著者

川合 伸幸 久保(川合) 南海子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.585-594, 2011 (Released:2013-04-09)

参考文献数

14

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We examined whether humans apply body images to non-human objects using mental rotation tasks. In Experiment 1, participants did mental rotation tasks in three conditions: a letter, a human-hand, and a monkey-hand. In the images of the letter, “F” and “R” were presented either in canonical or mirror images in different orientations. In the images of the human-hand, color pictures of a pointing or a grip shape were used as the stimuli. In the images of monkey-hand, pictures of a pointing or a grip shape taken from an anesthetized rhesus monkey were used as the stimuli. In Experiment 2, pictures of a pointing or a grip shape of a black glove were used instead of the monkey-hand. In the images of the letter, the pattern of the reaction time (RT) were symmetrical at the peak of 180 degrees, but those of the other images (i.e., human-hand, monkey-hand, and glove) were not symmetrical, which suggests the effect of biomechanical constraints. In addition, the peak of the RT in the human-hand shifted at 135 degrees to the right hand picture and at 225 degrees to the left hand one. These results suggest that humans tend to receive physical constraints when they mentally rotate not only images of a human hand but also images of a non-human object such as monkey hands and gloves. However, the constraints were not as strong as those of human hand.

著者

米田 英嗣

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.609-611, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-15)

参考文献数

11

著者

福田 亮子 原田 文雄 奥村 太作

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.3, pp.259-278, 2018-09-01 (Released:2019-02-28)

参考文献数

113

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Frequent traffic accidents caused by older adults became a serious social problem in Japan. In order to decrease the number of traffic accidents and victims, older adults are now encouraged to give up their driver’s license, when they become anxious about their driving ability or are diagnosed as dementia. However, it poses problems for their social lives, and even takes away their fun or something to live for. In worst cases, not only quality of life (QOL), but also activities of daily living (ADL) may deteriorate. Technologies such as driver assistance systems or automated driving system compensate declined functions of human beings and secure their mobility. Especially full automation driving system is expected to secure higher safety. However, their fun and something to live for are not brought back by such a full automation system. To ensure both safety and fun, the idea of “person-centered care” would be a good reference. Within person-centered care, the care recipient is considered as an independent and capable individual with his/her own abilities to make informed decisions. Caregivers take the whole person into account including one’s abilities, or resources,wishes, health and well-being as well as social and cultural factors. Advanced driving assistance system in near future is expected to sense the “driver” continuously, to give some suggestions or to support discreetly regarding both his/her condition and moods at the right time, so that the person can drive safely with fun.

著者

横地 早和子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.285-288, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

19

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This article is a commentary on the creative self-beliefs, which Maciej Karwowski and his colleagues have researched. I discuss the creative self-beliefs of an artist and the connection between an artist's creative self-beliefs and ours.

著者

富田 英司 丸野 俊一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.89-105, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

7

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The present study explored factors that promote change in discussants' explanations for a social phenomenon through a highly ill-defined problem solving discussion. Specifically, causal model 1 (engagement in conflicting and⁄or cooperative discourse promotes cognitive change) and causal model 2 (questioning by other triggers one's explanatory activity which results in his⁄her cognitive change) were mainly examined. Forty-three college students were divided into 10 groups, which consist of 4-5 members each. Each group was asked to construct a hypothetical causal explanation, which explains the causes of Japanese teenager's impulsive aggression. All discussions were videotaped and coded in terms of conversational function with a coding schema developed by Tomida & Maruno (2000). Frequencies of coded utterances that each discussant generated during discussion were utilized as main variables. As results, although the model 2 was supported, the model 1 was partially supported. That is, while cooperative utterances facilitated cognitive change, conflicting utterances had no such an effect. Additionally, examining relationships among frequencies of utterances, we found cooperative utterances elicit explanatory activity. Considering a fact that explanatory activity clearly led changes in explanations, we speculated that the two causal models can be integrated.

著者

宇野 良子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.242-248, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

1

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Cognitive linguistics views meaning as a central part of language and takes a maximalist, non-reductionist, and bottom-up approach to language. Not by cutting off or contracting the excessive flow of information, but by embracing it, cognitive linguists propose a linguistic theory grounded in the general cognitive capacities of humans. The important point is that this theory can capture the nature of language that keeps changing itself to some extent. We can view this as a mechanism of active generation in language. Based on our studies of neologism in natural and artificial languages, I will introduce aspects of language that can be related to active generation in language. I argue that, through interaction with humans, language can stay fresh and generative.

