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3 0 0 0 OA 概念役割意味論を用いた信念報告の分析

著者: 上田知夫
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.49, no.1, pp.19-35, 2016-07-31 (Released:2016-11-10)
参考文献数: 27

This paper aims to analyze the content expressed by a belief report, which is a sort of assertions, in terms of Conceptual Role Semantics (CRS). CRS focuses on normative aspects of assertions called “conceptual roles.” According to CRS, the conceptual role of an assertion, which is a pair of entitlement and commitment of the assertion, is nothing but its semantic content. Since CRS is holistic, this paper focuses on the relevant notion of whole. In this paper, the individualistic notion of whole (narrow content theory) and the social notion of whole (wide content theory) are compared by analyzing belief reports. I will argue that the wide content theory is a better alternative than narrow content theory.

3 0 0 0 OA 量子力学における実在性・非局所性・観測

著者: 北島雄一郎
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.48, no.1, pp.49-64, 2015-07-31 (Released:2015-11-08)
参考文献数: 21

‘Quantum Enigma: An Introduction to Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics’ is an introductory Japanese book for readers who are not familiar with philosophical problems in quantum mechanics. This book consists of three parts: the preliminary knowledge of philosophy of quantum mechanics, the interpretation problem of quantum mechanics, and philosophical problems except for the interpretation problem. In the present review, I make several critical comments on the descriptions in the book.

3 0 0 0 OA 脳と心

著者: 糸川昌成
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.47, no.2, pp.53-68, 2014-12-20 (Released:2015-11-08)
参考文献数: 18

Schizophrenia is severe mental disorder. A genetic study is thought to be effective to reveal pathophysiology of schizophrenia since genetic factors are involved in developing the disease. Molecular biology has been performed to detect etiology of the mental illness. However, genetic studies have not found a causative mutation from patients with schizophrenia because the psychotic illness is large heterogeneous syndrome, not homogeueous disease. Mind is depending upon central nervous systems but is not equal to the brain. We need to study on not only the brain but also the mind.

3 0 0 0 OA 自己欺瞞のパラドクスと自己概念の多面性

著者: 金杉武司
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.45, no.2, pp.47-63, 2012 (Released:2016-01-15)
参考文献数: 11

Self-deception has traditionally been conceived as a phenomenon in which one is motivated by a desire that P to deceive oneself intentionally to form a belief that P despite his/her possession of a belief that not P. It has been argued, however, that this traditional conception is confronted with two paradoxes precisely because it construes self-deception in such a manner. Consequently, in recent years, an increasing number of philosophers have come to abandon the traditional conception of self-deception to deny that a self-deceiving subject owns a belief that not P and/or that self-deception is intentional. Against this backdrop, this paper argues that some of phenomena called “self-deception” should nonetheless be conceived under the traditional framework and, further, explores a possibility for avoiding the paradoxes under the traditional conception.

3 0 0 0 OA Truthmaker原理はなぜ制限されるべきか

著者: 秋葉剛史
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.44, no.2, pp.2_115-2_134, 2011 (Released:2012-06-06)
参考文献数: 11
被引用文献数: 2 3

According to the “truthmaker maximalism”, every true contingent proposition is made true by something in the world, called its truthmaker. Although at first sight the maximalism seems to be a natural position, it has serious difficulties, especially concerning negative truths. In view of this, many truthmaker theorists adopt some non-maximalist position. It is not clear, however, whether these non-maximalists are justified, since existing reasons to justify the non-maximalism are not good enough. In this paper, then, I shall propose a new reason for the non-maximalism, which consists in the observation that the maximalism cannot acknowledge the widely accepted view that certain inferences involving logical constants are valid in the properly logical sense.

3 0 0 0 OA 様相実在論に対するメタ存在論研究に基づく反論

著者: 小山虎
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.43, no.1, pp.1_79-1_90, 2010 (Released:2010-09-26)
参考文献数: 9

Modal realism is an ontological claim according to which there exist many possible worlds just like our actual world. Since it is so hard to believe, modal realism has only a few advocates. However, it is well known that alternative theories have serious problems. It is one of the central issues of metaphysics to find a persuasive way to reject modal realism. In this paper, I will suggest that it could be accomplished with help of metaontology-one of the topics of metaphysics which has recently discussed intensely. I will show how we could argue against modal realism from the metaontological point of view.

3 0 0 0 OA 脳科学と科学研究の目標設定

著者: 横山輝雄
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.42, no.2, pp.2_1-2_11, 2009 (Released:2010-02-15)
参考文献数: 16

Neuroscience is now very popular and many research projects are going. The purpose of this paper is to examine what kind of ideology is required to promote neuroscientific research. Aim of applied science is easily understood by society. In the case of pure science or basic science, the aim is “to reveal the truth”. But such abstract idea is not sufficient to get financial support from society. Genetics has an ideology of “gene reductionism”. Dawkins coined the term “selfish gene” and it had a strong influence in society. Neuroscience needs such kind of ideology and term to appeal to society.

