is the case where the estimated value of the company which was merged was lower than the stock price of the company. In the second the former was equal to the latter, and the third is of an opposite kind to the first.

著者

塩地 洋

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.59-91,iii, 1988-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

1

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This article provides an historical analysis of the relations between the Toyota Motor Company and Hino Motors Limited, relations which formally began in 1966. Through such analysis, light can be shed on the general characteristics of tie-ups between vehicle manufacturers.Three basic areas are covered. First, Hino's failure in the small automobile sector is discussed. In the 1950's Hino was a specialist manufacturer of large trucks and buses. In 1961, it tried to enter the small car sector but, faced with severe competition, made an ungraceful exit and was left with a large investment in small car assembly equipment.Second, the tie-up with Toyota is examined. Through this tie-up, Hino was restored to its former position as a specialist in the large truck and bus field, and Toyota was able to utilize Hino as a subcontracting assembler of Toyota brand automobiles. This arrangement was good for both companies. Partly because of the benefits of specialization, Hino's market share gradually rose and it eventually reached the top position in its sector. For its part, Toyota was able to increase production through the subcontracting arrangement.Finally, the shift in the nature of the tie-up is considered. In the 1970's, as Japan's economy moved from high to low growth, the domestic demand for large trucks and buses began to stagnate and Hino suffered as a result. At the same time, needless to say, Toyota increased small car production through the expansion of both domestic and export markets.In general, this episode points out some of the long term factors involved in selection and bargaining between partners in vehicle manufacturing tie-ups.

著者

四宮 俊之

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.3, pp.1-28, 1988-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

1

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In Japan, the newsprint manufacturers founded a cartel for the cooperative sales of newsprint in 1901. It intended to control the domestic market. But the newspaperdom succeeded to curtail the import duties on newsprint in 1906, and so sometimes was able to import cheaper foreign-made newsprint easily. Consequently, the cartel couldn't control the market satisfactorily.Under those market structures, plenty of cheap newsprint began to be imported from Northern Europe and Canada after 1930; it was regarded, especially about the Canadian newsprint, as dumping among the Japanese persons concerned in those days, and it induced industrial reorganization of Japan's paper manufacturing in 1933.But that commonly accepted understanding as dumping overlooked the influence of exchange fluctuation of those days. As the concluding remarks, after the Japan's lifting of the gold embargo in 1930, yen revaluation served to reduce the yen basis imported prices. So the importation wasn't dumping. But after the final gold ban in 1931, yen devaluation didn't raise prices, because several foreign manufacturers began to dump on the Japanese market. However the dumping was begun after the informal decision of the above-mentioned industrial reorganization.

著者

許 紫芬

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.3, pp.29-47, 1988-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

真山. 達志

雑誌

茨城大学政経学会雑誌

巻号頁・発行日

no.56, pp.27-43, 1988-03

著者

壽永 欣三郎

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.90-94, 1988-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

塩見 治人

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.101-108, 1988-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

加来 祥男

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.52-82, 1988-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

原 輝史

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.83-90, 1988-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

安部 悦生

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.95-101, 1988-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

内田 星美

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.1-27, 1988-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

1

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According to a statistical survey of graduate engineers from universities and technical colleges, the total number of engineers in Japan in 1920 was 1, 400, 2.8 times as many as ten years earlier; of these 73% were employed in private industry. Employment in metal, electrical, chemical and engineering industries marked 5-13 times increases in ten years, indicating the rise of heavy and chemical industries during the First World War.Seventy firms, of which 20 were founded between 1910 and 1920, employed more than 20 engineers, against 20 firms in total in 1910; and 11 firms employed more than 100. Increasing the number of engineers within a firm would naturally lead to the ordering of engineers by age.Thirty-six large firms hired engineers in specific subjects who had graduated almost every year from 1905 until 1919, suggesting the origin of the “Japanese management” practice of employing freshmen each year and letting them climb up the ladder of positions.More than 100 firms had several engineers in top management with the title “manager” or “chief engineer”; most of them had graduated during the 1890's, although few of them had seats on the board with their capitalist employers.Recently established steelmaking or shipbuilding companies had recruited veteran engineers through transfer from related Zaibatsu firms or through head-hunting from public or private concerns.For the first time in Japanese business history, several firms erected laboratries during the war. These firms were employing young physicists and chemists who had graduated from science faculties of the universities in addition to engineering faculty graduates.

