著者
鈴木 悠介 永井 聖剛
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.27, no.3, pp.409-415, 2020-09-01 (Released:2020-09-15)
参考文献数
32

Previous studies have shown perceptual processing cross-modal correspondences between spatial high/low positions and auditory high/low pitches. Several studies also found that auditory pitch influences spatially defined motor responses, suggesting that perceptual and motoric information regarding spatial and auditory high/low stimuli are shared. However, it remains unclear whether spatial position influences auditorily defined motor responses. We addressed this question by examining vocal responses to high/low pitches. In our experiment, sixteen participants vocalized a meaningless sound (/a/) at high/low pitch in response to spatially high/low stimuli under compatible and incompatible conditions. Results showed that the onset of vocalization was shorter under the compatible condition than the incompatible conditions. Together with previous studies, the current results suggest that information regarding spatial high/low position and auditory high/low pitch are bidirectionally and consistently shared across perceptual and motor systems.
著者
田中 優子 犬塚 美輪 藤本 和則
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2022.003, (Released:2022-06-15)
参考文献数
123

Pervasive misinformation is a primary social issue in the digital age. A common method for resolving this issue is making corrections to mitigate false beliefs due to misinformation. However, the influence of misinformation is often predominant, thereby resulting in correction having a limited effect on alleviating people's false memory and reasoning. This psychological phenomenon is known as the continued influence effect of misinformation. Rapidly evolving research has accumulated into a sizable literature explaining the psychological processes that cause this effect. This article seeks to clarify the psychological processes for exploring ways to harness the negative impact of misinformation on our minds. Specifically, we review cognitive models and factors related to the continued influence effect, as well as a potential side effect of correction. Moreover, we summarize practical recommendations for interventions based on psychological characteristics. Finally, we discuss future directions in psychology and how emerging interdisciplinary research contributes to controlling the harmful impact of misinformation on our society.
著者
金井 明人 小玉 愛実
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.17, no.3, pp.444-458, 2010 (Released:2011-03-08)
参考文献数
27
被引用文献数
1

Even from the same film material, change of the way to edit film makes it possible to emphasize the story and other characteristics than the story in the film. That consequently changes effects on the viewer. Editing film designs not only the film itself but also the cognitive relation between the film and the viewer. This study used the scene of The Passion of Joan of Arc by Carl Th. Dreyer that Joan cuts her hair, and edited 16 kinds of films. 10 of them were used to conduct a questionnaire survey and look at the designs. Especially in the dialectic editing emphasizing the story by adopting 4 kinds of montage theories (metric montage, rhythmic montage, tonal montage, and overtonal montage) by Eisenstein, the editing separating them off, and the editing combining both of them, we discuss the differences in the processes of designing rhythm of film in the cognitive relation with the viewer. Particularly in the film emphasizing irrational cutting aspects, viewer's viewpoints frequently changed, which indicated the move of viewpoints to other things like editing than the story, and in the film emphasizing the dialectic aspects, it was indicated that they tended to be absorbed in the story.
著者
田中 彰吾
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.1, pp.140-151, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-09-01)
参考文献数
30
被引用文献数
1

In this paper, we explicate the ambiguous role of the body in projection science by focusing on the experiments on bodily illusions. First, we trace back to the original experiment of rubber hand illusion, in which the participants feel illusory touch on the synchronously stroked fake hand as well as the sense of ownership on it. From a phenomenological perspective, we clarify that the rubber hand is incorporated into the inner space of one’s own body, and subjectively experienced as located “here” during the illusion. Based on this clarification, we give a new account to the full-body illusion experiments. In the past research, they have been considered as a sort of out-of-body illusion in which one’s sense of self-location is transferred outside the physical body toward the virtual body. However, this does not describe the actual experience of the illusion. What the participants experience in fact is the sense of self-location that tacitly extends from the physical body to the virtual body. After reconsidering these bodily illusions, it is suggested that the spatiality of one’s own body is not the product of projection but the source to be projected onto the spatiality of objects.
著者
村山 司 藤井 有希 勝俣 浩 荒井 一利 祖一 誠
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.3, pp.358-365, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)
参考文献数
22
被引用文献数
6

