著者

埴田 健司 村田 光二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.307-317, 2013-09-01 (Released:2014-12-05)

参考文献数

26

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In general, people tend to associate men with work-related concepts and women with home-related concepts. In this study, we examined whether these beliefs about sex-roles that people had implicitly and also explicitly were influenced by remembering exemplars of homemakers (i.e., traditional women) or career women (i.e., nontradi-tional women). Participants were asked to remember as many exemplars of traditional or nontraditional women as they could and write down their names. Following this manipulation, they completed the paper-and-pencil IAT measuring their implicit asso-ciations between gender and concepts related to work and home. They then completed a measure of explicit belief about sex-roles. The results showed that participants who remembered exemplars of nontraditional women revealed weaker implicit male-work and female-home associations than participants who remembered exemplars of tradi-tional women. On the other hand, the explicit belief about sex-roles was not influenced by the type of the remembered women exemplars. These results suggested that the belief that people have implicitly about sex-roles might depend on the type of women exemplars activated in situation. Finally, we discussed possible processes of the change in implicit belief about sex-roles.

著者

福島 邦彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.14-23, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

20

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Deep convolutional neural networks (deep CNN) show a large power for robust recognition of visual patterns. The neocognitron, which was first proposed by Fukushima (1979), is recognized as the origin of deep CNNs. Its architecture was suggested by neurophysiological findings on the visual systems of mammals. It acquires the ability to recognize visual patterns robustly through learning. Although the neocognitron has a long history, improvements of the network are still continuing. For example, learning rule AiS (add-if-silent) for intermediate layers, learning rule mWTA (margined WTA) for the deepest layer, pattern classification by IntVec (interpolating-vector), a method for reducing the computational cost of IntVec without sacrificing the recognition rate, and so on. This paper discusses the recent neocognitron, focusing on differences from the conventional deep CNN. Some other functions of the visual system can also be realized by networks extended from the neocognitron, for example, recognition of partly occluded patterns.

著者

寺井 仁 三輪 和久 柴田 恭志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.146-163, 2012 (Released:2014-07-22)

参考文献数

16

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When a system gives outputs that you do not predict,you regard those as unexpected events and try to identify the causes affecting those events. In this study,we try to understand how people identify the causes affecting unexpected events by using a card magic called the three card monte as an experimental material.In our experiments,the participants were required to find out the tricks by watching a video in which a magician plays the magic.We focused on two cluesrelated tocause identification.The first is distinctiveness of events; and the second is availability of feedback information.The results of the experimentsshowed that the distinctiveness of events affected the performance of cause identification,whereas the availability of feedback information did not. The processanalyses revealed that even if feedback information was not directly given,the participants could perform reasoning for cause identification based on hypothetical information not observed.

著者

川合 伸幸 嶋田 総太郎 宮崎 美智子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.123, 2023-06-01 (Released:2023-06-15)

著者

藤田 悟郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.47-61, 2006 (Released:2008-09-25)

参考文献数

32

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Researchers, who are interested in motor vehicle accident prevention, want their laboratory research outcomes to be utilized in actual prevention measures. However, they sometimes have difficulties in conducting their laboratory research. They are often in trouble when they understand accident statistics. Also, they are often in trouble when the public and program planners did not understand possibilities of the research outcomes, or misunderstand the research results. In this study, several events, which had been occurred in motor vehicle accident prevention and researches in Japan, were analyzed from the viewpoint of techno-science studies and situated cognition theory. Revision of accident statistics, counter measures for older drivers accidents and counter measures of drinking driving were analyzed. Results of this study indicates that observation devices, such as statistic survey sheets or driving simulator are important, not only for reliable measurement but also for cooperation with the publics and program planners. The results also suggest that when researchers design their research method, they should have multi dimensional and macro view in which researchers are able to see not only the qualities of research method, but also social cooperation with program planners.

著者

太田 朗

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学の発展 (ISSN:2758304X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.7-10, 1990 (Released:2023-04-03)

著者

服部 雅史 山崎 由美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.120-121, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

著者

三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.322-331, 2019-09-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

参考文献数

30

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The model-based approach, along with the experimental approach, is a primary research methodology in cognitive science. Cognitive scientists have contributed to the development of psychological science by the benefits of building computational cognitive models. The authors have examined another aspect of the benefits of cognitive modeling as a learning tool by the practices of cognitive science classes in which university students are instructed to build computational cognitive models. In this paper, we introduce class practice examples implemented over the past 10 years, and discuss the possibilities and limitations of a learning paradigm, “Learning by Building Cognitive Models.”

