著者

平成18年2月6日(月) 東京大学山上会館大会議室

出版者

公益社団法人 日本化学会・情報化学部会

雑誌

日本化学会情報化学部会誌 (ISSN:09133747)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, 2005

著者

東京大学理学部

出版者

東京大学理学部

雑誌

東京大学 理学部廣報

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.8, pp.1-4, 1970-09-10

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目次/理学部会合日誌/教授会メモ/幹事会より/教官人事移動[原文ママ](7月1日より8月16日まで)/理学部ところどころ(臨界実験所)

著者

東京大学判例研究会 森田 修

出版者

法学協会事務所

雑誌

法学協会雑誌 (ISSN:00226815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.11, pp.1786-1805, 2001

著者

東京大学 総合文化研究科 広域科学専攻

出版者

東京大学 総合文化研究科 広域科学専攻

雑誌

Frontière

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.28-39, 2008-03-01

著者

東京大学 総合文化研究科 広域科学専攻

出版者

東京大学 総合文化研究科 広域科学専攻

雑誌

Frontière

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.40-49, 2008-03-01

著者

東京大学 総合文化研究科 広域科学専攻

出版者

東京大学 総合文化研究科 広域科学専攻

雑誌

Frontière

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.50-60, 2008-03-01

著者

千葉 勝吾 大多和 直樹 Shogo CHIBA Naoki OTAWA 東洋大学大学院 東京大学 Graduate School of Toyo University University of Tokyo

出版者

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, pp.67-87, 2007-11-30

被引用文献数

4

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The school system continues to occupy a central position in the system of social distribution. However, the school is changing from a social screening institution, as it was in the 1970s, to a support institution. Schools now tend to support the decision-making of students based on their own academic achievements and career plans. It is difficult for schools to intervene in students' decision-making in the way they did in the 1970s. However, the relationship between student's school records and their academic and career achievements has not been broken down despite the drastic change in this internal process. In this paper, the authors describe this mechanism in the school by investigating one commercial high school in the Metropolitan area. The authors examine data from the "Student Kartes" of all students in 2002. In these documents, teachers record students' academic achievements and their process of career determing. The authors then analyze how students move between the various channels offered by the school to make academic and career choices, and show some typical patterns. The main conclusions are as follows. First, many students failed to attend group counseling formally provided by the school, and teachers need to give individual support to students. Second, ironically, due to the fact that academic affairs were not highly valued at the commercial high school and that academic competition was not stiff, students with a strong commitment to school tended to have better achievement than those who had a weak commitment. In that sense, the school, as a support institution, also functions as a social screening institution.

著者

小林 雅之 Masayuki KOBAYASHI 東京大学 Center for Research and Development of Higher Education The University of Tokyo

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.101-125, 2007-05-31

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In Japan, like in most countries, the equality of educational opportunities is a crucial issue both in academics and in governmental policy. However, the policy of equality of educational opportunities in Japanese higher education has been weakening. The first aim of this paper is to investigate the background of the policy and to clarify the reasons for its loss of importance. With this aim, the author gives an overview of policy and research works on the equality of higher education opportunities in Japan, in comparison with those overseas. The aim of higher educational policy and planning in post world-war II Japan was to rectify disparities in higher education opportunities between regions and social classes by increasing the supply of institutions providing higher education. However, the policy turned drastically from enlargement to suppression in 1975. The establishment of new universities and departments in the metropolitan area were strictly restricted by the Ministry of Education. This policy aimed to reduce regional inequalities in higher educational opportunities, and was largely successful in doing so. However, the policy concentrated on the regional inequalities, leading to a loss of concern on inequalities among social classes, with the exception of student financial aid programs. Secondly, the results of the Student Life Survey by the Ministry of Education (from 2004 by the Japan Student Service Organization) are often used to demonstrate the equality of higher educational opportunities in Japan. On the contrary, however, some researchers argue that the inequality of higher educational opportunity has been increasing or at least not decreasing, using other survey data. This paper examines the equality of higher educational opportunities using new survey data from 2005. The data show large inequalities in university education opportunities, particularly in private universities. In particular, the participation rate is very low among low-income, low-achievement, female high school graduates. This shows that there are still problems of inequality. Thirdly, this survey shows the existence of debt aversion among parents in the lowest income class and in families with mothers having the lowest education levels. It seems likely that debt aversion leads to serious problems because of the inadequacy of student aid programs, coupled with high tuition fees in Japan. The student financial aid programs of The Japan Student Service Organization, the largest public student program in Japan, gives loans, but not grants, to undergraduates. Some parents and students from lower income tiers may decide not to apply to university to avoid a debt burden. This result implies the need for grants to maintain the accessibility of higher education in the future.

