著者

平林 順一

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.p102-104, 1988-07

著者

小坂 丈予 平林 順一 吉田 稔 鎌田 政明 松尾 禎士 小沢 竹二郎

出版者

岡山大学

雑誌

重点領域研究

巻号頁・発行日

1987

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1.全国の火山地域における噴気ガスの化学成分測定とその変化:一 今年度は本邦における有珠, 十勝, 雌阿寒, 樽前, 北海道駒ヶ岳, 旭岳, 秋田駒ヶ岳, 秋田焼山, 鳴子(潟沼), 那須, 草津白根, 富士(河口湖), 木曽御岳, 伊豆大島, 雲仙岳, 霧島, 桜島, 開聞(うなぎ池)などの諸火山について, 噴気ガスの噴出温度, 化学成分, 噴出量や速度などを測定し, 特に火山活動の消長と噴気ガスの成分変化との関係を求められた.2.諸火山の噴気孔ガスの化学的研究から判明した2, 3の事実:- 今年度の調査結果から判明したことのうち2, 3の例について挙げると, 有珠火山に於いては, その化学組織と同位体組成の次時間変化から, その最高値より出口温度の最高値の方が約2年遅れて出現することが判った. また秋田焼山の叫沢の噴湯はその酸素・水素同位体比の測定などから山頂の噴気ガスと低温の地下水との混合後に与熱されて噴出した特殊な湧出過程であることや, また今回活動が活発化した雌阿寒岳ではフッ素/塩素比の明らかな増加が見られ逆に活動の沈静化が進んでいる大島ではこの値の低下が認められた.3.大気中に放出された火山ガスの滞留状況と災害についての調査研究:- 1986年5月に火山ガス中毒死亡事故の発生した秋田焼山叫沢に於いて, 大気中に滞留している火山ガス濃度の分布状況は, ガス発生地点の位置, 発生濃度, 温度, 地形, 気温, 風向等に密接に関係することを確かめ, 現在でもところにより250ppm以上の滞留濃度を示すことがあるのが確かめられた. 同じくガス中毒事故のあった草津白根山殺生河原や, その他桜島, 木素御岳などでも同様大気中に拡散した火山ガス濃度の経時変化を測定した.4.研究の問題点と今後の展望:- 火山ガス災害の発生源である火山噴気ガスの濃度・発生量等の予測と, 大気中への拡散後の地形・気象条件との関係についてより詳細な調査が必要である.

著者

佐藤 博明 荒牧 重雄 日下部 実 平林 順一 佐野 有司 野尻 幸宏 チュア F.

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

日本火山学会講演予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1991, no.1, 1991-04-02

著者

井口 正人 為栗 健 平林 順一 中道 治久

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.33-51, 2019-06-30 (Released:2019-07-06)

参考文献数

50

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In order to find an empirical event branch logic from abnormal phenomena to following volcanic activity for forecasting scale and type of eruption, the magma intrusion rate prior to eruptions of Sakurajima volcano is examined using ground deformation mostly from observation data and partially based on legends, for eruptions after the 20th century: the 1914 eruption starting with plinian eruption followed by effusion of lava, the 1946 eruptions with lava effusion, eruptions at the summit crater of Minamidake during the period from 1955 to 2005, and vulcanian eruptions at Showa crater east of the summit from 2006 to 2017. Prior to the 1914 eruption, it is estimated that the magma intrusion rate attained a level of approximately 108m3/day and was on the order of 106m3/day during the effusion of lava in the 1946 eruption. During the eruptive period of Minamidake summit crater, three types of eruption occurred: vulcanian eruption, strombolian/lava fountain and continuous emission of volcanic ash. In cases of intrusion of magma forming a new conduit, the intrusion rate immediately before the 1914 eruption exceeded 108m3/day, but only 106m3/day in the dyke-forming event of August 15, 2015. Magma intrusion rate into a pre-existing conduit prior to eruptions at Minamidake summit crater are ordered as follows: vulcanian eruption (1×105 to 8×105m3/day)>continuous emission of volcanic ash (approximately 1×105m3/day)>strombolian/lava fountain (0.2×105 to 2×105m3/day). The magma intrusion rate prior to vulcanian eruptions at Showa crater is smaller (approximately 104m3/day) than for eruptions at Minamidake summit crater. However, the rate reached an order of 105m3/day prior to lava fountain on August 22, 2017. Magma intrusion rates well correspond to the scale and type of eruption. In the case of magma intrusion under detection, the change of volcanic gas and increase in the heat discharge rate are available for the empirical event branch logic.