著者

創刊30周年記念特集編集編委員会 清河 幸子 布山 美慕 服部 雅史 平 知宏 寺田 和憲

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.81-82, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-15)

著者

中田 龍三郎 川合 伸幸

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.86-97, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-09-01)

参考文献数

48

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We cannot ignore the presence of others in our society. Previous studies have suggested that humans are inclined to feel “the presence” of other people, even when other people do not actually exist. In this review paper, we raise some examples in which various performances of participants were altered by the belief in the presence of others or by mirror-reflections of selves, even if no one do not actually exist. We discuss these mental processes in terms of “projections,” referring to the cognitive processes of projecting someone’s mental representation of events or others onto the real (external) world. The first set of studies demonstrates that other people existing only in our brains could be projected onto the real world without real people existing (fictional projection), such as “the third-man” phenomenon and imaginary companions. The second set illustrates that people sometimes “see” objects or others in the real world with different representations (i.e., misprojection). For instance, children often project imaginary characters onto the real people (e.g., pretended play), and people interact with artificial objects by personification. Furthermore, we have newly demonstrated that the misprojection of other people could “socially” influence individuals’ psychological,physiological, and behavioral states. Our studies show that an imaginary competitor could change the amplitude of the event-related potential P300 and encourage high engagement states as with a real competitor when playing video games. Another series of studies shows that visual information of “someone” is sufficient to produce the “social”facilitation of eating.

著者

山内 保典 岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.418-435, 2003-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

3

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Cognitive science research on scientific thinking is a rising approach in studies of science (i.e., meta-science such as philosophy and sociology of science), and has made important contributions to explaining scientific discovery processes. In this study, we first point out that construction processes of a Validity-Boundary (V.B.) are appropriate for studies in cognitive science. A V.B. serves as a criterion for an academic community to judge whether a new study is valid or not. In this sense, a V.B. constrains activities for generating new scientific knowledge. Research in science studies has suggested that scientists construct a V.B. through daily academic activities. Therefore, investigating the contents and construction processes of a V.B. is essential to fully understand scientific activity. Second, based on formal logic, we propose a framework for studying the construction processes of a V.B. Analysis of counterarguments in academic discussions using this framework suggest that there are several patterns of V.B. construction processes.

著者

李 璐 河村 典枝 熊崎 博一 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.104-107, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-15)

参考文献数

8

著者

川合 伸幸 久保(川合) 南海子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.585-594, 2011 (Released:2013-04-09)

参考文献数

14

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We examined whether humans apply body images to non-human objects using mental rotation tasks. In Experiment 1, participants did mental rotation tasks in three conditions: a letter, a human-hand, and a monkey-hand. In the images of the letter, “F” and “R” were presented either in canonical or mirror images in different orientations. In the images of the human-hand, color pictures of a pointing or a grip shape were used as the stimuli. In the images of monkey-hand, pictures of a pointing or a grip shape taken from an anesthetized rhesus monkey were used as the stimuli. In Experiment 2, pictures of a pointing or a grip shape of a black glove were used instead of the monkey-hand. In the images of the letter, the pattern of the reaction time (RT) were symmetrical at the peak of 180 degrees, but those of the other images (i.e., human-hand, monkey-hand, and glove) were not symmetrical, which suggests the effect of biomechanical constraints. In addition, the peak of the RT in the human-hand shifted at 135 degrees to the right hand picture and at 225 degrees to the left hand one. These results suggest that humans tend to receive physical constraints when they mentally rotate not only images of a human hand but also images of a non-human object such as monkey hands and gloves. However, the constraints were not as strong as those of human hand.

