著者

三浦 哲都 惠谷 隆英 三嶋 博之 古山 宣洋

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.606-629, 2022-12-01 (Released:2022-12-15)

参考文献数

129

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The Japanese word rizumu-kan is a common word that somewhat refers to an ability to perceive and recognize rhythm. It could also mean an ability to move rhythmically involving cognition. Although the word is widely used in scientific discourses, it has not been given a straightforward definition. This paper aimed to discuss what the word rizumu-kan encompasses for human cognition and behavior, especially for artistic physical expression in the field of cognitive science. First, we showed that the ambiguity of rizumu-kan comes from the fact that rhythm is ubiquitous on various spatiotemporal scales and that the definition of rhythm varies from one discipline to another. Second, we reviewed and classified scientific studies on rizumu-kan. Finally, to further understand rizumu-kan for artistic physical expression in cognitive science, we propose the following: (1) to put these studies in a broader context where the behavior is situated, and (2) to develop a mixed research method within the framework of ecological psychology while giving some caveats that should be considered in planning and designing such studies.

著者

三嶋 博之

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本バイオインフォマティクス学会

雑誌

JSBi Bioinformatics Review (ISSN:24357022)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.26-34, 2023 (Released:2023-06-03)

参考文献数

53

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ゲノム情報にもとづく医療の分野は大きく広がっている。その中で最も患者・家族のもとに成果をとどけられた分野の一つが、難病・希少疾患のゲノム医療である。難病・希少疾患は、個別の疾病としてはまれなものであるが、試算によっては、その数は10,000以上に上る。総数としては、日本では指定難病症例だけでも100万症例を超える「ありふれた疾患」と言える。他のゲノム医療分野と同様に、この分野においてもバイオインフォマティクスは中心的役割を果たしている。エクソーム解析・全ゲノム解析といったゲノム網羅的な解析は強力ではあるが、現状における診断率は概ね40%台にとどまっている。本稿ではこの診断率を向上させるための方策、現状の難病・希少疾患解析ワークフローの概要とともに、ワークフロー改良のための新たな試み、そして今後の社会実装について概説する。

著者

三嶋 博之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.6, pp.469-475, 1994-02-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

11 4

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J. J. Gibson (1979/1986) proposed that animals perceive ‘affordances’, which are the functional utilities based on the properties of both the animals and the environment. If this is the case, animals should make judgements about what to do referring to the capability of their own action system. In this study, I examined a perceptual boundary between “stepping-over” and “passing-under” for two groups-the tall group and the short group. Subjects were individually requested to judge whether they would “stepover” or “passunder” a bar presented in front of them which was varied in height. I found that the mean bar-height to leg-length (B/L) ratio at the perceptual action-switching-point is invariant, or 1.07, for each group. This result suggests that animals perceive affordances in controlling action, which means that the environment for animals is structured as to various levels of action.

著者

友野 貴之 古山 宣洋 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.435-449, 2017-09-01 (Released:2018-03-01)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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When walking through a crowd, we have to pass through between people safely. How do we judge the passability of an aperture of this kind? Do we use the same information for an aperture composed of people as for one composed of other objects? Because studies on personal space have revealed that people have different sensitivities of personal space for approach from different directions (i.e., “anisotropy” of personal space) (Tanaka, 1973), we examined human aperture passability in terms of personal space in two experiments. In Experiment 1, the participants judged whether they could,without rotating their shoulder, pass between two stationary people or between two rectangular wooden posts. The two people to be passed through stood in four different orientations relative to one another and/or the participants; face-to-face, back-to-back,side-by-side facing towards or away from the participants. The wooden posts, which had the same width and depth as the two people, were set up in two directions (the wider sides facing each other vs. the narrower sides facing each other). In Experiment 2, the participants judged whether they could pass between two stationary people or between two human-shaped panels, which were set up in four different directions as in Experiment 1. In the analyses, we used the aperture-to-shoulder-width ratio (A/S) as an index of aperture “passability” judgment (Warren & Whang, 1987). We found that A/S was larger in the face-to-face condition than the other conditions. This is possibly because personal space is “anisotropic.” That is, when judging the passability of a space between two people, participants may consider the anisotropic personal space of each person. We also found that A/S was not significantly different across the board, implying that participants may have perceived a kind of “personal space” of the human-shaped objects, regardless of whether they were human or non-human.

