著者

伊東 方洋 薦田 高士 田村 紀雄 新川 達郎 小川 浩一 武市 英雄 伊藤 恒夫 山中 正剛

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.33, pp.131-140, 1984-06-01

著者

広井 脩

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.27, pp.92-107, 1978-06-30

著者

宮武 実知子

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.70, pp.157-175, 2007-01-30

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"The Seven Professors affair" is famous as the pro-war movement of Tokyo university professors before the Russo-Japanese War. Their movement is likely to be criticized as irresponsible and silly. However the overview of the affair and their intention are not well known. In this paper, to explain the background and the overview of the affair, I will examine the public opinion to the affair, through newspaper and magazine articles at that time as well as reminiscences of those who involved. Their movement came to the first case of consumption of the intellectuals in Japan.

著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, pp.83-102, 2014

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This study aims to examine deposit collections during the Taisho period (1912-1926) . Deposit collections developed in connection with community-based organizations in local society. They were founded in several different venues, such as youth groups, girls' groups, barbershops, and schools. The current study will focus primarily on deposit collections and a local community. After the Russo-Japanese War (1905), the Ministry of Education and the Home Ministry needed to solve the problem of a growing population of students who were graduating from elementary school but would not go on to junior high school. The ministries intended to establish youth groups for these young elementary graduates in order to avoid an academic decline. At the same time, they also encouraged the establishment of libraries and deposit collections for social education. Against this historical background, deposit collections increased in number throughout the Taisho period. In Saitama Prefecture, youth groups began establishing permanent deposit collections as a result of the introduction of a traveling library in 1909. Members of the public donated small amounts of money and small numbers of books to the groups. This enabled the groups to establish collections easily and at a low cost. In 1919, about 40% of youth groups had a library or deposit collection, and about 70% of youth groups used them. This shows the ubiquity of deposit collections at that time. Meanwhile, deposit collections flourished within the circle of everyday life and diversified. Unlike the traveling library in Saitama Prefecture, the traveling libraries of community-based organizations went from door to door. These deposit collections were operated by not only youth groups, but also by girls' groups, barbershops, schools, and others. They also existed not only in Saitama prefecture, but in other Japanese prefectures as well.

著者

松井 広志

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.87, pp.77-95, 2015-07-31

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The aim of this paper is to study the materiality of media through the experiential analysis of the history of model kits in Japan. The authors focus on the following questions: "What is materiality of media?" and "How are materiality and intermediacy related to each other?" Answering these questions requires hypothesis development for theoretical considerations based on experiential analysis of a specific medium that has materiality as its essential element. In this study, the authors examine the history of model kits in Japan. This paper analyzes the history of model kits in Japan from the 1900s through the 1960s by using a variety of materials, which include miniature model products, miniature model magazines, statistical data and yearbooks of related companies. The authors' findings show that different media were created in different periods: scientific miniature models that mediated the future before World War II; armament models that mediated the present during World War II; and scale models during the post-war period of rapid economic growth. At the same time, the creation of these media was inextricably connected with materials, such as wood, metals, substitute materials, and plastic. However, these materials and models were originally not separate entities but represented different aspects of a single medium. In other words, scientific models were the same medium as models made of wood and metals; armament models were inseparable from substitute materials; and scale models were the same as plastic models. As these examples show, analyzing the creation of media, including actors (materials), leads us to reconsider the deterministic understanding of the essence of a medium. These considerations led to the following conclusion regarding the materiality of media: Specific materials are used to form a specific medium and the resulting materiality creates dynamic changes in the intermediacy of the medium. Inversely, a medium appears to have diachronic identity due to the inextricable connection between the materiality and intermediacy of the medium, which causes its different elements to form a specific area as a group despite the variability of individual elements.