3 0 0 0 OA ウィトゲンシュタイン的文脈主義

著者: 山田圭一
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.42, no.1, pp.1_51-1_63, 2009 (Released:2009-09-30)
参考文献数: 16
被引用文献数: 1 1

This paper aims to overcome the problem “fragility of knowledge” with which conversational contextualism is confronted by presenting Wittgensteinian contextualism model which replaces “conversational context” dependency of knowledge with “language game” dependency of knowledge. Wittgensteinian contextualism can be distinguished into two standpoints. One is “contextualism of justification” which insists on the variability of justification rules with language games, the other is “contextualism of hinge” that insists on variability of error possibilities to be excluded with language games. Wittgensteinian contextualism which combine these two contextualism can make knowledge stable by fixing and structurizing the context.

3 0 0 0 OA 「概念の哲学」導入の意味とその方法論的使用

著者: 原田雅樹
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.39, no.1, pp.47-61, 2006-06-25 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 17

For a philosophical analysis of the sciences, Jean Cavailles introduced the "philosophy of the concept", which he opposed to the "philosophy of consciousness", in which category he placed Kant's transcendental critical philosophy and Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. Although he took a position against transcendental philosophy, Cavailles did not make common cause with logical empiricism in this opposition. This paper will first explore Cavailles' reasons for opposing the philosophy of consciousness, and his criticism of logical empiricism. Cavailles' notions of "concept" and of "experience" will be examined in order to shed light on the synchronic and diachronic dimensions of "concept" in his philosophy, i.e. its structure and historical dialectic. The paper will then consider the works of some French philosophers, who adopt the philosophy of the concept as a philosophical method. In these investigations, the paper seeks to clarify the meaning of the philosophy of the concept in the contemporary context of philosophy of science.

3 0 0 0 OA クワインの物理主義と自然化された認識論

著者: 井頭昌彦
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.38, no.2, pp.109-122, 2005-12-25 (Released:2009-12-07)
参考文献数: 16

Quine maintained a version of physicalism, for which he did not argue sufficiently. His position seems to have resulted from his methodological assumption that the maximization of simplicity has the highest priority as epistemic norm. But no argument for this methodological assumption can be given within naturalized epistemology, especially within instrumentalist conception of epistemic norms. Consequently, Quine's physicalism can not be asserted positively.

3 0 0 0 OA 不合理な信念はいかにして説明されるか?

著者: 太田雅子
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.38, no.1, pp.17-29, 2005-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 9

We often have irrational beliefs which are not coherent with the others. If they could be explained under "The Principle of Charity", they would no longer be regarded as irrational. How can we explain irrational beliefs as such and give their place in the system of our beliefs? Donald Davidson proposed "the partitioning of mind" as the answer to this question, but his solution is hopeless because it seems to be inconsistent with holism. I propose the idea of Motivated Irrationality as an explanatory strategy of irrationality, because I think it can explain irrationality more simply than the mental partitioning and give the way out of the paradox of irrationality.

3 0 0 0 OA 矛盾は矛盾か

著者: 岡田光弘
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.36, no.2, pp.79-102, 2003-12-30 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 12

In this paper we show some logical presumptions for the contradiction-form to really mean contradiction. We first give an introductory note that the same argument-form of Russell paradox could be interpreted to derive a contradiction (as Russell did) and to derive some positive non-contradictory results (such as Gödel's lemma on incompleteness and Cantor's lemma on cardinality), depending on the context. This surprisingly suggests that a logical argument of a contradiction itself is rather independent of interpreting it as contradiction or non-contradiction. In the main section (Section 2) we investigate further in the hidden logical assumptions underlying a usual derivation of contradiction (such as the last step from the Russell argument to conclude a contradiction). We show the logical form of contradiction does not always mean a contradiction in a deep structure level of logic. We use the linear logical analysis for this claim. Linear logic, in the author's opinion, provides fundamental logical structures of the traditional logics (such as classical logic and intuitionistic logic). The each traditional logical connectives split into two different kinds of connective, corresponding to the fundamental distinction, parallel or choice, of the fundamental level of logic; more precisely the connectives related to parallel-assertings and the connectives related to choice-assertions. We claim that (1) the law of contradiction is indisputable for the parallel-connectives, but (2) the law of contradiction is not justified for the choice-connectives. (In fact, the law of contradiction has the same meaning as other Aristotlean laws (the indentity, the excluded middle) from the view point of the duality principle in linear logic, and the disputability of the law of contradiction is exactly the same as the disputability of the law of excluded middle, in the linear logic level.) Here, although (1) admits the law of contradiction, the meaning of contradiction is quite diferrent and, in the author opinion, more basic than the traditional sense of contradiction. (2) tells us that the disputability of the law of contradiction for the choice-connectives is equivalent to the disputability of the law of excluded middle. However, this disputability is more basic than the traditional logicist-intuitionist issue on the excluded middle, since admitting the traditional law of excluded middle (from the classical or logicist viewpoint) is compatible with this disputability of the excluded middle (and equivalently the law of contradiction) with respect to the choice-connectives of the linear logic. Then, the traditional logics (classical and intuitionistic logics) are perfectly constituted from this fundamental level of logic by the use of reconstructibity or re-presentation operator, (which is the linear-logical modal operators). With the use of modal operator the originally splitted two groups of logical connectives merge into a single group, which makes the traditional logical connectives. (The use of slightly different modalities results in the difference between the traditional classical logic and the traditional intuitionistic logic.) With the use of modal operator, the contradiction-form becomes to get the traditional sense of contradiction. This situation shows that the traditional sense of contradiction presumes re-presentation or reconstruction of the inference-resources, which is now explicit by the use of linear logical modal operator(s), and which also makes possible the denotational or objectivity interpretation of logical language. The merge of the two different aspects (the parallel-connectives and the choice-connectives) into one, by the presence of the modal operators, also eliminates the original conflict (on the indisputability of the law of contradiction in the parallel-connectives side and the disputability of that in the choice-connectives side.)

