著者

阿部 慶賀 有元 典文 安西 祐一郎 今井 むつみ 入來 篤史 植田 一博 内海 彰 大西 仁 大森 隆司 岡田 猛 岡田 浩之 長田 尚子 小田切 史士 小野 哲雄 亀田 達也 川合 伸幸 清河 幸子 久保(川合)南海子 栗山 直子 佐伯 胖 嶋田 総太郎 白水 始 鈴木 聡 諏訪 正樹 高木 光太郎 舘野 泰一 寺尾 敦 伝 康晴 中島 秀之 中村 國則 橋田 浩一 服部 雅史 原田 悦子 針生 悦子 開 一夫 福田 健 堀 浩一 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 宮﨑 美智子 三輪 和久 村山 功 横澤 一彦 横山 拓

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.407-433, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

3

著者

二宮 由樹 岩田 知之 寺井 仁 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.217-231, 2023-09-01 (Released:2023-09-15)

参考文献数

57

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Why do humans try to discover better alternatives to solve a problem even when they already have a solution? Such flexibility to reject the familiar solution and to search for and discover better alternatives supports creative problem solving. Previous research has shown that participants who found alternatives are less likely to bias their attention toward the fixation-related areas, even when they are fixated on the trained procedure, compared to non-finder. The present study examined whether an intentional search for information irrelevant to the trained procedure under the successful situation is related to finding alternatives. Experimental results indicated that finders intentionally searched for a greater amount of information irrelevant to fixation, even when solving a problem with the trained procedure. In addition, it was shown that the difference in the intentional search might be caused by the strength of reinforcement of fixation on the trained procedure.

著者

三輪 和久

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会誌 (ISSN:21882355)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, no.9, pp.782-787, 2014-09-01

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現代社会は,あらゆる種類の自動化システムに支えられている.自動化システムに代表されるコンピュータによる作業支援は,作業遂行能力を向上させる一方で,過剰利便性の副作用が起こす課題を意識することも少なくはない.本稿では,過剰利便性の副作用としての課題遂行能力の退化を,人間機械系における過剰支援に伴う「認知的廃用性萎縮」と捉える.「廃用性萎縮」とは,長期にわたる身体動作支援において,特定の身体的機能を使わないことにより,筋肉等の機能が縮退する現象を指す.本稿で議論する過剰利便性の副作用の問題は,これらの萎縮が,身体的機能に限らず,認知的機能においても生じる可能性があることを意味する.本稿では,認知心理学や学習科学,教育心理学の領域で確立されてきた認知負荷理論と達成目標理論という二つの理論に基づき,認知的廃用性萎縮の背後にある人間の認知情報処理の諸特性を明らかにするとともに,その解決へ向かう土台を与える.

著者

寺井 仁 三輪 和久 古賀 一男

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.74-88, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

9

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Research on insight problem solving has mainly been treated within the scope of Gestalt psychology in the past. And now, insight problems are being investigated in cognitive psychology. However, little is known about how the process develops. In this study, we investigated the process of insight problem solving using a discovery task. The purpose of this research is to answer the following two points: First, how do constraint relaxation and the swith of a problem space search progress in insight problem solving? Second, what differences lie between successful subjects who reached the solution and unsuccessful subjects who did not? In this research, we analyzed the process of subjects searching their hypothesis space based on hypotheses that the subjects verbally reported. Additionally, we also measured the subjects' eye movement when they solved the problem. The following results were obtained. First, insight was not suddenly obtained in an instant, but rather gained through a relatively gradual mental relaxation process. Second, we found that the subjects who found the correct target reacted more sensitively to the irregular experimental results, as negative feedback caused rejection of the subjects' hypotheses. Our study detected insight problem solving processes in more detail by using not only subjects' verbal reports, but also psychological data obtained through eye movement measurements.

著者

三輪 和久 松下 正法

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.152-163, 2000-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

5

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We investigated the processes of mental constraints relaxation as a key factor for gaining insight, using a discovery task. In our experiments, we set up four kinds of experimental conditions. First, we introduced three conditions while controlling mental bloking factors: (1) a condition in which subjects searched an incorrect hypothesis space, (2) subjects clung a blocking hypothesis in an incorrect hypothesis space, and (3) subjects gained no constraints as above. Second, based on feedback factors, the condition (2) was subdivided into the following two cases: (2a) a case in which a prediction from a subject's hypothesis missed largely from an experimental result, and (2b) a case in which a prediction and an experimental result were separating gradually. The experimental results showed that finding the target was disturbed more remarkably as stronger blocking factors were given. Especially, when subjects who formed an invalid blocking hypothesis were given only gradual feedback, the subjects' performance of finding the target extremely declined.