著者

吉見 俊哉

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.86, pp.19-37, 2015-01-31

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In postwar Japan, the Olympic Games were organized as "postwar" events in the strict sense of the term-specifically, the Olympic Games not only symbolized the history of Japan's postwar recovery and economic growth, but also the athletic facilities that provided stages for many national dramas were postwar products created by transforming facilities used for military purposes during the war. Many of the national dramas that unfolded on these stages were also products created by shifting the focus of dramaturgy from military heroism to athletic heroism. The term "postwar period" as used here refers to the transition from militarism (war) to peace. In this paper, we first verify that the major facilities for the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games were constructed on former Japanese military facility sites. Next, we confirm that throughout Japan, after the war many athletic facilities were constructed in places where military facilities were located during the war. Then, we reveal that in the process of returning Washington Heights in Yoyogi to Japan in order to construct facilities for the Olympics, there was a gap between the intentions of the United States and the Japanese government, which was actually seeking the return of the U.S. base in Asaka. In addition, we also confirm that the Oriental Witches and Kokichi Tsuburaya, who played leading roles in the national dramas of the Olympics, were both closely tied to the process through which a poor nation turned itself into an industrialized country-the Oriental Witches as former female workers of cotton mills, and Tsuburaya as a member of the Self-defense Forces from the Tohoku region. Thus, this paper aims to throw light on the continuous elements from the war period of the 1964 Olympic Games.

著者

笠原 英彦

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.33, pp.205-214, 1984-06-01

著者

池上 賢

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, pp.109-127, 2014

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This paper examines perspectives for studying audiences in the complex media environment in contemporary society. First, I point out the following three changes in the media environment: transition to a ubiquitous society, diversification of information, and the use of two-way communication in the media. Next, based on the review of past audience studies, I point out the importance of audience identity. In past audience studies, audience identities were studied as identities of specific social groups. In this paper, however, I argue that such a perspective is inadequate for understanding the relationship between the media and audience identity in contemporary society; in order to analyze multi-faceted identities in contemporary society, it is necessary to adopt an alternative perspective. For this reason, I propose a perspective that focuses on narratives about audiences' media experience and studies how identities are constructed in such narratives. Then, based on the proposal, I review the following two analysis perspectives: First, I present a spectacle/performance paradigm. This paradigm assumes that individuals present their identities through their media experience. Identities are analyzed as narratives that are created for other individuals. Secondly, I present the perspective of ethnomethodology as an approach for analyzing narrations that cannot function as narratives. This perspective analyzes methods used by individuals to achieve actions. In this perspective, identities are resources presented by narrators to achieve interaction. These two perspectives study identities not as characteristics assigned by researchers to audiences, but as characteristics constructed by audiences themselves. In conclusion, I argue that the use of these two perspectives makes it possible to study complex and diversified audience identities in the media environment in contemporary society.

著者

加島 卓

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.71, pp.66-86, 2007-07-30

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The purpose of this article is to make the history of relationship the category of "Advertising Creator" with the ambiguous ability such as "Creativity" clear. The methodology of this article is discourse analysis in 1920's. First, "Shougyou-Bijyutsuka" was the origin of the "Advertising Creator", and that wasn't ambiguous category at all. Second, "Creativity" had negative meanings when "Advertising Creator" defined by distinguishing from the "Artist". Third, the positive of the "Advertising Creator" and the negative of the "Creativity" are constructed by the discourse network Psychology and Marxism. By them, this article submitted the perspective as "Formalist" for the "Advertising Creator".

著者

柳井 道夫

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.21, pp.36-54, 1972-04-01

著者

河崎 吉紀

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.63, pp.98-111, 2003-07-31

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the qualification system for journalists in Japan by examining the interwar period. Once the newspaper industry became large-scale, journalists claimed the socioeconomic status governed by the license, as had happened in the United States. But protection and control are two sides of the same coin. Journalist protections could be transformed into restrictions, as happened in Germany and Italy, when war approached. This system was introduced in Japan at the time of World War II.

著者

佐々木 孝侍

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.81, pp.163-180, 2012-07-31

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In recent years, models on fashion magazines have become highly popular in Japan. Such popularity finds its explanation in the enthusiastic behavior of fans as can be noticed in big fashion events such as "Tokyo Girls Collection". This paper ethnographically describes the phenomenon of the behavior of models' fans. In order to understand their interpretation and feelings about fashion models, the author conducted a semi-structural survey asking eighteen women about their most favorite models in 2011. This paper also looks into how fashion magazines, the place of activity for models, are perceived by the fans. The participants' observation at girls' events has also been assessed. The findings of the research can be stated as follows. According to fans, fashion magazines constitute a source of information about models. In fact, the attention of fans goes straight to the features of the body, the face or to the hairstyle of models. The models' fans do not interact with each other as is usually the case. Fans are not really interested in the personality or the private life of models. The paper shows however that at girls' events, the fans are more attracted by the features of the body.

