著者

中野 美香

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.398-408, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

4

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Although much has been discussed about argumentation in various academic fields, prior attempts to develop teaching method for argumentative skills have been inconclusive. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of how inexperienced students acquire argumentative skills in a community of practice, and to provide an instructional approach regarding characteristics of learners obtained by the experiments. 20 freshmen participated a four-week debate training and a series of tests. After the session, most of the 18 subordinate argumentative skills which were set for analytic schema were improved, compared with the pretest. However, skills such as “Reasonableness of grounds” “Numbering” “Labeling” were revealed difficult to learn without formal instructions. Further analysis of patterning arguments clarifies underperformance of some particular types of the participants. By discussing these results, the prospects of argumentative education for Japanese students are explored.

著者

植田 一博 遠藤 正樹 鈴木 宏昭 堤 江美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.260-273, 2002-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

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When they use daily electronic appliances to achieve their goals, users need to decompose their goals to a set of subtasks in a specific way. A previous study revealed that users who have extreme difficulties in using such appliances fail to decompose the task, or that their decompositions are different from the one that designers assume. Based on this view, we propose a new method to help users understand “task decomposition” by providing all operating functions in a tree structure. We conducted three experiments. In the first and second experiments, we built support panels corresponding to the operating panels of two different copiers, which visualize all operating functions of respective copiers to facilitate users' understanding task decomposition. We compared the copying performance of subjects who used the support panels with that of those who did not. Both the support panels were found to be useful for technologically inept users. We then built an interface by integrating the operating panel into the support panel, both of which were provided in the first experiment: We conducted an experiment similar to both of the previous ones and evaluated its effectiveness. The result showed that this interface facilitated users' task decomposition. We conclude that the supporting method we proposed is effective for technophobic users' understanding task decomposition.

著者

池側 隆之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.430-443, 2010-09-01

著者

水上 悦雄 右田 正夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.77-88, 2002-03-01

被引用文献数

4 4

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It has been suggested that chat system provides real time communication like direct conversation. However, chat conversation has distinctive complexity compared with direct and telephone conversation. One often has difficulty in determining whether he is the <i>talker</i> or the <i>watcher</i>. Furthermore, it is not always clear for one that which topic appearing on the record should be referred to. In the present paper, the authors investigated how the order in chat conversation is established, and what kind of efforts are made by the participants. Generally speaking, the couples of subjects maintained the order by sending messages alternately, suggesting that they could basically determine whether they were the <i>talker</i> or the <i>watcher</i>. However, the order was easily broken down when one sent a message so as to interrupt the other's sending. It is discussed that one of the reasons that such interrupting messages were sent was duality of the meaning of an interval between two successive messages; the interval might simultaneously be a sign of the other participant's <i>silence</i> and that of the other's taking time to prepare his/her message. Breaking down of the order were often followed by the situation that several threads appeared on the display were maintained for a while, implying that order with more complicated interaction could emerge through the failure at taking the roles of <i>talker</i> and <i>watcher</i> alternately.

著者

松井 哲也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.561-564, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

3

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After reading the commentary paper, the author became convinced that the model of others was unnecessary. This paper will discuss the unnecessary and dangerous nature of the model of others through a reply to the commentary paper.

著者

山田 歩 芳澤 希 鮫島 和行 野場 重都 舛田 晋 鰐川 彰 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.437-446, 2015-09-01 (Released:2016-03-01)

参考文献数

30

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Consumers often express different preferences for beverages in sensory test settingscompared with those in real-life settings. This study investigates the effects of tastingcontext on consumer tasting and evaluation of beverages. Three groups of respondentsparticipated in a blind taste test of a consumer beverage in different settings and thenevaluated the pleasantness of the beverage. Those who tasted in a real-life settingtended to report greater pleasantness for the sample than those who tasted in a testsetting where they were asked to rate multiple sensory characteristics of the sample.Those who tasted in a test setting in which they were not asked to rate these char-acteristics tended to give the sampled beverage moderate ratings that ranked betweenthose given by the other two groups. Several potential explanations for the effects oftasting context are discussed.