著者

米田 英嗣

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.609-611, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-15)

参考文献数

11

著者

福田 亮子 原田 文雄 奥村 太作

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.3, pp.259-278, 2018-09-01 (Released:2019-02-28)

参考文献数

113

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Frequent traffic accidents caused by older adults became a serious social problem in Japan. In order to decrease the number of traffic accidents and victims, older adults are now encouraged to give up their driver’s license, when they become anxious about their driving ability or are diagnosed as dementia. However, it poses problems for their social lives, and even takes away their fun or something to live for. In worst cases, not only quality of life (QOL), but also activities of daily living (ADL) may deteriorate. Technologies such as driver assistance systems or automated driving system compensate declined functions of human beings and secure their mobility. Especially full automation driving system is expected to secure higher safety. However, their fun and something to live for are not brought back by such a full automation system. To ensure both safety and fun, the idea of “person-centered care” would be a good reference. Within person-centered care, the care recipient is considered as an independent and capable individual with his/her own abilities to make informed decisions. Caregivers take the whole person into account including one’s abilities, or resources,wishes, health and well-being as well as social and cultural factors. Advanced driving assistance system in near future is expected to sense the “driver” continuously, to give some suggestions or to support discreetly regarding both his/her condition and moods at the right time, so that the person can drive safely with fun.

著者

横地 早和子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.285-288, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

19

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This article is a commentary on the creative self-beliefs, which Maciej Karwowski and his colleagues have researched. I discuss the creative self-beliefs of an artist and the connection between an artist's creative self-beliefs and ours.

著者

富田 英司 丸野 俊一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.89-105, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

7

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The present study explored factors that promote change in discussants' explanations for a social phenomenon through a highly ill-defined problem solving discussion. Specifically, causal model 1 (engagement in conflicting and⁄or cooperative discourse promotes cognitive change) and causal model 2 (questioning by other triggers one's explanatory activity which results in his⁄her cognitive change) were mainly examined. Forty-three college students were divided into 10 groups, which consist of 4-5 members each. Each group was asked to construct a hypothetical causal explanation, which explains the causes of Japanese teenager's impulsive aggression. All discussions were videotaped and coded in terms of conversational function with a coding schema developed by Tomida & Maruno (2000). Frequencies of coded utterances that each discussant generated during discussion were utilized as main variables. As results, although the model 2 was supported, the model 1 was partially supported. That is, while cooperative utterances facilitated cognitive change, conflicting utterances had no such an effect. Additionally, examining relationships among frequencies of utterances, we found cooperative utterances elicit explanatory activity. Considering a fact that explanatory activity clearly led changes in explanations, we speculated that the two causal models can be integrated.

著者

宇野 良子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.242-248, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

1

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Cognitive linguistics views meaning as a central part of language and takes a maximalist, non-reductionist, and bottom-up approach to language. Not by cutting off or contracting the excessive flow of information, but by embracing it, cognitive linguists propose a linguistic theory grounded in the general cognitive capacities of humans. The important point is that this theory can capture the nature of language that keeps changing itself to some extent. We can view this as a mechanism of active generation in language. Based on our studies of neologism in natural and artificial languages, I will introduce aspects of language that can be related to active generation in language. I argue that, through interaction with humans, language can stay fresh and generative.

著者

林 勇吾 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.569-584, 2011 (Released:2013-04-09)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

5

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In this study, we investigate the two factors that influence perspective taking in collaborative problem solving and understand the communication process during this activity. We conducted a psychological experiment by constructing a situation where two participants engage in a rule discovery task with different perspectives. While solving the task, each of the participants confronts miscommunication about the other's perspective and has to manage to overcome this situation. The main results indicated that having prior communication experience and dialog communication enhance the understanding of the partner's perspective. Results of protocol analysis indicated that when the participants had communication experience, (a) the degree of utterance biased on a single perspective became small, and (b) the degree of utterance based on a contradictory perspective became small. The participants who communicated by dialog became to do turn taking much frequently compared to the participants who communicated by chat.

著者

井上 拓也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.595-605, 2022-12-01 (Released:2022-12-15)

参考文献数

40

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This paper reviews research in cognitive linguistics and critically examines it from an ecological perspective. It is pointed out that some misinterpretations of the concept of affordances can be found. Additionally, the problematic consequences of representationalist and subjectivist views of meaning are discussed. As an alternate solution, this paper proposes an ecological semantics perspective based on ecological realism and the concept of human-environment systems. From this perspective, language research incorporating eco-psychological theories in cognitive linguistics can be utilized as a precursor to ecological semantics, turning them towards genuine eco-psychological linguistic research.