著者

佐藤 有理 峯島 宏次

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.139-152, 2020-07-15 (Released:2021-03-15)

参考文献数

71

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The use of diagrams, instead of linguistic and symbolic representations, in logical reasoning has been the subject of continuous research interest over the last few centuries. Especially in 1990s, such logic diagrams have attracted substantial research attention in the fields of logic, artificial intelligence and cognitive science. More recently, according to some applications to computer sciences, various diagrammatic systems have been developed to handle extended types of logical information and reasoning. The research direction of logic diagram design raises the question of to what extent diagrammatic systems can be expressive enough to handle the generality of logics as well as be natural and effective so that they are easy to understand. This paper surveys historical and recent developments of logic diagrams, focusing on the two types of visualization: Euler/Venn diagrams and graph representations. While a majority of previous researches on cognitive science of reasoning focus on linguistic forms, this survey provides a systematic overview of diagrammatic reasoning, contributing to understanding the theoretical basis of reasoning in visual forms.

著者

高橋 雅延

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.4, pp.361-363, 2000-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

4

著者

都築 幸恵

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.195-198, 2009

著者

渋谷 友紀 森田 ゆい 福田 玄明 植田 一博 佐々木 正人

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.337-364, 2012 (Released:2014-10-10)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

3

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In Japanese traditional performing arts, “breathing” is consideredone of the most fundamental techniques. Recent studies reveal that breathing is not synchronized with body action in masters or experts in Kyogen and Kabuki, Japanese traditional performing arts. This result contrasts sharply with the report that, with growing proficiency,breathing becomes synchronized with body actionin sports and Western dances. Bunraku,which is also one of the Japanese traditional performing arts, is a form of puppet theater in which three puppeteers cooperatively maneuver one puppet. Bunraku has thus different characteristics from Kyogen and Kabuki; the body (puppet) that performs actions is different from thebodies (puppeteers) that control the actions. Therefore we can expect to find, in Bunraku, a relation between body action and breathing which is different fromthat in Kyogen and Kabuki. In this paper, we clarified relation between body action and breathing in Bunraku puppeteers and compared it with that found in Kyogen and Kabuki. Two Bunraku puppeteers who were different in career (one puppeteer’s career spanned 31 years while the other puppeteer’s career spanned 13 years)participated in our experiment: We asked them to execute the following three tasks; the first task was to perform basic actions called Kata with a familiar puppet, the second was to perform the same basic actions with an unfamiliar puppet, and the third was to perform an actual Bunraku play both to the music by shamisen and to the narration by Tayu. In order to clarify whether or not a puppeteer’s breathing was synchronized with his body action, we investigated the correspondence between his breathing phases and the puppet’s motions in performance aswell as the periodicity and stability of his breathing by analyzing autocorrelation of and applying Fourier analyses to breathing curves. As a result breathing was found less synchronized with body action for the more experienced puppeteer with 31 years career than for the less experienced puppeteer with 13 years career. When they executed the first and third tasks, in addition, the more experienced puppeteer showed more periodic and stable breathing patterns than the less experienced puppeteer did. These findings are consistent with the previous ones found in Kyogen and Kabuki. On the other hand, a clear difference in breathing pattern between the two puppeteers was not found when they did the second task, which is not necessarily consistent with the finding in Kyogen and Kabuki. Along with the previous findings, the results suggest that a common breathing technique may be used among Japanese traditional performing arts, Kyogen, Bunraku and Kabuki.

著者

小野 哲雄 佐藤 理史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.3, pp.3_48-3_65, 1995 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

15

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We propose a computational model of emotion using the mechanism of the immune system. This model is inspired by the observation that emotion is similar to the immune system, in that each is a result of a self-defense system that is capable of adapting to the environment.The main component of this model is a body, in which many cells undergo Brownian Motion. Each cell has energy and characteristics that correspond to one of the five ego states in transactional analysis(Berne, 1964). The cells' state as a whole is its emotional state. Some cells are activated when antigens invade the body, and they work to sweep away those antigens. This process changes the emotional state.We implemented this model, and the results of experiments indicate that the model has the following two characteristics, which other models have not been able to achieve:(1) Emotional states change continuously.(2) Emotional states change in response to stimuli (antigens) according to the state at that moment and its past changes.We implemented a dialogue system using this model and found that the system can imitate human dialogues.

著者

京屋 郁子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.83-94, 2010 (Released:2010-10-22)

参考文献数

38

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Several studies on categorization have revealed that the strategy of categorization varies according to the category structures of the stimuli and the procedures used in the experiment. This study examined how categorization could vary by the distribution of learning exemplars, which has not been examined in the previous studies.The stimuli were star-shaped geometric figures, and they were divided into two categories: fat and thin. Two conditions were set for the learning exemplars. In the dense condition, the exemplars were located slightly far from the boundary of the two categories. In the prominent condition, one exemplar was located far from the boundary (the prominent exemplar) and the others, near the boundary. Participants were told to rate the typicality for each exemplar in the test phase. In the dense condition, the responses of many participants revealed that the typicality ratings tended to be the highest for the learning exemplars located near the center. On the other hand, in the prominent condition, the rating values of many participants increased according to the increase in the distance from the boundary.These results showed that the difference in the distribution of learning exemplars caused the change of categorization. Additionally, the prominent exemplar facilitated the comparison between the two categories and contributed largely to summarize information in the prominent condition.

