著者
Satoru Takahashi Chieko Saito Ikuko Koyama-Honda Noboru Mizushima
出版者
Japan Society for Cell Biology
雑誌
Cell Structure and Function (ISSN:03867196)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.22071, (Released:2022-11-22)
被引用文献数
17

In macroautophagy, disk-shaped double-membrane structures called phagophores elongate to form cup-shaped structures, becoming autophagosomes upon closure. These autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to become autolysosomes and degrade engulfed material. Autophagosome formation is reported to involve other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. Organelles are also taken up by autophagosomes as autophagy cargos. However, few studies have performed systematic spatiotemporal analysis of inter-organelle relationships during macroautophagy. Here, we investigated the organelles in contact with phagophores, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes by using three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy with array tomography in cells starved 30 min. As previously reported, all phagophores associate with the ER. The surface area of phagophores in contact with the ER decreases gradually as they mature into autophagosomes and autolysosomes. However, the ER still associates with 92% of autophagosomes and 79% of autolysosomes, suggesting that most autophagosomes remain on the ER after closure and even when they fuse with lysosomes. In addition, we found that phagophores form frequently near other autophagic structures, suggesting the presence of potential hot spots for autophagosome formation. We also analyzed the contents of phagophores and autophagosomes and found that the ER is the most frequently engulfed organelle (detected in 65% of total phagophores and autophagosomes). These quantitative three-dimensional ultrastructural data provide insights into autophagosome–organelle relationships during macroautophagy. Key words: 3D-CLEM, autophagosome, electron microscopy, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome
著者
吉原 弘道
出版者
九州産業大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2020-04-01

本研究では、日本刀および刀鍛冶研究の重要史料である鎌倉~江戸時代中期に作成された日本刀(主に平安~戦国時代に製作された日本刀)の茎図(日本刀の茎の模写)・刀絵図(日本刀の刀身全体もしくは一部の模写)を調査・収集し、茎図集(押形集)・刀絵図集の史料学的分析を行い、絵図史料(茎図・刀絵図)採録刀剣データベースを構築する。構築した絵図史料採録刀剣データベースを用いて、茎図・刀絵図の変遷とその作成背景、日本刀の伝来過程、日本刀の形状変化(磨上による寸法の変化など)について分析する。
著者
渡部 真
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
no.7, pp.170-185, 1982
被引用文献数
1

This study examines a relation between quality of a high-school and a delinquent tendency of the high-school students. Following hypotheses were examined. 1. In Japan there is a great difference in behavioural patterns and value orientations of students depending upon ranks of theh high-schools. It is tihs difference that actuany creates diffrences in problematic behaviour patterns of high-school students. 2. Prevailing delinquent culture in low-ranked high-schools fastens the delinquent tendendency of the students. Data of a survey project on high-school students in which I participated, were analysed for the study. The flowing results were obtained. 1. Many students of low-ranked high-schools do not tend to adapt themselves to thier school circumstance and they are not satisfied with educational policies of their schools. They are not interested in their school life. Instead, they enjoy themselves rather out of their schools. 2. The youth culture in which many students of low-ranked high-schools are interested are "game center" "motorcycles" "coffee shops" "drinkinhg" and so on. On the contrary, many students of high-ranked high-schools are interested ih "literature and philosophy" "traveling alone" and so on. 3. Classfication of inclination to youth culture by a multivariable analysis showed that students of low-ranked high-schools have an inclination to delinquent youth culture and that they are indifferent to the quest of their identity. The present entrance system of high-schools, in which students are selected automatically by accomplishment of junior high-schools, trigger many problems in the formation of delinquent youth culture. Therefore, it is required to improve the entrance system to high-schools.

14 0 0 0 OA 1.脳卒中

著者
山口 武典
出版者
一般社団法人 日本内科学会
雑誌
日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.91, no.8, pp.2329-2338, 2002-08-10 (Released:2008-06-12)
参考文献数
61
著者
菅野 礼司 南原 律子
出版者
日本物理教育学会
雑誌
物理教育 (ISSN:03856992)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.62, no.4, pp.258-269, 2014-12-05 (Released:2017-02-10)

物理学は,自然科学の中で扇の要の位置にある。物理学の理論体系の構造と論理を,諸分野の相互関係を通して詳しく考察することは,自然科学を深く理解することに役立つであろう。本稿では,自然界の階層構造をふまえて,物理学諸分野を三系列に分類し,それらの相互連関を考察した。また,物理学の研究方法,理論体系の特徴,理論の完備性などについても考察した。さらに,自然科学の特性をまとめ,理論転換(科学革命)についてその論理と展開を追った。
著者
鈴木 卓夫
出版者
The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan
雑誌
鉄と鋼 (ISSN:00211575)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.90, no.1, pp.43-47, 2004-01-01 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
2 2

Nanban-tetsu is a steel which was imported into Japan by Portuguese or Spanish merchant ships in the end of Muromachi period (1392-1573). The steel was produced in India and called "Wootz steel". Nanban-tetsu steel was shaped in some forms of a gourd called "Hyotan", a oval called "Koban", a square timber called "Saijo", a semi-cylinder called "Tajo" and others. In 1613, one of the Japanese sword smith, Echizen Yasutsugu 1, first produced a sword using Nanban-tetsu steel. Since then, many sword smiths who lived in Echizen area (Fukui Prefecture) had used Nanban-tetsu steel as a material of Japanese swords. The steels produced using the "Nittoho-Tatara" furnace in Shimane prefecture has been examined by forge-welding as a function of phosphor content in the steels. It is concluded that "Hyotan" shaped Nanban-tetsu steel is not good for forging, "Saijo" shaped Nanban-tetsu steel is good for forging, "Koban"-shaped one is difficult to forgeweld and "Tajo"-shaped one is intermediate.