著者

大山 正 鳥居 修晃

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.178-188, 1955

被引用文献数

8

---

The effects of area, voluntary control and prolonged observation on the figureground reversal were analysed by the continuous presentation method.<BR>The stimulus used was a circle divided into six sectors (Fig. 1). The following measures were adopted for the record and analysis of reversal process : total time of appearances for two shapes (<I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB>, <I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB>), total undefined time (<I>T</I><SUB>ε</SUB>=<I>T</I>-(<I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB>+<I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB>)), the number of appearance (<I>n</I><SUB>α</SUB>, <I>n</I><SUB>β</SUB>), relative dominancy (<I>R</I>=<I>100T</I><SUB>α</SUB> / (<I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB>+<I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB>)), average duration (<I>t</I><SUB>α</SUB>=<I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB> / <I>n</I><SUB>α</SUB>, <I>t</I><SUB>β</SUB>=<I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB> / <I>n</I><SUB>β</SUB>) and the frequency of first appearance (<I>f</I><SUB>α</SUB>, <I>f</I><SUB>β</SUB>).<BR>By varying the sector angles of two shapes, we obtained quantitative relationships between the sector angle and each measure (Table 1, 2, 3, 4 ; Fig. 2, 3). Smaller shape appeared as "figure" more frequently at first view, persisted longer in reversal and was more dominant in the total time of appearance. The larger the areal difference of the two shapes was the stronger were these tendencies, and the slower was the reversal.<BR>By voluntary control, the relative dominancy (<I>R</I>) could be changed to some extent (Table 5). The amounts of shifts of <I>R</I> were almost equal in the three stimuli with various sector angles, but were different in two directions (increasing and decreasing). These shifts of <I>R</I> were based upon the changes in both <I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB> and <I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB>, which, in turn, were depended mostly on the changes in <I>t</I><SUB>α</SUB> and <I>t</I><SUB>β</SUB>.<BR>The prolonged observation (12min.) did not cause the acceleration of the rate of reversal which had been expected by Köhler (11). On the other hand, the prolonged observation resulted in the increase of the undefined time and the decrease of the favourable shape, and the slight shift of <I>R</I> to the neutral point (50).

著者

仙場 真祐 鳥居 修晃

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.49-52, 1960

著者

大山 正 鳥居 修晃 浜本 夏美

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.210-222, 1957

被引用文献数

3

---

Obonai (this journal, 1949, 19, 177-183) reported that the rate of figure-ground reversal decreased as the size of stimulus pattern increased and that the rate increased as the brightness gradient between figure-sectors and their surroundings, the illuminance of stimulus field and the number of sectors increased. We re-examined these relationships.<BR>The stimulus pattern used in this study was a circle devided into six sectors. Three alternate sectors were white or light gray, and the other sectors were black or dark gray. The surrounding field was middle gray or white. (See Fig. 1 of the text).<BR>Regular figure-ground reversal cycles were frequently interrupted by what we call the undefined phase in which neither of the two areas appeared as figure. This fact made it difficult to determine unequivocally the number of reversal or the time of reversal. So we adopted, as a measure of the rate of reversal, the average number of appearances of two areas per minute i. e. N = (nw + nb) / 2.<BR>We analyzed the influence of the size of stimulus pattern through fifteen series of experiments which varied in stimulus pattern, illumination, set, subjects and experimental design. In only two of the series, we obtained statistically significant results. We concluded that Obonai's result was a special case with some particular types of subjects under some particular stimulus conditions.<BR>We did not find the influence of brightness gradient upon the rate of reversal when the brightnesses of the two areas were varied symmetrically. But we found that, when the brightness of one area was kept constant, the rate of reversal increased as the brightness gradient between the other area and the surroundings became more similarto that of the former.<BR>We found also that the rate increased as the illuminance of stimulus field increased. On the other hand, the influence of the number of sectors was not clear in our experiment.<BR>Above mentioned changes in the rate of reversal were partly due to the changes in the time of undefined phase. The level of the rate of reversal varied considerably from subject to subject and individual levels were relatively constant through many experiments.<BR>The influence of those stimulus factors upon the rate of reversal was rather slight and not general, contrary to Obonai's results. It was suggested that the rate of figureground reversal was determined by the conditions of the organism rather than by stimulus set-up.