Dolphins are known to exhibit highly developed social interactions, and numerous high advanced social behaviors have been observed in their school. We conducted a variety of tasks to understand the cognitive abilities of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Symmetry, a cognitive ability that is only present in a few nonhuman animals, was tested in a male beluga ten years ago (1997). At that time, however, it was found that the subject performed poorly. Here we report the results of our observations which set about to determine whether cognitive mechanisms, such as symmetry, could be altered or developed over a relatively long period of time (i.e. 10 years). We used the same beluga that was used for the symmetry tests conducted 10 years previously. Using the same procedures employed in the first test, the subject was observed to exhibit symmetry. Since the subject has been engaged in a variety of cognitive tasks other than tests of symmetry over the past 10 years, it is proposed that these experiences have positively influenced the development of symmetry in this animal.
著者
西村 義樹
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.3, no.3, pp.3_28-3_37, 1996-08-31 (Released:2008-10-03)
参考文献数
51

Among the central features of a major strand of cognitive linguistics (R. W. Langacker's cognitive grammar) is its symbolic view of grammar (syntax in particular): grammar can be adequately characterized as a system composed of form-meaning pairings (rather than a purely formal component organized independently of semantic factors). By way of illustrating how the symbolic view can give us insights into cross-linguistic variation, cognitive accounts are provided of two areas of grammar where English and Japanese exhibit marked contrasts. It is suggested that apparently arbitrary ways some grammatical units (e.g. grammatical relations and constructions) behave begin to make perfect semantic sense if (1) construal (as opposed to conceptual content) is held to form an essential part of an expression's semantic value, (2) proper attention is given to the ubiquity in language of categories built around experientially grounded prototypes (rather than classical categories defined by sets of necessary and sufficient conditions), and (3) a usage-based model of linguistic structure (in contrast to the traditional reductionist view of grammar as an algorithmic device) is adopted.
著者
小松 孝徳 鈴木 健太郎 植田 一博 開 一夫 岡 夏樹
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, no.1, pp.121-138, 2003-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)
参考文献数
21
被引用文献数
3

The effects of the speaker's adjustment of the teaching strategy and the use of paralanguage information of speech to acquire its meaning were clarified by means of experiment: In the experiments, two subjects played a game of Pong: one of the subjects (operator) could not understand linguistically what the other one (teacher) was saying. The results of these experiments revealed the following. First, the teacher's high-pitched voice drew attention of the operator's current action. Second, the process of meaning acquisition can be regarded as reinforcement learning based on a multi-reward system (i.e., a positive reward for correct actions and a negative reward for incorrect actions, given in the form of the teacher's high-pitched voice). Finally, mutual adaptation between the subjects was observed, that is, the subjects learned to respond appropriately to each other's behavior. It is concluded that the above three phenomena are important to the process of meaning acquisition and can be viewed as the basic requirements to enable the acquisition of meaning of unknown speech, and to construct an adaptive sound interface, which can provide a natural interaction enviromnet for its user.
著者
丸山 慎
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.14, no.4, pp.471-493, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)
参考文献数
47
被引用文献数
1