3 0 0 0 OA 命題を集合と同一視すること包括原理からカリー=ハワード対応へ

著者: 岡本賢吾
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.36, no.2, pp.103-118, 2003-12-30 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 3

Mathematical structures are identified with classes (in naive set theories, which were based on Comprehension Principle), or with sets (in axiomatic set theories, which adopted the principle in its restricted form). By analyzing abstraction operators and the set-theoretical diagonal arguments, the author indicates both classes and sets could be best regarded as certain self-applicable functions, treated as objects on their own. On the other hand, contemporary higher-order type theories, guided by the Curry-Howard Isomorphism, identify mathematical structures with propositions. According to this conception, formal derivation of a judgment counts both as the proof of a proposition and as the construction of a structure. The author examines its significance to the study of how language contributes to the construction of mathematical structures.

3 0 0 0 OA スワンプマンにさよならする

著者: 前田高弘
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.32, no.1, pp.67-81, 1999-05-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

注意されたいのは,私はスワンプマンがある種の生物学的機能や心的特性(ないしそれに似た何か)をもつことを否定してはいないということだ.スワンプマンが通常の照明の下で赤いリンゴを目の前にしたとき,彼はあなたが同様の条件下でもつ経験と同じ経験をもつという直観は,内在主義というより,物理的スーパーヴィニエンスに基づく自然主義に由来するものであるように思われる.だが他方で,心的特性を進化論的な観点によって捉えようとする外在主義も同様の自然主義によって動機づけられており,本稿は,この自然主義の内部における対立を調停する試みであると言える.この試みによって,外在主義者たちがスワンプマンに悩まされなくなれば幸いである.だが,たとえそうならなくても,スワンプマンを自然法則に関する形而上学的問題の中に位置づけることによって,志向性や感覚質に関する哲学的議論の場そのものからはスワンプマンに別れを告げることができれば私は満足である.そこではドッペルゲンガーだけで十分だろう.

3 0 0 0 OA 『確実性について』に関する一考察

著者: 鬼界彰夫
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.31, no.1, pp.35-51, 1998-05-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

This paper tries to establish the following three points about Wittgenstein's On Certainty. The first is that this book is not a collection of fragments about knowledge but the record of Wittgenstein's systematic thinking that aims at a single question. The second is that it is the explication of the meaning of particular certainty Moore showed when he stated he knew, e.g., he had hands that Wittgenstein's thinking aimed at. The third is that Wittgenstein's answer to this question showed a dramatic shift from the "public" interpretation of Moore's certainty to the "private" one about 10 days before his death.

3 0 0 0 OA システムサイバネティクスとその存在論的立場

著者: 余地寛
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.29, pp.77-94, 1996-11-15 (Released:2009-12-07)
参考文献数: 33

This paper presents general systems theory on the basis of ontology. In this systems theory, systems are epistemic frameworks from a nominalistic point of view, and systems objects are positioned through the systems corresponding to their objects. It is not until the correspondence between a system and its systems object that the reality comes into existence. Systems have to be transformed in conformity with changes in objects' environments. This is in cybernetic processes. Norbert Wiener developed the thought that rigidity must be rejected, so his line of thought is the same as the author's. Thus, postmodern sciences start from ontological commitment and rejection of rigidity.

3 0 0 0 OA デュエムの科学哲学における道具主義・実在論・ホーリズム

著者: 小林道夫
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.29, pp.1-13, 1996-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

I treat in this article Duhem's philosophy of science to clarify the exact sense and the reach of it, by confronting it with some dominant tendencies in the contemporary philosophy of science.