著者

西 兼志

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.75, pp.35-50, 2009-07-31

著者

安野 智子

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, pp.44-61,203, 2002

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The spiral of silence theory is known as one of the most influential public opinion theories but it has not been verified well. Though a meta-analysis reported the small but significant relationship between subjective pervasiveness of respondents' opinion and the willingness to express their opinions (Glynn et al., 1997), findings are inconsistent. One of the main reasons of inconsistency is, as many researchers have pointed out, the difficulty in manipulation of theoretical assumptions. Reexamining main assumptions of the theory and findings of the spiral of silence studies, the author suggests that further investigation of the hardcore is required from the point of view of social networks.

著者

大澤 聡

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.78, pp.109-127, 2011-01-31

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This article analyzes the genre of jinbutsu hyoron [articles written about notable figures], specifically during the surge of its popularity in Japanese journalism during the early 1930s. By this time, the democratization of the publication industry that began in the late 20s had reached its peak and the journalism had fully matured. These developments, however, spurred editors toward an unprecedented reliance upon the celebrity of those who wrote for their publications, a policy that was also in line with efforts to make commentary more appealing and accessible to the general reader who lacked basic knowledge. As a result, it could be said that the reader in turn consumed not the content of the text but the very name of the author who wrote the text. At the center of this article is an analysis of this form of consumption, which I refer to as "name consumption." Jinbutsu hyoron became popular as a genre that manifested this motive for publication. This analysis gathers samples of jinbutsu hyoron that have hitherto been ignored, as well as samples of related discourse, from literary magazines, mass magazines, and newspapers of the time and, while comparing them against each other, demonstrates the reality and the perceptions surrounding the representations of notable figures. First, I delineate the basic format and stances of works of jinbutsu hyoron. Next, taking into account the linguistic context of the reader, I analyze the conditions of reception of these works by relating them to the publication environment at the time. Lastly, by also taking a look at cartoon articles, which were equally popular during this period, I attempt to establish a more multi-faceted understanding of "name consumption." Overall, this article seeks to shed light on the way celebrity was a driving force in the structure of journalistic discourse in the 1930s.

著者

馬 挺

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.43, pp.117-131, 210-209, 1993-12-28

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Ticou Shijan, a Chinese newspaper puplished in the latter half of the 18th century, is preserved in Japan's National Diet Library, the University of Tokyo, and in the hands of a Chinese collector. Ticou Shijan is seen as a daily newspaper, published by Gongshen Tang in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty. Di Bao and Jing Bao are commonly known as China's ancient newspapers. Many editions of Jing Bao are conserved, but the oldest one comes 100 years after Ticou Shijan was published. The name Di Bao is mentioned in historic documents, But hardly any of its editions are to be found. Di Bao was published in a housing for government officials in charge of correspondence. The paper served as source of information for"Di", a municipal director, and the Emperor in Beijing. Reports and orders were printed in the paper. Some historians see Ticou Shijan as Di Bao. However, Gongshen Tang, the publisher, is seen as a private printing company. Since Di Bao is published from an official source, it may be appropriate to separate it from Ticou Shijan, and acknowledge Ticou Shijan as the oldest surviving newspaper. Ticou Shijan was published for 30 years between June, 1771 to 1801, and edition for 86 days have been found so far. Information in this newspaper deals with reports submitted to the Emperor by the ministers, and instructions and orders by the Emperor, as well as appointment, promotion, and demotion of government officials. The newspaper is six pages long and contains about 1500 characters. Some form of editing had been used, as the newspaper had extra pages at times, and also had serials. The quality of the paper, characters, and printing are poor, reflecting the quality of materials available during that time. This proves that the newspaper was not printed for preservation, but solely for giving out information. Ticou Shijan apparently targeted readers in all classes, as the level of some of the government officials written about in the paper was not so high. At times, the paper had a circulation of over one hundred which also shows that the paper was read by many people. Another character of the newspaper was the speed of publication. Official information was published in this paper ten days after the government's announcement, or up to half a month at the latest. This is verified through Qing Shi Lu, a government document compiled during the Qing Dynasty. It is needless to say that the speed is slow compared to today, but may have been fast considering the political and social situation during that time.

著者

千田 利史

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.77, pp.292-293, 2010-07-31

著者

井上 泰浩

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.59, pp.124-137, 2001-07-31

著者

大石 裕

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, 2010

著者

茨木 正治

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.77, pp.279-280, 2010-07-31