著者

大野 俊尚 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.358-364, 2023-09-01 (Released:2023-09-15)

参考文献数

10

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How do people judge the “kakkoyosa” (coolness) of a performance? In this study, we define “coolness” as “conformity to norms” and examine the factors that determine “coolness,” excluding “skillfulness,” toward freestyle basketball (FB) performers. Six males who had served as judges in FB battles were presented with ten experimental stimulus movies in which the performers were modeled in 3D and asked to rate their impressions. After the experiment was completed, they were asked to explain their ratings. The ratings were not consistent among the experimental participants. It is thought that the experimental participants evaluated the stimulus movies by looking for “specific FB mental images” that could be the “norm” for the stimulus movies and comparing them to the stimulus movies as the “FB norms.” However, we believe that the participants’ evaluations differed because of the different “FB norms” applied by the experimental participants. A qualitative examination of the interviews revealed that participants noticed differences in performer movements in the stimulus movies with regard to “waiting” and “entering.” Particularly, they tended to judge “coolness” in terms of the “waiting” situation, when the performers await their performing turn. It is thought that the “FB norms,” which are easily associated with “skillfulness,” were not used to judge “coolness” in the “waiting” situation. We believe that instead of the “FB norm,” the “performance norm,” referring to whether the performer behaved as a performer being watched by the audience while awaiting his/her turn to perform, was used to evaluate “coolness.”

著者

板垣 寧々 谷貝 祐介 三浦 哲都 三嶋 博之 古山 宣洋

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.285-302, 2023-09-01 (Released:2023-09-15)

参考文献数

30

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Musicians have to coordinate movements interpersonally to perform in an ensemble. As such, this study explores how violinists coordinate movements to play the same melody together in terms of the leader–follower relationships revealed by players’ movements. Twelve violinists participated in the study and played a violin ensemble in pairs. We applied Granger causality analysis to the three-dimensional displacement data of players’ heads, violins, and bows to identify leader–follower relationships between players. The results revealed the following: i) the participants adopted leader–follower roles during trials; ii) as the performance proceeded, the participants swapped roles; iii) the more difficult the parts of the score, the more notable the leader–follower relationships; iv) compared with between-head and between-violin data, the movements for between-bow data were more similar in more parts of the score that demonstrated leader–follower relationships. Further examination of cases where the leader–follower relationships were identified showed that players may have employed their own strategies to achieve a stable, coordinated state. These results suggest that, when the roles of players are not fixed in violin ensembles, performance can be adjusted in multiple ways, including swapping leader–follower roles, which is in stark contrast to previous studies that reported fixed leader–follower relationship when the first violinist only led the other parts in a string quartet.

著者

畑 美緒 加藤 麻樹 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.370-376, 2023-09-01 (Released:2023-09-15)

参考文献数

11

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Optic flow is important perceptual information for regulating behavior in humans and other organisms (observers) with visual organs. This study investigated the effects of global optic flow (GOF) caused by observer movement and local optic flow (LOF) resulting from object movement on visual search. In this experiment, GOF consisted of a group of dots diffusing from the center of the screen to the outside of the screen with constant acceleration; the LOF was a single ring of dots expanding with constant acceleration. LOF was randomly generated from one of the eight placeholders equidistant from the center of the screen and equally spaced from each other. The objective was to visually locate and distinguish the numbers (targets) that appeared after LOF vanished, both with and without GOF. The interaction between “the positional relationship between LOF and the target” and “the time interval between the disappearance of LOF and the presentation of the target” was significant in the reaction time. Therefore, the expanding ring may have served as a cue to focus on the diagonal target within the screen. Additionally, an analysis of the distribution of gaze data showed that when GOF was presented, the gaze was drawn more frequently through its central region. According to these results, the gaze was directed toward the area where the GOF and LOF were parallel.