著者

犬塚 美輪 松室 美紀 櫃割 仁平 今泉 拓 二宮 由樹 白砂 大

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.567-572, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

1

著者

小坂 健太 辻 菜々実

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.573-574, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

著者

太田 信夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.3, pp.3_3-3_11, 1995-08-31 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

21

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The paper explains implicit memory research to those not knowledgeable about implicit memory. First, I define implicit and explicit memory. Second, I describe phenomena of implicit memory known as priming. Different kinds of priming are discussed in the context of a multiple memory systems account of implicit memory. Third, I compare the strengths and the weaknesses of the memory systems approach and the processing approach to explain implicit memory. The need for a comprehensive theory of memory is discussed. Last, I discuss three important issues for future research: the role of consciousness in implicit and explicit retrieval, comparisons among memory systems and cognitive processing approaches, and procedual memory as a point of contact of body and mind.

著者

埴田 健司 村田 光二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.307-317, 2013-09-01 (Released:2014-12-05)

参考文献数

26

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In general, people tend to associate men with work-related concepts and women with home-related concepts. In this study, we examined whether these beliefs about sex-roles that people had implicitly and also explicitly were influenced by remembering exemplars of homemakers (i.e., traditional women) or career women (i.e., nontradi-tional women). Participants were asked to remember as many exemplars of traditional or nontraditional women as they could and write down their names. Following this manipulation, they completed the paper-and-pencil IAT measuring their implicit asso-ciations between gender and concepts related to work and home. They then completed a measure of explicit belief about sex-roles. The results showed that participants who remembered exemplars of nontraditional women revealed weaker implicit male-work and female-home associations than participants who remembered exemplars of tradi-tional women. On the other hand, the explicit belief about sex-roles was not influenced by the type of the remembered women exemplars. These results suggested that the belief that people have implicitly about sex-roles might depend on the type of women exemplars activated in situation. Finally, we discussed possible processes of the change in implicit belief about sex-roles.

著者

福島 邦彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.14-23, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

20

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Deep convolutional neural networks (deep CNN) show a large power for robust recognition of visual patterns. The neocognitron, which was first proposed by Fukushima (1979), is recognized as the origin of deep CNNs. Its architecture was suggested by neurophysiological findings on the visual systems of mammals. It acquires the ability to recognize visual patterns robustly through learning. Although the neocognitron has a long history, improvements of the network are still continuing. For example, learning rule AiS (add-if-silent) for intermediate layers, learning rule mWTA (margined WTA) for the deepest layer, pattern classification by IntVec (interpolating-vector), a method for reducing the computational cost of IntVec without sacrificing the recognition rate, and so on. This paper discusses the recent neocognitron, focusing on differences from the conventional deep CNN. Some other functions of the visual system can also be realized by networks extended from the neocognitron, for example, recognition of partly occluded patterns.

著者

寺井 仁 三輪 和久 柴田 恭志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.146-163, 2012 (Released:2014-07-22)

参考文献数

16

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When a system gives outputs that you do not predict,you regard those as unexpected events and try to identify the causes affecting those events. In this study,we try to understand how people identify the causes affecting unexpected events by using a card magic called the three card monte as an experimental material.In our experiments,the participants were required to find out the tricks by watching a video in which a magician plays the magic.We focused on two cluesrelated tocause identification.The first is distinctiveness of events; and the second is availability of feedback information.The results of the experimentsshowed that the distinctiveness of events affected the performance of cause identification,whereas the availability of feedback information did not. The processanalyses revealed that even if feedback information was not directly given,the participants could perform reasoning for cause identification based on hypothetical information not observed.