The present study illustrates a role that the bodily gesture plays in the production of musical artistry. I especially focused on its expressive (i.e. rhetorical) function, which enables musicians to effectively realize and communicate their musical interpretations. From interviews with musicians ranging in level from student to professional, and from observations of conductor′s gestures videotaped in orchestra rehearsals, I report three cases showing how essential the sense of bodily movement contributes to finding the appropriate expression of music. In case 1, an interview with a pianist⁄conductor, Ryusuke Numajiri, I demonstrate examples of gesture embedded in music composition that constrains hand shape in the context of piano playing. According to Numajiri, such a habit very likely reflects each composer′s motor capacity or preference of finger patterning, which makes a pianist′s hands and fingers form “composer-specific” motion patterns. In case 2, through observations of videotaped data on expressive gestures shown by two conductors, Myong-Whun Chung and Tetsuro Ban, I compare features of their gestures when they conduct the same piece. Results showed that, at the same point of the piece, both conductors represented nuances of the sound with very similar gestures, suggesting that the character of the musical sound has an intrinsic tendency to arouse a specific (similar) type of bodily gesture. In case 3, I introduce examples of bodily movements executed by a conductor, Uriel Segal, which produced an intended musical atmosphere. My main finding was that he clearly demonstrated that conductor′s gestures, including beating motions all embody musical requirements that lead the orchestra in the proper direction. Further, I observed that his conducting also displayed a sense of being still, “how to stop moving the body” at some points in the music as well as a sense of being in motion at other times. Discussion of all the findings suggests that there is an intrinsic link between musical expression and bodily sense, which I believe offers insight into the origins of music and experience of musical artistry.
著者
嵯峨崎 天音 石井 辰典 渡邊 克巳
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.1, pp.85-99, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)
参考文献数
37

State authenticity is the subjective sense of being one’s true self in a particular situation (Lenton, Bruder, et al., 2013). Previous studies suggested that the current mood influenced state authenticity because the judgment of state authenticity was made heuristically via available information (i.e., mood). However, the results were not clear. We examined whether the mood manipulation with short movies would affect state authenticity. The results partially supported the hypotheses; participants in a positive mood reported a higher degree of true self and less self-alienation than those in a neutral mood. However, the negative mood had no consistent effect on state authenticity. These results suggest that the effect of mood on state authenticity is limited or more complex than previously thought and point to the necessity for further investigations.
著者
日髙 昇平 高橋 康介
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.1, pp.25-38, 2021

<p>Visual perception, receiving a two-dimensional (2D) visual input, often constructs the three-dimensional (3D) perceptual image. Although there are generally multiple structures in the external world that give an equivalent two-dimensional retinal image, the perceptual process naturally and easily infers only one 3D structure as the solution. However, the following problems are not obvious at all: what kind of structure can be obtained as a 3D perceptual image from certain 2D information, and why do we get a three-dimensional perceptual image instead of a two-dimensional one. In the present study, we investigate this problem by untangling the Necker Cube phenomenon, and propose a novel theory of three-dimensional visual perception from the viewpoint of the efficiency of information coding. Among the possible structures that can yield the 2D retinal image of the Necker Cube, the structure of the typical three-dimensional perceptual image of the Necker Cube maximizes the symmetry (in group theory). This maximization of symmetry is characterized by the pairs of adjoint functors (in category theory). Therefore, according to this proposed theory, "the Necker Cube" in the three-dimensional space is perceived as the most efficient encoding of the two-dimensional retinal image.</p>
著者
西郷 甲矢人 日髙 昇平 高橋 康介 布山 美慕
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.1, pp.70-83, 2021

<p>The aim of this article is to provide references to cognitive scientists, who are interested in learning category theory and using it in their research. This article consists of the three sections, question-and-answers on category theory, utility of category theory on cognitive science, and tutorial materials. In the question-and-answers on category theory, we answered to questions, with which beginners of category theory may come up. In the utility of category theory on cognitive science, we raised the three items of utility of category theory in building cognitive models. The learning materials share the books, slides, and videos on the web, recommended to start with.</p>
著者
宮崎 美智子 高橋 英之 岡田 浩之 開 一夫
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.1, pp.9-28, 2011-03-01
参考文献数
56
被引用文献数
1