著者

林 勇吾 三輪 和久 森田 純哉

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.604-619, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

14

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In this study, we investigated effects of having different perspectives in solving collaborative tasks. A simple reasoning task was given to several pairs of participants, each of whom discussed their views with their partner. Protocol analysis was performed to reveal how people exchange information with a partner who has a different perspective to achieve successful collaboration. In the experiment, we controlled participants′ perspectives, where the appearance of visual images was manipulated based on Gestalt psychological theory. Three conditions were set up: (1) the distributed-view condition, where one of two different perspectives was presented separately to each of the participants in a pair; (2) the dual-view condition, where two equivalent perspectives were presented together to both participants; and (3) the single-view condition, where only a single perspective was presented to both participants. The protocol analysis showed that the pairs in the distributed view condition who reached to solution engaged in the task with complementary interactive manners. On the other hand, the protocols of the pairs who could not reach solution showed that one of the participants shifted his⁄her perspective towards the opponents′ perspective. It is also argued that the problem solving in collaboration of pairs with different perspectives is performed through insight processes.

著者

三輪 和久 寺井 仁 松室 美紀 前東 晃礼

出版者

一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会

雑誌

教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.156-167, 2012 (Released:2015-03-27)

参考文献数

60

被引用文献数

1 1

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近年の知的学習支援システムは, 高度なインタラクティブ性を有し, その支援は多岐にわたる。そのような学習支援において, 学習効果を最大化するために, どこまで支援を提供し, どこから支援を保留にすればよいのかという, 支援バランスに関わるジレンマ(Assistance Dilemma)が生まれることが指摘されている。このジレンマの発生は, 学習志向活動と解決志向活動という学習時に生じる認知活動の二重性に起因する。学習者は, 限られた作業記憶の容量を, 問題解決を遂行しつつ(解決志向活動), 同時にスキーマ生成のための資源に割り当てなければならない(学習志向活動)という困難な課題に直面し, そこに支援ジレンマの問題の核心が存在する。本論文では, この問題を, 主に教育心理学において長年議論されてきた達成目標理論と, 認知科学や学習科学において展開されてきた認知負荷理論という2つの理論に基づき再解釈すると同時に, ジレンマ解消という観点から, この2つの理論の概要をレビューする。

著者

松室 美紀 三輪 和久 寺井 仁 山田 賢人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.3, pp.229-239, 2016 (Released:2016-08-25)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2

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According to dual process theory, there are two systems in the mind: an intuitive and automatic System 1 and a logical and effortful System 2. While many previous studies about number estimation have focused on simple heuristics and automatic processes, the deliberative System 2 process has not been sufficiently studied. This study focused on the System 2 process for large number estimation. First, we described an estimation process based on participants’ verbal reports. The task, corresponding to the problem-solving process, consisted of creating subgoals, retrieving values, and applying operations. Second, we investigated the influence of such deliberative process by System 2 on intuitive estimation by System 1, using anchoring effects. The results of the experiment showed that the System 2 process could mitigate anchoring effects.

著者

松林 翔太 三輪 和久 寺井 仁

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.90.18018, (Released:2019-06-20)

参考文献数

23

---

We often encounter various anomalous behaviors of systems, such as machine failures, unexpected behaviors of intelligent agents, and irregular natural phenomena. In order to predict these anomalous behaviors, it is a useful strategy to infer the causal structure of target domains (the inference-based strategy). However, we assume another strategy, the memory-based strategy, to memorize the anomalous behaviors for the predictions. In the present study, we analyzed the features and benefits of the memory-based strategy using the spatial movement prediction task. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that participants who were instructed to apply the memory-based strategy encoded only the anomalous instances, and not the regular instances. Additionally, the inference-based strategy was more effective for identifying the anomalous instances in a low-complexity task, whereas the memory-based strategy was more effective in a high-complexity task. Experiment 3 revealed that it was difficult to spontaneously select an appropriate strategy based on task complexity and to make benefits of the memory-based strategy for a high-complexity task even if the strategy was applied.

著者

寺井 仁 三輪 和久 浅見 和亮

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.4, pp.419-428, 2013

被引用文献数

21

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The Remote Associates Test (RAT) is one of the most popular tasks in experimental studies of insight in psychological and neuroscience studies. Since the RAT was originally developed for English-speaking countries, we developed a Japanese version of the RAT. This paper provides a brief overview of the structure of the task based on chunk decomposition using Japanese kanji characters and a list of sets of words as experimental stimuli, with representative data for experimental studies of insight.

