- 著者
-
大久保 純一
- 出版者
- 国立歴史民俗博物館
- 雑誌
- 国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.203, pp.65-84, 2016-12
安政2年10月2日に関東南部を襲った大地震は,江戸の下町を中心に甚大な被害を与えることとなった。この安政の江戸大地震に関しては,地震の被災状況を簡略な絵図と文字情報で周知した瓦版類,地震の被害や被災者の逸話などをまとめた冊子,地震の原因であると信じられていた地中の大鯰をテーマとした一種の戯画・諷刺画である鯰絵など,多様な出版物が売り出された。これらは災害史や民俗学の分野で注目を集めつつあるが,一部に精細な被災の光景を描く図を含みながらも,絵画史の領域での検討はかならずしも十分ではなかった。本稿では,安政江戸地震を機に盛んとなった出版物における災害表象を,主に風景表現の視点から検討する。安政の大地震に関する一枚刷には,従来の瓦版などの簡素な印刷物とはことなる,高度な木版多色摺の技術を用いた臨場感豊かなものが散見され,たんに災害を速報するという以上の機能が期待されている。それらに見られる被災の表現は名所図会の挿絵の視点や造本趣向を応用した『安政見聞誌』でひとつの頂点を見せ,その工夫は『安政見聞録』『安政風聞集』などにも踏襲されている。安政の大地震における災害絵図出版の盛行により,点数こそ多くはないものの錦絵の出版にも災害図の一領域が生み出されることになり,明治期には地震や火山の噴火,大火災などをテーマとした作品が出版され,やがて関東大震災の絵葉書などにもつながってゆく。The great earthquake that hit the southern Kantō region on the second day of the tenth month of Ansei 2 (1855) caused immense damage, especially in the downtown of Edo. This Great Earthquake of the Ansei Era was featured in various publications, such as newssheets describing the impact of the disaster with simple illustrations and texts, booklets containing the accounts of the aftermath and the narratives of victims of the calamity, and cartoons and caricatures depicting the giant catfish which was allegedly living under the ground and to which the catastrophe was attributed (the drawings were known as "Namazu-e"). These historical sources are attracting increasing attention from folklorists and historians who study disasters. In contrast, despite including fine drawings and paintings of the scene of the catastrophe, these historical materials have not been fully analyzed by art historians. Therefore, this paper examines the depiction of disasters in prints, especially in landscapes, which were increasingly produced after the Great Earthquake of the Ansei Era.The single-sheet prints illustrating the Great Earthquake of the Ansei Era seem to have assumed a more important role than merely reporting the disaster situation as many of them were produced using the sophisticated technique of multicolor woodblock printing to add a sense of reality that could not be provided in simple prints such as conventional newssheets.The expression of disaster situations in these prints reached a peak with the publication of Ansei Kenmonshi (A Chronicle of Events of the Ansei Era), which used the same illustration perspectives and bookmaking techniques as meisho zue (illustrated topographies). These devices and techniques are also observed in contemporary publications such as Ansei Kenmonroku (A Record of Events of the Ansei Era) and Ansei Fūbunshū (A Collection of Reports of Events of the Ansei Era).The popularity of disaster paintings after the Great Earthquake of the Ansei Era led to the emergence of the genre of disaster paintings in Nishiki-e prints, though the number of such paintings remained small. In the Meiji period, drawings and paintings of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, conflagrations, and other catastrophes were published, which led to the production of picture postcards of the Great Kantō Earthquake.一部非公開情報あり