著者

平林 順一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本質量分析学会

雑誌

Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan (ISSN:13408097)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.119-124, 2003 (Released:2007-10-16)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

5 6

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A large amount of SO2 gas was discharged from Miyakejima volcano since the end of September, 2000. The averaged SO2 flux was about 50,000 ton/day in 2000. About 4,000 people could not returned to the island, because SO2 gas has been discharged, and more than 5 ppm of SO2 gas concentrations has been observed frequently around the island. In generally, volcanic gas contains mainly water vapor. The dry gas is largely composed of HF, HCl, SO2 , H2S and CO2 with small amount of N2, H2, He, Ar, CH4 and CO. HF, HCl, SO2 and H2S gases have high toxicity. The volcanic gas disaster occupied about 2.5% of volcanic disaster based on the dead since 1900. In Japan, disasters by volcanic gas occurred 28 times around eleven active volcanoes and 49 people were died during the recent 50 years. Occurrence of volcanic gas disaster is mainly dominated by the configuration of ground around fumarolic area and meterological conditions such as windless, cloudy, foggy weather and formation of inversion layer. SO2 has been released at Oyama volcano in Miyakejima island for more than two years, and the inhabitants had to leave the island. Volcanic gas disaster is influenced by meteorological conditions and local geology. In case of big eruption, volcanic gas ascends to the stratospheric, and aerosol causes low temperature in the world. To reduce the disaster of volcanic gas, it is needed to monitor with a selective gas sensor and to alarm people the forecasted dangers.

著者

小坂 丈予 小沢 竹二郎 松尾 禎士 平林 順一 大隅 多加志

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.6, pp.551-563, 1985-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

被引用文献数

5 5

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The temperature of fumarolic gas ranged from 100 to 128 °C. These gas usually contained few HCl and SO2, and contained a small amount of H2S. These facts indicated that acidic gas components were absorbed into the aquifer during the cause of ascent. Hot springs may be classified into three types according to their chemical composition : 1) volcanic thermal water type ; 2) sea water type ; and 3) type of mixture of 1 and 2.δD and δ18O of waters collected from this island are high. The rocks from Iwo-jima are all trachy andesite with the SiO2 content of 54-58 %, and with the Na2O+K2O content of 9-10 %.

著者

平林 順一 野上 健治

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

日本火山学会講演予稿集 2006 (ISSN:24335320)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.107, 2006-10-23 (Released:2017-02-10)

著者

森本 良平 小坂 丈予 羽鳥 徳太郎 井筒屋 貞勝 浦部 和順 高橋 春男 岡田 義光 平林 順一 伊佐 喬三 磯部 宏

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.5, pp.255-283, 1968-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3 3

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Unusual uplift of the land was found about an insular active volcano Iwo-jima, Ogasawara archipelago, 1, 200 km south of Tokyo. Remarkable retreat of shore line was revealed by reviewing topographic maps and aerophotographs of the island. Some upward movements of the island are to be one of the most principal reasons of the retreat. As the clear evidences of the upheaval of the land, following phenomena were observed by the writers who investigated the island five times from 4th July to 23rd August 1968 : a) Sunken vessels and a landing craft have emerged on the western coastal beach of the island : b) Faults and cracks appeared on the abandoned run-way of the former Japanese Navy in the central part of the island ; c) Coastal reef emerged on the sea to connect off shore islet with the island ; d) New coastal terraces were formed on the sand beaches ; e) Fresh living corals were exposed on the sea.Results of the investigations are enumerated as follows : 1) About 8 m upheaval of the land since 1953-4 was revealed by levelling survey at the western coast of the island. 2) Amount of uplift observed on the above-mentioned run-way is smaller in its central part than in both terminals, maximum vertical displacement of the fault being 3 m. 3) Tide gauge installed at the western rocky coastrecorded slight relative down of sea level but further observation should be continued without disturbance by typhoon to obtain more reliable data. 4) No expected microseisms were recorded on the high sensitive electro-magnetic seismographs except 2 or 3 per day. 5) Temperature of the fumarolic gases were 95-123°C, 10-25°C higher than that observed in 1935. In spite of the rise in temperature, gases of so called high temperature type, such as sulphur dioxide and halogens, were not contained. 6) Composition of the sublimates also accords with these results of chemical analyses of the gases. 7) Content of each main component element and its ratio to other ones is quite variable in several hot springs whose pH values range from 2.1 to 6.8. 8) Analcite was identified by X-ray and DTA analyses in the tuff forming Moto-yama, an eastern main flat cone of the island. Genetic condition of the mineral inferred from its chemical composition may indicate submarine eruption of the volcano. 9) Three weak zones were recognized by the present investigations in addition to the two ones previously reported by Tsuya. Thus three are arranged radially through the center of the eastern main cone and the two are arranged concentrically around the foot of the same cone. From these weak zones phreatic explosions are expected in future, if they occur. 10) Nothing more than mere weak phreatic explosion was recorded through the historic activity of the volcano. Artificial filling up of the vent, such as the pavement of the surface often causes the small explosion at fumarole. 11) Submarine eruption recently found at the sea bottom, about 5.4 km NNE of the South Sulphur Island, about 50 km south of the island did not occur recently but must have repeated rather stationarily.According to the present investigations, no remarkable magmatic explosion could be expected except those small phreatic ones, same one of which has often occurred on the island. Chemical composition of the gases does not indicate any approach of hot magma to the surface.