著者

林 勇吾 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.569-584, 2011 (Released:2013-04-09)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

5

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In this study, we investigate the two factors that influence perspective taking in collaborative problem solving and understand the communication process during this activity. We conducted a psychological experiment by constructing a situation where two participants engage in a rule discovery task with different perspectives. While solving the task, each of the participants confronts miscommunication about the other's perspective and has to manage to overcome this situation. The main results indicated that having prior communication experience and dialog communication enhance the understanding of the partner's perspective. Results of protocol analysis indicated that when the participants had communication experience, (a) the degree of utterance biased on a single perspective became small, and (b) the degree of utterance based on a contradictory perspective became small. The participants who communicated by dialog became to do turn taking much frequently compared to the participants who communicated by chat.

著者

井上 拓也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.595-605, 2022-12-01 (Released:2022-12-15)

参考文献数

40

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This paper reviews research in cognitive linguistics and critically examines it from an ecological perspective. It is pointed out that some misinterpretations of the concept of affordances can be found. Additionally, the problematic consequences of representationalist and subjectivist views of meaning are discussed. As an alternate solution, this paper proposes an ecological semantics perspective based on ecological realism and the concept of human-environment systems. From this perspective, language research incorporating eco-psychological theories in cognitive linguistics can be utilized as a precursor to ecological semantics, turning them towards genuine eco-psychological linguistic research.

著者

森田 純哉 宮本 真希 塚村 祐希

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.674-676, 2022-12-01 (Released:2022-12-15)

著者

森田 純哉 小嶋 暁 金野 武司 橋本 敬

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.557-574, 2022 (Released:2022-12-15)

参考文献数

48

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To realize a harmonious society where various groups collaborate, it is essential to understand the characteristics of communication systems generated from the traits of different individuals. This paper describes a study exploring the relationship between the establishment of novel communication systems and autistic traits, which are conventionally viewed as indicative of a communication disorder. The participants engaged in coordination games based on experimental semiotics and completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Contrary to the traditional view of autistic traits, but consistent with the fact that individuals with these traits have been involved in many societal innovations, the results of this study show that autistic traits can facilitate the establishment of novel communication systems. Furthermore, correlation analysis suggests that various subcategories of autistic traits show differences in their relation to the stages involved in the establishment of communication systems. The findings contribute to our understanding of the process of language evolution and could promote communication among diverse individuals.

著者

時田 真美乃

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.415-420, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

18

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Reasoning what someone else is thinking constitutes intentionality, as expressed by “I think that you think that I am mistaken.” Studies involving adults have found that this understanding of the beliefs of others is limited until reaching the fifth order intentionality. However, is a higher order reasoning, such as the divining fifth order beliefs, likely to be used in everyday life? The current study devised a reasoning task in which both third order and fourth order beliefs could be used in a single task, and it identified the beliefs that are more likely to be used. A task that only used the fourth order beliefs indicated that reasoning about the fourth order beliefs was used correctly. In task where both third and fourth order beliefs could be used, however, most of the participants used the third order beliefs. These results suggest that there is some rationale for why many people use beliefs up to the third order. Reasoning about the third order beliefs impose less of a cognitive load than that about higher order beliefs. These results also suggested that the reasoning which people routinely make is related to the fact that it is not engaging with the fourth order reasoning.

著者

石川 悟

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.256-265, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

10

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In conventional face-to-face conferences, the three activities, “research presentation,” “discovery and exchange of information,” and “friendship among researchers,” have been regarded as valuable opportunities. In promoting the DX (digital transformation) toward online conferences, while still emphasizing these three activities, it will be necessary to understand the relationship among the “body,” the “usual,” and the “conference venue,” and then design an online environment considering in “body” and “device” constrains imposed on the participants. In this report, we introduce three perspectives on the design of online conferences: “deliberate,” “excitingly,” and “lively,” which have been considered by the Organizing Committee of the 38th Annual meeting of Japanese Cognitive Science Society. We tried to successfully “deliberate” over the procedure used for conference participation, to be “exciting” in meeting the expectations and surprises of the conference, and to support a “lively” venue for communication among participants. We will continue to develop strengths and possibilities of the DX conference until we can say that it has truly become generic.