The emergence of &ldquo;Sense of agency&rdquo; contributes to self-recognition. However there are few useful experimental paradigms for evaluating the development process of the sense of agency in young infants because the sense of agency is a subjective sense and young infants cannot verbally describe their internal experience. In this article, we propose a new experimental paradigm for examining the sense of agency using on-line eye tracking which we named &ldquo;eye-scratch task&rdquo;. This task enables us to evaluate the emergence processes of the sense of agency by a trajectory of voluntary eye movement. Besides, this task enables direct comparison of eye movement trajectories between infants and adults in common criteria. Hence, we can discriminate whether an infant feels the sense of agency or not by comparison with adults. Further, we analyzed participants' behavior in the task by the concept of feed-forward model that are the most famous computational frameworks for motor control and sense of agency. And we claim that our new infant's model based measurement give fruitful suggestions to the computational modeling for the development process of the sense of agency and self-recognition.
著者
柴田 寛 杉山 磨哉 鈴木 美穂 金 情浩 行場 次朗 小泉 政利
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, no.3, pp.301-315, 2006 (Released:2008-11-13)
参考文献数
34

According to a widely held view, the object-subject-verb word order in Japanese is derived from the subject-object-verb word order by shifting the object to the sentence-initial position. This movement of the object, called scrambling, is hypothesized to leave “a trace” in the original object position (Saito, 1985). With regard to this view, during online sentence processing, a fronted object must be associated with its trace (filler-driven parsing). If a human actually processes scrambled sentences by filler-driven parsing, it is assumed that an object is reactivated and the processing load increases at the trace position. Although many psycholinguistic studies have been conducted in order to investigate the processing of a trace at the trace position, few studies have focused on processing around the trace positions. In the present study, by using a cross-modal lexical priming (CMLP) task that is capable of measuring the processing load and the activation level of an object at arbitrary positions, we investigated the processing around the trace positions in Japanese clause-internal scrambled sentences. In this study, in order to correct the problem encountered in the preceding study (Nakano et al., 2002) using the CMLP task, we did not measure the direct priming effect; however, we measured the indirect priming effect as a method of investigating the activation level of an object. When the data of all the participants were analyzed together, the increases in the processing load and the reactivation of an object around the trace position were not revealed. However, because of the difficulty of the CMLP task, the previous study (Nakano et al., 2002) presented the reactivation of an object at the trace position for participants who responded to lexical decisions quickly and possessed a high working memory capacity. Therefore, the participants in this study were divided into fast and slow groups based on their lexical decision latencies during the task. The results that reflect the filler-driven parsing were revealed only for the fast group. In the fast group, the processing load at the trace position was found to exceed the load at the position preceding and following the trace position. Further analyses of the results showed that the activation level of an object increased only at the trace position.
著者
松本 斉子 平井 葉子 徃住 彰文
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, no.3, pp.385-400, 2003-09-01
参考文献数
33
被引用文献数
8

As an unprecedented phenomenon that might characterize new relations between people and domestic artifacts, a craze for a toy doll was analyzed in middle-aged people. The makers of the doll, which is modeled on a virtual character, have sold more than 700 thousand over the last three years in Japan alone, and the age distribution of buyers indicates a modal age of 51-60 year old. In this paper, 51 fan letters and 271 Web postings spontaneously sent to the toy maker were analyzed in terms of communicative functions and affective-cognitive contents. The results indicate that (a) the doll owners believe that the doll facilitates their interaction with family members and with friends, and (b) the doll owners attribute positive feelings in terms of both mental and physical states to the doll. The effects of affective attachment are discussed in terms of human emotion model.
著者
針生 悦子
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, no.1, pp.1_99-1_111, 1997-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)
参考文献数
43

