著者
青田 泰明
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
日本教育社会学会大会発表要旨集録
巻号頁・発行日
no.56, pp.156-157, 2004-09-11

本稿では、近年の不登校研究の潮流において周縁へと追いやられた「怠学」「無気力」という不登校形態に再び目を向け、それを文化的再生産の視点から考察していく。「学校要因」への偏重傾向が強まる中、今一度「家庭要因」の再検討を試みることが、本研究における主たる目的の一つである。その際、具体的な分析対象となるのは、2004年度7月から継続的に実施している、不登校経験と生育環境に関する聞き取り調査に基づく12名の「語り」である。12名はいわゆる「中間層」の家庭に育った若者であるが、そこでは、定位家族の文化資本、特に母方文化(母親ハビトゥス)が、父親の「子育てに対する非協力的態度」という現実を背景に持ちつつ、子どもの不登校の選択に大きく関わっており、また正規学歴ルートヘの復帰の有無にも強い影響を及ぼしていた。膨張した中間階層内に隠蔽された文化資本の変異(またそれによる格差)と不登校現象との強い関連が、そこには存在していると筆者は考えている。
著者
河野 員博
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
no.53, pp.p199-202, 1993-10
著者
元森 絵里子
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.83, pp.45-63, 2008-12-15

This paper analyses the discourse on Japanese composition writing education (tsuzuri-kata) in the pre-war period and attempts to elucidate the development of the autopoietic educational system along with the rise and changes of the concept of "children." The discourse on writing education provides an image of the way of second order observation on children's observation in a Luhmannian sense: (1) What were the unique characteristics of children, which separated them from adults? (2) How should adults, as socializing agents, be caring for children? The findings are as follows: Beginning around 1900, the concept of "children" as something different from adults, but who were in the process of becoming adults, was discovered, along with an image of adults providing care for children. The "nature" and "life world" of children was discovered first, followed by the finding of the children's "interior," especially the "childlike" interior. Finally, in the 1920s, the ability of children to "see" and "feel" things beyond the assumptions of adults was discovered. There, new practices arose, in which socializing agents demanded that children see and reflect themselves by writing, and through that, came to be "ideal children" and "future adults". In relation to this phenomenon, N. Luhmann suggests, in his educational system theory, that the relationship between children's observations and socializing agents' second order observations enables education to become an autopoietic system. Now that we have seen the details, we can refine it. By seeing "children" and their interior as half black-box and half guidable, education was able to become autopoietic. Moreover, since the system was developed, greater freedom for children and ambivalence between children's freedom and educational intentions were repeatedly discovered within the educational discourse.
著者
大田 直子
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, pp.21-36, 2003-05-25

The recent educational reform in developed countries is not an isolated phenomenon. Education reform is pursued as a part of a broader reform, which attempts to transform the welfare state into a post welfare state. The term, New Public Management (NPM), seems to be a keyword here and is used by the OECD, IMF, WB, etc., as if it is a universal standard. However we should not overlook the fact that NPM was developed as a part of the strategies of the Quality Assurance State (QAS) that emerged from Thatcherism in the UK. The strategies of the QAS in the UK are hybrid. There are old-fashioned regulations, direct state interventions and funding system as well as NPM. It is dangerous to understand a whole reform in terms of NPM alone. It is also dangerous to ignore the historical and cultural as well as political and social contexts of the English situation from which the QAS was born. Under the QAS, the main features of reforms are the use of market mechanisms, standards and evaluations (especially evaluations of performance), and the State has the power to set them at the first place. However, if we look back at the facts in 1860s in England, we note that there are two useful examples of a quasi-market in education. One is so-called "Payment by results" in the Revised Code of 1862, at the level of compulsory education. The market mechanism there has two effects : maintaining educational standards and giving incentives for schools and teachers. Another example is the strategies adopted by the Headmaster Conference (HMC). In order to prevent state intervention, it introduced its own quality assurance mechanisms : external examinations held by universities, along with its own inspection system. Under the QAS, civil society also has opportunities to challenge the dominant discourses of standards and evaluation, because they are "open." In other words, the QAS is a state that questions the power of civil society.