著者

長沢 康昭

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.28-51, 1988-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

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During World War I, Mitsubishi Goshi opened branches in Europe and America for the company's overseas activities. In this paper, I have analysed the motives, activities and the results of such development by focusing on the London Branch in England.Before the war, the company had its foreign branches only in China, and most of the overseas activities had been conducted through foreign commercial houses. When the war occurred, the company felt it difficult to export to Europe, so the company switched its export trade from Europe to Russia via Vladivostok. But again, as Russia suspended gold standard, the company faced another difficulty to take foreign exchange risk. Since the company had to import goods such as machinery or raw materials, it was indispensable to promote export for acquiring a steady supply of foreign currency. In order to meet such needs, the company opened its branch office in London 1915 and New York the next year.The London Branch sold the company-made non-ferrous metal such as copper or Chinese products, and purchased machineries and materials for the company's shipyard. The accounts for these transactions were settled by the foreign exchange in the firm. The purchasing was soon exceeded by selling, so a trade surplus was accumulated in the branch office. With the purpose of making use of these surplus funds, the company went into the common exchange business. On the other hand, Japan was enjoying a war boom, and the Trading Division of Mitsubishi Goshi decided to add other company products to its own line; thus the company turned to a general trading enterprise. With corresponding to such a transformation, the company decided to enlarge the scope of overseas activities, resulting in the opening of agent offices in such cities as Paris, Seattle, Berlin, Rome, Lyon and Marseilles.These activities of the foreign branches became a precondition for further growth of the foreign exchange business of the Bank Division as well as of the proper business of the Trading Division of Mitsubishi Goshi. Later the foreign exchange business of these branches was transferred to Foreign Exchange Division of Mitsubishi Bank, and their trading business was to Mitsubishi Shoji (Trading) Company.

著者

中澤 弥子 吉岡 由美 髙﨑 禎子 小木曽 加奈 小川 晶子

出版者

日本調理科学会

雑誌

日本調理科学会大会研究発表要旨集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, 2018

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【目的】長野県の家庭料理の特徴を探ることを目的として、主菜について分析した。本発表では、その特徴を表し、昭和30年頃から長野県各地で大切に作り継がれている主菜について報告する。<br>【方法】平成25~28年にかけて全県的な現地調査を実施した。調査方法は、主に聞き取り法で行い、可能な場合は、食材や料理、加工品の実物を撮影し、試食を行った。<br>【結果】「海なし県」である長野県の伝統的な主菜に用いる食材には、海水魚、淡水魚や貝、凍み豆腐、鶏肉、馬肉、山肉、昆虫など、種々の食材が利用されてきた。主菜に用いる食材の多くは、単品ではなく、季節の畑作野菜や山菜、茸などと共に煮物にして多く利用された。例えば、身欠き鰊と寒干し大根などの野菜の煮物は、田植えや人寄せ(人が集まる機会)などのご馳走として利用された。海水魚では、年取り魚(大晦日、年越しの食事につける魚)には鮭と鰤が多く利用され、鰯や秋刀魚等がご馳走や日常食で食されてきた。淡水魚では、鯉がうま煮、あらい、鯉こく、から揚げ、すずめ焼きなど様々な料理で利用され、年取り魚をはじめ、行事食としても多く利用されてきた。鮒の甘露煮、わかさぎの甘辛揚げ、たにしの味噌汁なども、季節の日常食として食されてきた。凍み豆腐は、寒冷な気候を利用した保存食として煮物や味噌汁をはじめ、いろいろな料理で食されてきた。家で飼っている鶏をつぶして鶏肉を行事食などに利用した。馬肉は、伊那・飯田で多く食され、馬刺しをはじめ伊那・飯田では馬のモツを醤油や味噌などで煮込んだ「おたぐり」と呼ばれる煮物などで食してきた。猪や鹿、熊などの山肉は、焼き肉や煮物などで利用した。また、魚肉ソーセージや竹輪が煮物やサラダなどに多く利用された。

著者

四宮 俊之

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.79-89, 1987-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)