著者

田村 昌彦 三輪 和久

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.103-111, 2013-06-25 (Released:2013-09-01)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 2

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To solve an insight problem, a problem solver needs to relax mental constraints that prevent solving the problem, and to shift a search in an incorrect problem space into a search in a correct problem space. In this paper, we investigate how a tracking stimulus that guides problem solvers’ eye movements affects the formation and relaxation of constraints in insight problem solving. We conducted two experiments using an insight task and an eye-tracking task in which participants’ eye movements were expected to inhibit the fixation constraints in the insight task. Participants engaged in the tracking task before the constraints were formed in Experiment 1 and after the constraints were formed in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, participants who performed the tracking task were inhibited in forming the constraints more than those in the control condition. In both Experiments 1 and 2, the tracking task affects the participants’ hypothesis formation in the insight problem solving processes. In particular, participants who were presented the tracking stimulus found a target rule faster after beginning to relax the constraints than those in the control condition.

著者

齋藤 ひとみ 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.258-275, 2003-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

6

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We investigated cognitive processes of the information seeking on the WWW and the effects of subjects' knowledge and experience on their processes and performance through the protocol analysis. In our experiments, the subjects were assigned to an expert or a novice condition, and required to solve two search tasks. We analyzed the protocol data on the basis of the two space model of scientific discovery suggested by Simon & Lea (1981). We applied this model to the information seeking on the WWW. The information seeking processes on the WWW were considered as the processes of searching the Keyword space and the Web space. The experimental results showed that (1) due to the effects of knowledge and experience, the experts' performance of finding a target was higher than that of the novices, (2) when searching each space, the experts searched each space in detail but the novices did not, and (3) when shifting from one space to the other, the experts searched the two spaces alternately, but the novices tended to cling to a search of one of the two spaces.

著者

八田 武志 三輪 和久 川口 潤 筧 一彦 川上 綾子 栗本 英和

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

萌芽的研究

巻号頁・発行日

1999

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昨年度に続き本年度も今までに収集した漢字誤記のタイプ別分類(1)とその産出メカニズムの説明モデルの作成と、(2)さらなる自発書字における漢字誤記の収集を行った。さらに,(3)今までに収集した漢字誤記のデータベース作成と,(4)データベースの利用容易性の検討である。(1)については,音韻、形態、意味の3つの基本要素を中心にそれらの組み合わせから生じる音韻+形態、音韻+意味、形態+意味、音韻+形態+意味、語順、部品欠損、その他の合計10タイプに漢字誤記は分類できることが明らかとなった。このような誤記の産出は3基本要素の心内辞書での活性化によるとする認知モデルは,基本的に変更する必要を感じなかった。これは,10タイプの分類で不可能とするような新しいタイプの誤記は生じなかったためである。(2)について本年度行ったのは,(1)ベネッセ「赤ペン先生」に解答者が記載する赤ペン先生へのletterにおける誤記(この場合中学生が主な対象となる)。(2)大学生における約400名の自由記述タイプの試験答案における誤記(これは一人あたりおよそ2000文字以上の記述がある),(3)専門学校生におけるレポートおよび感想文における誤記を対象に収集した。(1)については,添削がネット上で行われる様態に変更されたために,途中で収集は断念せざるを得なかった。(3)および(4)に関しては,誤記を考慮した手書き入力デバイスへの支援ソフトに利便性の高い形式を模索中である。本研究に関連の深いものとして,書字において情動価をどの様に伝達するのかに関する実験研究を行い結果を発表した。その内容は,漢字,平かな,カタカナなど表記のタイプと活字体の種類を変数にしたもので音声言語でのプロソディに相当する機能を書字でも行っていることを立証するものであった。

著者

寺井 仁 三輪 和久 柴田 恭志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.146-163, 2012 (Released:2014-07-22)

参考文献数

16

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When a system gives outputs that you do not predict,you regard those as unexpected events and try to identify the causes affecting those events. In this study,we try to understand how people identify the causes affecting unexpected events by using a card magic called the three card monte as an experimental material.In our experiments,the participants were required to find out the tricks by watching a video in which a magician plays the magic.We focused on two cluesrelated tocause identification.The first is distinctiveness of events; and the second is availability of feedback information.The results of the experimentsshowed that the distinctiveness of events affected the performance of cause identification,whereas the availability of feedback information did not. The processanalyses revealed that even if feedback information was not directly given,the participants could perform reasoning for cause identification based on hypothetical information not observed.