著者

清水 睦美 Mutsumi SHIMIZU 東京大学大学院 Graduate School Tokyo University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, pp.137-156, 1998-10-20

被引用文献数

1

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This paper is an ethnographic study on the teaching practice of an elementary school teacher. Teacher's activities in the classroom are analyzed as strategies which are ways of achieving a variety of goals such as survival, classroom control and so on.In this pape r, I analyze strategies used to achieve teacher's pedagogical goals, which I call them "pedagogical strategies." One of these strategies is teacher's behavior, or more specifically, how the teacher situated himself in relation to the students in order to achieve his pedagogical goals. My informant's pedagogical goals are to create his ideal classroom setting and to understand his pupils. His behavior for achieving these goals in the classroom takes various forms. In my research, I identify five kinds of teacher behavior. The first kind is where the teacher acts as if he is the same as the pupils. The second kind is where the teacher leaves classroom activities up to the students. The third kind is where the teacher disciplines pupils. However this kind of behavior is prevented by a certain dilemma and is left incomplete. The fourth kind is where the teacher coordinates the interests and demands of the pupils or of the teacher and pupils. Through this behavior, the teacher leads pupils to mutual agreement on the content and enactment of classroom activities. The last kind is where the teacher guides pupils in classroom activities.Here, the teacher presents students with activities that are required by the educational institution rather than by teacher or pupil demands. These results suggest that if the teacher tends to avoid stating his demands, teacher-pupil relationship does not have to be oppositional. If we take into account the physical, mental and institutional distinctions between teacher and pupils, teacher-pupil relationship is oppositional. However, by using institutional advantage, the teacher tries to avoid an oppositional relationship between himself and pupils and to behave as if he is equal with the students.

著者

耳塚 寛明 油布 佐和子 酒井 朗 Mimizuka Hiroaki Yufu Sawako Sakai Akira 国立教育研究所+お茶の水女子大学 福岡教育大学 東京大学大学院

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.84-120, 1988-10-03

著者

油布 佐和子 Sawako Yufu 東京大学大学院 Graduate School Tokyo University

出版者

東洋館

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.165-178, 283, 1985-09-30

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Recently, it has been pointed out that the studies about the process of schooling is very important. Especially since Pygmalion in the Classroom was published, it has been argued that teachers have much influences upon their students. However, in Japan there are few studies that refer to the relevance of teachers' perceptions to educational problems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the formation of teachers' perceptions for the analysis of the Japanese educational problems. First of all, I reviewed some American and English studies which are concerned with teachers' perceptions and their formation. Then I examined the variables which seem to be useful when the educational problems are analyzed. I pointed out the significance of societal prejudice (social consciousness) that shapes the perceptions of students. Nevertheless we couldn't perfectly explain the formation of teachers' perceptions in Japan from the point of societal prejudice. Secondly, I investgated two educational trends that affected the teachers' perceptions: 1) the transformation of school function, 2) specializations of teacher's work. In conclusion, I can consider that teachers' perceptions based on their students' achievements are formed under these educational trends.

著者

教師集団研究会(牧野巽代表) Human Relation Research Group (Tatsumi Makino Chief Investigator) Teachers 東京大学 University of Tokyo

出版者

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.2-49, 1962-10-10

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I The Significance of the Study and Its Viewpoint II The Consciousness of the Teachers in their Daily Life III The Process of Organization of the Teachers' Group and Its Morale In this report are summarized the results of the study conducted since 1959 by some of the members of the Japanese Association of Educational Sociology living in Tokyo. An attempt has been made to analyze the teachers' group of a school as a unit, which forms the core of the school administrative organization and so-called the system of educational movements, in relation to school administration, teachers union movement and to the school board. Theoretical explanations have been made concerning the significance of the study of teachers' group which is regarded as an integrating subject in educational practice. Both in urban and rural areas 52 primary find junior high schools were sampled in terms of the size of the schools, and individual teachers in those schools were asked to answer the questionnaire. The survey was conducted in 1961. The following are the summarized results of the study. First of all, if the collectivity of the teachers is compared with other occupational groups, the teachers' consciousness in their daily life is very similar to that of the ordinary white-collar workers. In their informal human relations emotional influence is strong, particularly among women teachers. It seems that teachers are burdened with miscellaneous clerical duties which handicap their educational practice and fail to uplift their morale. Also assignment of duties in accordance with seniority seems to disturb the unity of the teachers group. Secondly, in observing the process of organization of teachers' groups, some of them are being organized smoothly, while others are not; at the same time there are some undifferentiated groups. In primary schools there are more undifferentiated groups than in junior high schools, in which almost half of the groups are smoothly organized, while the others are not. The types of principals in terms of both personal and administrative position, (for instance, bureaucratic type) influence the process of the organization of teachers groups and the morale of the teachers' groups to a great extent. In this respect it can be stated that the status of the organization of the teachers groups is closely related to the morale in education.

著者

大橋 幸 Oohashi 東京大学大学院

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.56-67, 1953-11-01

著者

稲垣 忠彦 Tadahiko Inagaki 東京大学大学院

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.51-66, 1958-10-20

著者

安藤 理 Satoru ANDO 東京大学大学院 Graduate School University of Tokyo

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, pp.47-65, 2006-12-10

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Studies in the sociology of education have not paid sufficient attention to the social effects of intergenerational academic background mobility. Intergenerational academic background mobility means the change between an individual's academic background and that of his/her father. This paper examines support for redistribution to clarify the effect. Using the integrated data of JGSS-2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, the author finds that college graduates whose fathers are also college graduates tend to not support redistribution compared to college graduates whose fathers are graduates from compulsory education alone. This means that intergenerational academic background mobility has a gap-widening effect. People who receive an advantage by the fact that their own fathers are college graduates tend to not support redistribution, implying that the gap will continuously expand. The policy implication of this paper is that as the percent of students pursuing higher education increases, people who tend to not support redistribution will also increase. It is possible, thus, that it will become more difficult for policy makers to implement redistribution policies.