著者

白尾 元理 中田 節也 金子 隆之 長井 雅史 鴨野 岳人 下司 信夫 野上 健治 平林 順一 金沢 敏彦

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

日本火山学会講演予稿集 (ISSN:24335320)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2000, 2000

著者

小坂 丈予 平林 順一 山本 雅弘 野上 健治

出版者

日本自然災害学会

雑誌

自然災害科学 (ISSN:02866021)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.131-154, 1998-08-31

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

3

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Volcanic gas disasters around active volcanoes all over Japan have occurred 27 times and 45 people have been killed since 1950. Configuration of the ground near fumarolic areas and weather conditions are the principal factors in gas accidents. Making gas-hazard maps, setting of restricted zones and installation of automatic alarm system with continuous monitoring are effective measures to prevent volcanic gas disasters. Knowledge of toxicity of volcanic gases and first aid are also helpful in reducing volcanic gas disasters.

著者

小坂 丈予 小沢 竹二郎 酒井 均 平林 順一

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山.第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.59-74, 1983

被引用文献数

6 1

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Kiso-Ontake Volcano erupted suddenly on the 28th of October, 1979. The eruption started forming ten new craters on the southern flank of the volcano's summit. This paper deals with geochemical study on its volcanic activity after the eruption. The ratio of Cl to S was found to be high in the water-soluble components of the volcanic ash. The content of SO₂ was larger than that of H₂S in the volcanic gas. According to these observations and considering the sulfur isotopic ratio, the under ground temperature was estimated to be higher than 250℃, while that at the orifice was measured to be as low as 90℃. These facts and seismic observation indicate that magma was not elavated to a sarrow part, but that only high temperature-gas, which was separated from the magma, came up rapidly along the crack, and then rushed into the mud reservoir near the surface, where a large amount of water was evaporated, following the eruption caused by prompt increase of pressure. At an early stage of the eruption, the content of Cl^- was larger than that of SO²₄ in spring and pond waters, which were in contact with the fumarolic gases at the summit, but its relation was reversed later. This has been explained by the absorption of HCl, which had been contained in the volcanic gas at the early stage, into the water phase near the summit. From 1980 to 1982, the outlet temperature of fumarole increased to 108-145℃. However, the ratio of SO₂ to H₂S reduced rapidly, which indicates the decrease of temperature at depth. Therefore, the increase of the temperature of the fumarole is thought to be caused due to the decrease of cooling effect by ground water, because water was evaporated by the continuation of the eruptive activity. Recently no significant changes have been observed in temperature and chemical compositions of volcanic gas, suggesting that the activity will remain to be low for the time being.

著者

大場 武 平林 順一 野上 健治

出版者

一般社団法人日本地球化学会

雑誌

日本地球化学会年会要旨集 2006年度日本地球化学会第53回年会講演要旨集

巻号頁・発行日

pp.247, 2006 (Released:2007-11-01)

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草津白根山の火口湖湯釜の化学組成経年変化からマグマの脱ガスモデルを提案する.1966年から1981年までは,マグマを取り囲むように形成された熱水二次鉱物からなるシーリングゾーンが成長し,マグマから放出されるSやClの流量は漸減しつつあった.1982,83年の噴火の際は,シーリングゾーンが破壊し,一部は熱水に再溶解し,火口湖に供給され,湖水の硫酸イオン濃度が上昇した.1990年には破壊されたシーリングゾーンを貫いて地下水が冷却しつつあるマグマに浸入し,マグマに残存していたClを熱水に抽出した.このためにClに富んだ熱水が発生し,火口湖に供給され,塩化物イオン濃度の上昇を引き起こした.