著者

野村 亮太

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.207-221, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

14

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We conducted an undergraduate course that incorporates “transaction between questioning by students and answering by teachers (TQA).” The question levels were scored by evaluating whether they were based on the course content and whether the students added their own hypotheses or predictions. Final papers were also scored by considering how the students could formulate a logical, consistent research plan based on the course content. Latent curve analyses revealed that the slope of the cumulative question scores predicted the report scores (B = 1:38 and 1.78, non-standardized solution) in both 2020 (178 students) and 2021 (160 students). By contrast, the ability to think and express high-level questions at the beginning of the course (i.e., intercept) had no predictive power. The results suggest that repeated high-level questioning during class can predict critical thinking at the end of class. Qualitative analyses of students' reflections on the impact of class participation showed that they found questioning effective in that they experienced a more in-depth understanding of the course content. At the same time, asking questions was not always easy for them. Students also recognized that TQA provided exciting opportunities, opening up new ways of thinking about the same content, even when studying independently. The findings of this study are discussed in terms of factors that inhibit questioning during class. Introducing video-streaming lectures would relax time constraints and the psychological burden.

著者

馬田 一郎 伊集院 幸輝 加藤 恒夫 山本 誠一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.163-173, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

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This paper examines the characteristics of face-to-face communication and online communication from the viewpoint of group co-creation. First, we review the previous studies of face-to-face communication and that of online communication to discuss the merits and demerits of each communication style. Then we present observational results of our pilot face-to-face co-creation conversation data that shows the collage nature of such interaction: the ideation process often consisted of step-by-step accumulations of fragmentary pieces of information that were incomplete and vague per se, fully utilizing the abundant nonverbal cues and a shared collaboration environment. These findings are expected to contribute to designing matching strategies of communication styles and the characteristics of collaborative tasks.

著者

白砂 大 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.136-138, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

7

著者

今西 典子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.238-247, 2001-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

35

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In this paper, developments in the theory of generative grammar spanning the last 40 years are traced. Particular attention will be paid to the theoretically important changes that have been made in each of the four decades. The significance that linguistic research based on the Minimalist Program has in relation to cognitive science will be discussed.

著者

Steven Phillips

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.11-24, 2021-03-01 (Released:2021-03-15)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

2

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What can category theory contribute to cognitive science? We argue that the category theory principle of construction via a universal mapping property affords a significant contribution. Such universal constructions explain why, not just how cognition is systematic/compositional, i.e. the “best” one can do in the given context. The significance of this principle is indicated by examples.

著者

市川 淳 藤井 慶輔

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.170-173, 2021-03-01 (Released:2021-03-15)

参考文献数

11

著者

高嶋 由布子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.181-193, 2015-03-01 (Released:2015-09-15)

参考文献数

18

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This paper reports linguistic fieldwork and the setting of a psycholinguistic exper-ment on Japanese Sign Language, the first language of Deaf people. The fieldwork aimed to investigate sign language with some Deaf linguistic consultants. First, we examined the linguistic environment around deaf people, which indicates that the age of acquiring sign language and their bilingual condition should be considered. Sec-ond, we investigated the matter of social status in which hearing researchers are the majority who oppress Deaf people as a minority in society. Third, while setting up a psycholinguistic task to collect linguistic data from several Deaf people, we found issues that need to be solved, such as their bilingual environment and visual modality dependence of their communication, and the linguistic elements of sign language. We found a phenomena that, while looking away, Deaf people say something the addressee cannot understand, but during eye contact with the addressee, almost all signs are comprehensible.

著者

友野 貴之 山本 敦 古山 宣洋 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.386-399, 2020-09-01 (Released:2020-09-15)

参考文献数

79

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This paper reviews the research on how one passes through an aperture between non-human objects or between humans. In particular, we discuss what it has so far elucidated and what should be investigated in the future. The previous studies have focused on aperture passability between non-human physical objects and revealed the relationship between how people actually pass through an aperture and how they perceive themselves in relation to environmental characteristics by looking at how people judge passability of an aperture (often formalized as π-number). Most researchers have attended to the factors associated with an actor passing an aperture and/or non-human objects constituting an aperture, but few have examined how one passes an aperture comprised of humans. This may be because it is difficult to experimentally control underlying factors such as conversations and/or physical/social interactions between humans, symmetry of an aperture due to different shapes of the human body, anisotropic shape of personal space, eye gaze, and/or eye contact. Despite these difficulties, we consider it important to study how people pass an aperture between humans, because, first and foremost, that is what we do in everyday life, and, secondly, the outcome will illuminate how people consider socio-cultural factors, personal space,opportunities of actions (i.e., affordances) by ourselves and others. Possible solutions to the difficulties may include use of virtual reality technologies, computer simulation to control the experimental settings to guarantee reproducibility. There are the pros and cons with these methods to discuss, because, depending on how they are employed, they may possibly spoil the very social and interactive (improvisational) nature of the phenomenon under discussion.