著者

三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.322-331, 2019-09-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

参考文献数

30

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The model-based approach, along with the experimental approach, is a primary research methodology in cognitive science. Cognitive scientists have contributed to the development of psychological science by the benefits of building computational cognitive models. The authors have examined another aspect of the benefits of cognitive modeling as a learning tool by the practices of cognitive science classes in which university students are instructed to build computational cognitive models. In this paper, we introduce class practice examples implemented over the past 10 years, and discuss the possibilities and limitations of a learning paradigm, “Learning by Building Cognitive Models.”

著者

林 勇吾 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.569-584, 2011 (Released:2013-04-09)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

5

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In this study, we investigate the two factors that influence perspective taking in collaborative problem solving and understand the communication process during this activity. We conducted a psychological experiment by constructing a situation where two participants engage in a rule discovery task with different perspectives. While solving the task, each of the participants confronts miscommunication about the other's perspective and has to manage to overcome this situation. The main results indicated that having prior communication experience and dialog communication enhance the understanding of the partner's perspective. Results of protocol analysis indicated that when the participants had communication experience, (a) the degree of utterance biased on a single perspective became small, and (b) the degree of utterance based on a contradictory perspective became small. The participants who communicated by dialog became to do turn taking much frequently compared to the participants who communicated by chat.

著者

赤松 幹之 小木津 武樹 三輪 和久 八木 絵香 芳賀 繁 篠原 一光

出版者

日本応用心理学会

雑誌

応用心理学研究 (ISSN:03874605)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.144-172, 2019-11-30 (Released:2020-02-29)

著者

市川 淳 三輪 和久 寺井 仁

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.585-594, 2015-05-01 (Released:2015-05-01)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3 1

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For skill acquisition that needs periodic body movements as cascade juggling, the establishment of stable body movements seems crucial. We investigated them in each of the learning stages defined by the Beek and van Santvoord (1992) framework. In addition, we investigated participants' verbal reports about what was intentionally concerned for achieving optimum learning in practice. In the experiment, novices practiced three-ball cascade juggling over a period of one week. We focused on two types of stabilities: the stability of chest movement representing torso movement, and another stability of wrist movement representing arm swing. The result revealed that the skills for establishing stabilities of torso movement and arm swing were acquired sequentially. In this case, the stability of arm swing emerged between Stage 2 (by 50 successive catches) and Stage 3 (by over 100 successive catches), and another stability of torso movement emerged between Stage 3 and the expert stage in which jugglers had acquired complete skills for performing five-ball cascade juggling. The result also showed that in the establishment of stable arm swing, the development of the stability occurred only in passive catching behavior, but did not in active tossing behavior. Additionally, we found that the participants who did not develop beyond Stage 1 (by 10 successive catches) trained themselves while focusing on their specific physical movements.

著者

横山 真衣 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.530-540, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-15)

参考文献数

36

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The purpose of this study was to examine the conception of learning and learning behavior for each goal orientation type from the multiple-goals perspective and to clarify the characteristics of each type. Questionnaires were conducted with fourth-year undergraduate students, and responses for 340 students were analyzed. We created four goal orientation types based on goal orientation combinations: <Low-goals>, <High-goals>, <High-Performance-Avoidance-goal>,and <High-Learning-goal> and examined conception of learning and learning behavior of each type. As a result, it was suggested that conception of learning and learning behavior differ depending on goal orientation type. <High-goals> tended to have multiple conceptions of learning, <High-Learning-goals> tended to have Active conception of learning, and <Low-goals type> and <High-Performance-Avoidance-goals> tended to have Passive conception of learning. It has been shown that the perception and learning behavior of <High-goals type> and <High-Leaning-goal type> are similar, we showed that these two types of the conception of learning are different and clarified the characteristics of each type.

著者

石井 成郎 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.4, pp.469-485, 2003

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We investigated, through a cognitive psychological experiment and its protocol analysis, experts' and novices' interactive process between the mental operation by which participants considered their ideas and the external operations by which they actually produced physical objects in creative activity. In our experiment, the participants were required to build toy robots with creative features with LEGO Mindstorms. The experimental results showed that the experts could create work that fulfilled both high originality and practicality simultaneously. Moreover, the following four points were confirmed as characteristics of the experts' creative process: (1) the experts globally considered their initial ideas, (2) the experts predicted and considered their ideas by focusing on various aspects of important viewpoints, (3) the experts reconstructed their ideas more actively, and (4) the experts reconstructed their ideas by considering comprehensively the relationship among the elements constructing their plans.