著者

小坂 丈予 平林 順一

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.108-109, 1980-07-01

著者

小坂 丈予 小坂 知子 平林 順一 大井 隆夫 大場 武 野上 健治 木川田 喜一 山野 眞由美 油井 端明 福原 英城

出版者

日本地球化学会

雑誌

地球化学 (ISSN:03864073)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.119-128, 1997

被引用文献数

7

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Geochemical study on Yugama, a crater lake at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, has been conducted since 1966. Amounts of various cationic species in Yugama water started increasing around 1981, slightly before the phreatic eruptions in 1982-1983, and kept increasing until 1985. In 1986, they turned to decrease and at present restore their former levels before the eruptions. The concentration of sulfate ion showed a secular change similar to those of cationic species, but no such variation was observed for chloride ion even during the 1976 and 1982-1983 eruptions. However, it started increasing in 1989. A high correlation between the concentrations of chloride and hydrogen ions suggests an increasing influx of hydrogen chloride from the deep volcanic systems under the lake. A Cl^--SO₄^2- is an excellent monitor of the variation in volcanic activity at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano; all of the three past activities since 1966, i.e., the high-level subsurface activity in 1968, the eruption in 1976 and the eruptions in 1982-1983, showed a reverse secular change with time in the Cl^--SO₄^2- plot. This could be attributable to the function of Yugama water as a condenser of volatiles released underground.

著者

渡辺 秀文 鍵山 恒臣 大久保 修平 纐纈 一起 中田 節也 平林 順一

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2001

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最初の山頂陥没に関連した周期約10秒の地震波およびカルデラ形成過程で繰り返し発生した周期50秒の長周期パルス波を解析し,前者は巨大な岩体の落下,後者は火道内熱水溜りの増圧により岩体がマグマ溜り間欠的にへ押し下げられるモデルで説明できることが分かった。また.三宅島島内に稠密地震観測網を設置し,島外で発生する地震の観測記録から,三宅島山頂から南山腹にかけて,マグマ溜りを示唆する強い地震波減衰域を見い出した.GPS観測データの解析により,陥没カルデラ形成以降の三宅島の収縮変動の原因として,マグマ溜りに含まれる火山ガスが山頂火口から放出されるのに伴い収縮するというモデルを提唱した.実際,2001年6月以降の収縮率の鈍化に対応し,火山ガス放出量も減少した.絶対重力測定連日観測を開始し,火道内マグマの昇降による重力変動シグナルを捉えた.特に,2001年10月頃から始まった顕著な重力増加の後,11月-12月頃に火映現象が観測された.火口南山腹での全磁力観測により,最近1年間火口地下の比較的浅い部分の温度が上昇しているが,2001年3月下旬〜4月には一時的に温度が低下したことを検知した.比抵抗構造調査により,海水面の深さに帯水層の存在を確認した.自然電位調査により,三宅島中腹付近で若干の変化を見出した.山頂火口からの二酸化硫黄放出量が徐々に低下し,現在は10000〜20000トンに減少していることを観測した.吸収液による火山ガス観測から,活動開始から2001年9月にかけて,マグマの上昇や火口直下の地下水の減少などに起因すると考えられるCl/S比の若干の増大が検知された.また,雲で散乱した太陽光を光源とする赤外吸収遠隔測定を実施し,HClとSO2の組成比0.05-0.1を得た.噴出物の古地磁気学的,堆積学的および岩石学的解析を行い,2000年8月18日の火山弾は600℃以上の高温で着地したこと,8月初旬までと8月中旬以降とでは噴火に関与したマグマの組成が異なることが分かった.

著者

日下部 実 平林 順一 佐藤 博明 佐野 有司 野尻 幸宏 篠原 宏志 Njine T.

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

日本火山学会講演予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1989, no.2, 1989-10-08

著者

日下部 実 平林 順一 佐藤 博明 佐野 有司 野尻 幸宏 篠原 宏志 Njine T.

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.4, 1989-12