著者

川合 伸幸 嶋田 総太郎 宮崎 美智子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.123, 2023-06-01 (Released:2023-06-15)

著者

藤田 悟郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.47-61, 2006 (Released:2008-09-25)

参考文献数

32

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Researchers, who are interested in motor vehicle accident prevention, want their laboratory research outcomes to be utilized in actual prevention measures. However, they sometimes have difficulties in conducting their laboratory research. They are often in trouble when they understand accident statistics. Also, they are often in trouble when the public and program planners did not understand possibilities of the research outcomes, or misunderstand the research results. In this study, several events, which had been occurred in motor vehicle accident prevention and researches in Japan, were analyzed from the viewpoint of techno-science studies and situated cognition theory. Revision of accident statistics, counter measures for older drivers accidents and counter measures of drinking driving were analyzed. Results of this study indicates that observation devices, such as statistic survey sheets or driving simulator are important, not only for reliable measurement but also for cooperation with the publics and program planners. The results also suggest that when researchers design their research method, they should have multi dimensional and macro view in which researchers are able to see not only the qualities of research method, but also social cooperation with program planners.

著者

服部 雅史 山崎 由美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.120-121, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

著者

三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.322-331, 2019-09-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

参考文献数

30

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The model-based approach, along with the experimental approach, is a primary research methodology in cognitive science. Cognitive scientists have contributed to the development of psychological science by the benefits of building computational cognitive models. The authors have examined another aspect of the benefits of cognitive modeling as a learning tool by the practices of cognitive science classes in which university students are instructed to build computational cognitive models. In this paper, we introduce class practice examples implemented over the past 10 years, and discuss the possibilities and limitations of a learning paradigm, “Learning by Building Cognitive Models.”

著者

創刊30周年記念特集編集編委員会 清河 幸子 布山 美慕 服部 雅史 平 知宏 寺田 和憲

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.81-82, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-15)

著者

中田 龍三郎 川合 伸幸

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.86-97, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-09-01)

参考文献数

48

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We cannot ignore the presence of others in our society. Previous studies have suggested that humans are inclined to feel “the presence” of other people, even when other people do not actually exist. In this review paper, we raise some examples in which various performances of participants were altered by the belief in the presence of others or by mirror-reflections of selves, even if no one do not actually exist. We discuss these mental processes in terms of “projections,” referring to the cognitive processes of projecting someone’s mental representation of events or others onto the real (external) world. The first set of studies demonstrates that other people existing only in our brains could be projected onto the real world without real people existing (fictional projection), such as “the third-man” phenomenon and imaginary companions. The second set illustrates that people sometimes “see” objects or others in the real world with different representations (i.e., misprojection). For instance, children often project imaginary characters onto the real people (e.g., pretended play), and people interact with artificial objects by personification. Furthermore, we have newly demonstrated that the misprojection of other people could “socially” influence individuals’ psychological,physiological, and behavioral states. Our studies show that an imaginary competitor could change the amplitude of the event-related potential P300 and encourage high engagement states as with a real competitor when playing video games. Another series of studies shows that visual information of “someone” is sufficient to produce the “social”facilitation of eating.

著者

山内 保典 岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.418-435, 2003-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

3

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Cognitive science research on scientific thinking is a rising approach in studies of science (i.e., meta-science such as philosophy and sociology of science), and has made important contributions to explaining scientific discovery processes. In this study, we first point out that construction processes of a Validity-Boundary (V.B.) are appropriate for studies in cognitive science. A V.B. serves as a criterion for an academic community to judge whether a new study is valid or not. In this sense, a V.B. constrains activities for generating new scientific knowledge. Research in science studies has suggested that scientists construct a V.B. through daily academic activities. Therefore, investigating the contents and construction processes of a V.B. is essential to fully understand scientific activity. Second, based on formal logic, we propose a framework for studying the construction processes of a V.B. Analysis of counterarguments in academic discussions using this framework suggest that there are several patterns of V.B. construction processes.

著者

李 璐 河村 典枝 熊崎 博一 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.104-107, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-15)

参考文献数

8