著者

鈴木 健太郎 三嶋 博之 佐々木 正人

出版者

日本知能情報ファジィ学会

雑誌

日本ファジィ学会誌 (ISSN:0915647X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.6, pp.826-837, 1997-12-15

被引用文献数

5

著者

伊藤 万利子 三嶋 博之 佐々木 正人

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.325-343, 2014-09-01 (Released:2015-05-12)

参考文献数

31

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We examined the relationship between dexterity and movement to facilitate picking up visual information in a skilled task, the kendama trick of “swing-in.” Two kendama experts performed the swing-in motion while wearing liquid crystal occlusion goggles in the control and experimental (occluded) conditions. Occlusion glasses were open in the control condition, but open and closed at pre-set intervals in the occluded condition. After practice, the results identified a preference for seeing of the zenith of the ball trajectory for both experts at all levels in the occluded condition. Ball movement in the anterior-posterior axis for both experts was larger in the occluded than in the control condition, and was changed by the opening time of the goggles for expert A. Head movement in the vertical axis for both experts was longer in the occluded than in the control condition, but changed by the goggle’s intervals for expert B. Ball velocity with the coordinate origin at the head for both experts was nearly constant when the ball trajectory was near the zenith in both conditions and when the goggles were open in the occluded condition. However, the orientation of the head was longer in the occluded than in the control condition. These findings suggest that both experts detected optical information for catching the ball when the ball trajectory was near its zenith in intermittent viewing conditions,and that it is easier pick up this information in the occluded condition due the longer duration of the nearly constant relative velocity of the ball. Both experts adjusted their actions to easily detect the necessary optical information under visual constraints, al-though expert A adjusted the movement of the ball and expert B adjusted his head movement to the goggle’s opening intervals.

著者

村田 純一 河野 哲也 染谷 昌義 池上 高志 長滝 祥司 吉澤 望 石原 孝二 柳澤 田実 佐々木 正人 三嶋 博之 工藤 和俊 柴田 崇 丸山 慎

出版者

立正大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2009

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わたしたちの生活はつねに多様な人工環境によって支えられている。この「人工環境・内・存在」のあり方を生態学的現象学、技術哲学、生態学的心理学、さらには、認知科学や建築学などの知見を利用して解明すること、これが第一に取り組んだことである。第二に、この知見に基づいて、バリアフリーデザイン、ユニバーサルデザイン、そして、人間中心設計などの設計観の意義を明らかにし、具体的な人工物の製作過程への応用可能性を検討した。

著者

谷貝 祐介 古山 宣洋 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.197-218, 2019-06-01 (Released:2019-12-01)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

2

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In drum-set playing,drummers need to maintain accurate and powerful performance.What kind of postural control makes it possible to achieve this? The present study investigated the differences in postural control between expert (N=3) and novice (N = 4) drum-set players.Participants in this study performed an 8-beat rhythm pattern using an electric drum set consisted of hi-hat cymbals,a snare drum,and a bass drum.Tap-pressure data of each instrument and center-of-pressure (CoP) data of the participant were recorded and analyzed. As indices of performance accuracy and intensity,mean and standard deviation (SD) of inter-tap interval (ITI) and mean and coefficient of variation peak tap force applied to each instrument were calculated from the tap-pressure data.A principal component analysis was performed to compute the area of CoP and the circular SD of the principal component angle.The area of CoP and the circular SD were used to evaluate the magnitude of movement and the variance in movement direction, respectively. We found the followings: As for the experts,the SD of ITI and circular SD were small and consistent across the individuals,while the individual differences was relatively large in the peak tap force and area of CoP.The SD of ITI and circular SD of the novices were comparable to those of the experts.The individual differences in the drum-set playing skills seemed to be dependent on musical background of the individuals.

著者

鈴木 健太郎 三嶋 博之 佐々木 正人

出版者

日本知能情報ファジィ学会

雑誌

日本ファジィ学会誌 (ISSN:0915647X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.6, pp.826-837, 1997-12-15 (Released:2017-09-25)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

2 7

著者

三嶋 博之

出版者

日本生態心理学会

雑誌

生態心理学研究 (ISSN:13490443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.2, 2008-12-01 (Released:2021-11-01)

参考文献数

2

著者

工藤 和俊 鳥越 亮 根本 真和 進矢 正宏 沢田 護 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本生態心理学会

雑誌

生態心理学研究 (ISSN:13490443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.52-53, 2016-09-01 (Released:2021-01-27)