著者

岩波書店

出版者

岩波書店

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, 1977-04

出版者

医学書院

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.3, 1977-03

著者

東京大学教養学部 編

出版者

東京大学出版会

巻号頁・発行日

no.64, 1977-03

著者

東京大学教養学部 編

出版者

東京大学出版会

巻号頁・発行日

no.58, 1974-03

著者

東京大学教養学部 編

出版者

東京大学出版会

巻号頁・発行日

no.86, 1987-03

著者

東京大学教養学部 編

出版者

東京大学出版会

巻号頁・発行日

no.72, 1981-03

著者

東京大学教養学部 編

出版者

東京大学出版会

巻号頁・発行日

no.79, 1984-03

著者

大山 正 鳥居 修晃 浜本 夏美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.210-222, 1957 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3

---

Obonai (this journal, 1949, 19, 177-183) reported that the rate of figure-ground reversal decreased as the size of stimulus pattern increased and that the rate increased as the brightness gradient between figure-sectors and their surroundings, the illuminance of stimulus field and the number of sectors increased. We re-examined these relationships.The stimulus pattern used in this study was a circle devided into six sectors. Three alternate sectors were white or light gray, and the other sectors were black or dark gray. The surrounding field was middle gray or white. (See Fig. 1 of the text).Regular figure-ground reversal cycles were frequently interrupted by what we call the undefined phase in which neither of the two areas appeared as figure. This fact made it difficult to determine unequivocally the number of reversal or the time of reversal. So we adopted, as a measure of the rate of reversal, the average number of appearances of two areas per minute i. e. N = (nw + nb) / 2.We analyzed the influence of the size of stimulus pattern through fifteen series of experiments which varied in stimulus pattern, illumination, set, subjects and experimental design. In only two of the series, we obtained statistically significant results. We concluded that Obonai's result was a special case with some particular types of subjects under some particular stimulus conditions.We did not find the influence of brightness gradient upon the rate of reversal when the brightnesses of the two areas were varied symmetrically. But we found that, when the brightness of one area was kept constant, the rate of reversal increased as the brightness gradient between the other area and the surroundings became more similarto that of the former.We found also that the rate increased as the illuminance of stimulus field increased. On the other hand, the influence of the number of sectors was not clear in our experiment.Above mentioned changes in the rate of reversal were partly due to the changes in the time of undefined phase. The level of the rate of reversal varied considerably from subject to subject and individual levels were relatively constant through many experiments.The influence of those stimulus factors upon the rate of reversal was rather slight and not general, contrary to Obonai's results. It was suggested that the rate of figureground reversal was determined by the conditions of the organism rather than by stimulus set-up.

著者

仙場 真祐 鳥居 修晃

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.49-52, 1960 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

4

著者

佐々木 正晴 鳥居 修晃 佐藤 佑介

出版者

感覚代行研究会

雑誌

感覚代行シンポジウム

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.9-12, 2012-12-03

著者

佐々木 正晴 鳥居 修晃

出版者

感覚代行研究会

雑誌

感覚代行シンポジウム

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.17-20, 2011-12-05

著者

鳥居 修晃

出版者

日本特殊教育学会

雑誌

特殊教育学研究 = The Japanese journal of special education (ISSN:03873374)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.5, pp.527-529, 2012-01

著者

佐々木 正晴 鳥居 修晃 佐藤 佑介

出版者

感覚代行研究会

雑誌

感覚代行シンポジウム

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.41-44, 2013-12-09

著者

國枝 繁樹

出版者

一橋大学大学院経済学研究科

雑誌

一橋経済学 (ISSN:18812376)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.21-50, 2011-07

被引用文献数

2

著者

岡本綺堂 著

出版者

文泉堂

巻号頁・発行日

1919

著者

小沢翠月 著

出版者

春江堂

巻号頁・発行日

1919

著者

岸 志津江

出版者

青山学院大学

雑誌

青山経営論集 (ISSN:05871654)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.57-74, 2011-12