Pointing to an object and saying a word is an ambiguous form of reference, because there are an indefinite number of logically possible hypotheses about the meaning of a word. But children are very proficient at learning words. That led us to postulate constraints on the hypotheses that children consider about the meanings of words. In fact, the previous studies have shown that children aged two or over are highly biased word learners (Landau et al., 1988; Merriman & Schuster, 1991). Much of the debate has centered on whether this idea of constraints implies innate and fixed word learning principles, and whether these principles are by nature domain-specific. This paper reviewed the studies concerned with this debate. The previous studies showed that those learning principles emerged in the course of early word learning (Jones et al., 1992), and that children's use of them became more domain-specific with age (Smith et al, 1994). These findings suggest that the principles and the domain-specific use of them may be the consequence of word learning, not innate. But following two facts are notable. First, young children rapidly find the principles in the course of learning first 50 words, although it is difficult for children of this age to examine possible hypotheses systematically. Second, some findings (Haryu, 1996; Smith et al., 1996) suggest that the use of principles in early word learning is not accesible to deliberate control. These facts lead me to assume that infants are born, not with some concrete beliefs about word meanings, but with some constrained mechanism that guides infant's learning the principles about word meanings.
著者
松田 剛 神田 崇行 石黒 浩 開 一夫
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.19, no.4, pp.434-444, 2012-12-01 (Released:2014-10-31)
参考文献数
26

Many types of humanoid robots have been developed recently, and they are mainly designed for social interaction with human beings. The most communicative partners for human beings are other humans. Therefore, to develop successful communicative robots, it is important to know how closely they resemble a human. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate the human likeness of a humanoid robot (Robovie) by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Since activity of the human mirror neuron system (MNS) is thought to reflect the perceived human likeness of observed agents,we compared MNS activity during observations of an action performed by a human and the robot. Seven male and ten female participants were included in the study, and eventually, fourteen of them were analyzed. NIRS probes were placed at the bilateral premotor and primary motor areas, which are components of the MNS. Under observation conditions, stimuli were presented live or on a video monitor; there were four observation conditions, namely, live-human, live-robot, video-human, and video-robot. After the observation conditions, the participants executed the same action performed by the human agent in the observation conditions by themselves (execution condition). We identified the NIRS channels in which significant activation was induced under both the observation and execution conditions, and used this information to determine the possible regions reflecting MNS activity. We found no significant effect of the agent (human/robot) on MNS activity, and this indicated that MNS response in the motorrelated area is relatively analogous irrespective of the agent (human/robot). However,the effect of the mode of presentation (live/video) was found in a few channels. Two channels corresponding to the left ventral premotor cortex were activated more strongly in the live condition than in the video condition, particularly when the agent was the human. In contrast, one channel corresponding to the right primary motor cortex was activated more strongly in the video condition than in the live condition only when the agent was the robot. These findings suggest that live presentation of action is necessary to reveal true brain activity in actual situations.
著者
LAMMING Mik FLYNN Mike 村越 真
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, no.1, pp.16-25, 1995-02-25
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
2

コンピュータは記憶を助ける道具である一方, 人間の記憶負荷を驚くほど増加させてもいる. 「Forget-me-not」は, エピソード記憶に似た方法でデータを体制化し, 日常記憶の課題を支援するために開発中のコンピューティング・モデルである. 身につけることの可能なこのモデルは, 利用者とともに移動し, 利用者が遭遇する人や機器からの信号を記録することで利用者の出会ったエピソードを記憶する. 利用者は記憶の断片から「Forget-me-not」の検索機能を使って, 自分でも忘れかけている出来事を思い出すことができる. 本稿では開発中のモデルの仕様と実際の使用例について紹介する.
著者
山田 憲政
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, no.2, pp.107-112, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)
参考文献数
13

“Moving pictures on sliding doors” date back to the Edo Era in Japan. These pictures were called moving pictures because they seem to move when they are viewed while moving. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism underlying this illusionary phenomenon. For that purpose, photographs of a “moving picture” on sliding doors were taken using a digital camera, and the characteristic points on each image were digitized and stored in a computer. Then changes in perception of the picture with movement of the viewpoint of the observer were computed by using a coordination transformation technique. The results of calculation revealed that the picture had been painted from a bird's-eye view and that the illusionary motion is seen when the observer views the picture from an oblique angle while moving along the length of the sliding doors. When viewing the picture from an oblique angle while moving, distances from points on the picture to the observer's viewpoint change, and these changes in distances give rise to the illusionary motion of the picture. Thus, the mechanism by which the picture is perceived as moving is motion parallax.