参考文献数

4

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本研究では,自動車運転による間隙通過の際の注視点計測を行うことにより,運転時の視覚-運動協調について検討した.実験では7名の参加者が乗用車を運転して100m 先の障害物(パイロン)間を通過する間隙通過課題を行った.この際の注視点をアイマークレコーダーを用いて計測した.また,車両幅の知覚における個人差を明らかにするため,静止した車両の前方に置かれたパイロン位置を車両の左右端に合わせる車両幅知覚課題を行った.その結果,知覚課題における誤差(実際の車両幅と知覚された車両幅の差)と間隙通過課題時の障害物注視確率との間に正の中程度の相関が認められた.この結果は,車両幅知覚の誤差が小さかった参加者は運転時に進行方向である間隙中心を注視していた一方で,車両幅を過大に知覚していた参加者は障害物を注視することによって車両の接触可能性を確認するという注視行動が生じていたことを示唆している.これらの注視パターンはそれぞれ,目標方向への移動および障害物の回避課題において典型的に認められることから,自動車運転による間隙通過時の注視行動は拡張された身体である車両の行為可能性を反映していると考えられる.

著者

三嶋 博之

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能 (ISSN:21882266)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.163-169, 2003-03-01 (Released:2020-09-29)

著者

友野 貴之 山本 敦 古山 宣洋 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.386-399, 2020-09-01 (Released:2020-09-15)

参考文献数

79

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This paper reviews the research on how one passes through an aperture between non-human objects or between humans. In particular, we discuss what it has so far elucidated and what should be investigated in the future. The previous studies have focused on aperture passability between non-human physical objects and revealed the relationship between how people actually pass through an aperture and how they perceive themselves in relation to environmental characteristics by looking at how people judge passability of an aperture (often formalized as π-number). Most researchers have attended to the factors associated with an actor passing an aperture and/or non-human objects constituting an aperture, but few have examined how one passes an aperture comprised of humans. This may be because it is difficult to experimentally control underlying factors such as conversations and/or physical/social interactions between humans, symmetry of an aperture due to different shapes of the human body, anisotropic shape of personal space, eye gaze, and/or eye contact. Despite these difficulties, we consider it important to study how people pass an aperture between humans, because, first and foremost, that is what we do in everyday life, and, secondly, the outcome will illuminate how people consider socio-cultural factors, personal space,opportunities of actions (i.e., affordances) by ourselves and others. Possible solutions to the difficulties may include use of virtual reality technologies, computer simulation to control the experimental settings to guarantee reproducibility. There are the pros and cons with these methods to discuss, because, depending on how they are employed, they may possibly spoil the very social and interactive (improvisational) nature of the phenomenon under discussion.

著者

谷貝 祐介 古山 宣洋 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.4, pp.431-432, 2020-12-01 (Released:2020-12-15)

著者

伊藤 万利子 三嶋 博之

出版者

バイオメカニズム学会

雑誌

バイオメカニズム学会誌 = Journal of the Society of Biomechanisms Japan (ISSN:02850885)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.4, pp.223-228, 2020

著者

伊藤 万利子 三嶋 博之 佐々木 正人

出版者

日本認知心理学会

雑誌

日本認知心理学会発表論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2010, pp.23, 2010

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本研究では、けん玉の技の一つであるふりけんの事例を通して、視覚―運動スキルを必要とする動作における姿勢調整について検討した。実験では、けん玉の熟練者4名と初心者4名にふりけんを200試行行ってもらった。ふりけん動作時の実験参加者の身体運動(頭部、膝)と玉の運動は、3次元動作解析装置によって記録された。分析によると、頭部・膝の運動ともに熟練者群のほうが初心者群よりも大きかったが、熟練者の運動のほうがより玉の運動と協調していた。特に各ふりけん試行の最終時点に注目すると、熟練者群のほうが初心者群よりも頭部運動と玉の運動のカップリングは強かったが、膝の運動と玉の運動とのカップリングの強さは両群で変わらなかった。以上の結果から、熟練者群では運動する玉に対して頭部が動的に協調するように姿勢を調整していたのに対し、初心者群では玉に対して頭部を静的に安定させた姿勢でふりけんを行っていたと考えられる。

著者

三嶋 博之

出版者

JSL漢字学習研究会

雑誌

JSL漢字学習研究会誌 (ISSN:18837964)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.17-18, 2009-03-07 (Released:2017-05-26)

参考文献数

3

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米国の心理学者James J. Gibson(1904-1979)による生態心理学の理論について概観する。ギブオン生態心理学では、人間や動物にとっての認識の単位として、伝統的な心理学とは異なる、環境に内在した行為の意味としての「アフォーダンス」の知覚が主張される。