著者

高木 紀久子 岡田 猛 横地 早和子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.59-78, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

10

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When producing a new series of artworks, how does the artist form an art concept? In order to capture this formation process, we conducted a case study of a contemporary artist. We interviewed the artist about his creation process once per three weeks for about ten months. During that period, in order to develop his art concept, the artist first drew his ideas on paper and then took photographs to collect visual information. After these two phases, he began the hands-on creation of the artworks. As he discovered the core part of his new art concept during the photography phase, we analyzed the photographs and interview data collected during this phase. The results show that the visual information collected through the photography led to his discovery of sub-components of his art concept.

著者

齊藤 俊樹 大谷 昌也 金城 光

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.463-472, 2015-09-01 (Released:2016-03-01)

参考文献数

12

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When we are shown pairs of human faces and instructed to decide which face is morepreferred, our gaze is gradually biased toward the face that we eventually choose. Shi-mojo, Simion, Shimojo, and Scheier (2003) coined this effect as the gaze cascade effect.In this study, we investigated whether the gaze bias could be observed in various judg-ments other than the preference judgment. In Experiment 1, we showed participants ahuman face and asked them to memorize it. Then we showed them another human faceand asked to do two kinds of judgments: the preference judgment where they had tochoose which face they liked more and the dislike judgment where they had to choosewhich face they disliked more. We found the gaze bias for memorized stimuli in bothjudgments. In Experiment 2, we showed other participants two human faces and in-structed to select one depending on each specific criterion for five different judgmentsincluding the preference judgment. The gaze bias was observed in all judgments, most robustly in the similar judgment where participants instructed to decide which face wasmore similar to themselves. Contrary to findings by Shimojo et al. (2003), our resultssuggest that the gaze cascade effect might be involved in the process of visual decision,not limited in preferential formation.

著者

片桐 恭弘 石崎 雅人 伝 康晴 高梨 克也 榎本 美香 岡田 将吾

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.97-109, 2015

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Conversational interactions contribute not only to the sharing of information and <br>establishment of consensus but also to the construction and sustenance of mutual trust<br>among conversational participants in our daily lives. The interrelationship between<br>trust and conversational interactions has not been studied extensively in cognitive sci-<br>ence. One reason for this lack of research is the fact that a study of social emotions such<br>as trust requires real fields, since social emotions in their natural, non-artificial forms<br>are not readily observable in laboratory settings. We introduce a notion of concern<br>alignment to describe the surface conversational processes toward mutual trust forma-<br>tion. Focusing on medical communications as our research field, we collected health<br>guidance conversations between nurses and patients who were diagnosed as having<br>metabolic syndrome, and we provide a qualitative analysis of the structure of conver-<br>sations in terms of a set of dialogue acts we propose for the description of concern<br>alignment processes. We demonstrate that the idea of concern alignment enables us to<br>capture and elucidate both the local and the global structures of mutual trust formation<br>in conversational consensus-building processes. We also discuss underlying mechanisms<br>connecting concern alignment and mutual trust.

著者

馬田 一郎 下嶋 篤 片桐 恭弘 井ノ上 直巳

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.4, pp.573-587, 2008 (Released:2010-04-23)

参考文献数

17

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An empirical investigation was conducted on the characteristics of language use in graphics communication settings. Graphics communications, such as dialogues using maps, drawings, or pictures, provide people with two independent systems of representation, spoken language and graphics. Drawing on our dialogue data, we show that the presence of a graphical representation significantly changes the way the spoken language is used, extending its expressive capacity in most cases. As two remarkable uses of language affected in this way, we report the phenomena of mediated reference and dual description, illustrating them with actual examples from our data. Further, a quantitative analysis of our data shows that these special uses of language are indeed as common as conventional uses of language in the presence of graphical representations.

著者

諏訪 正樹 赤石 智哉

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.417-429, 2010 (Released:2011-03-08)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

8

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The present paper advocates an argument that exploring art and skills is an act of “designing” own body. Providing evidence for a practice of designing own body to acquire embodied skills in Kendou, we discuss what kind of consciousness and acts are promoted by the methodology of embodied meta-cognition, and what the act of designing own body through meta-cognition brings about in life.

著者

二宮 由樹 藤木 大介

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.308-320, 2020-09-01 (Released:2020-09-15)

参考文献数

20

---

Information processing involved in inference and decision-making has been explained from the viewpoint of the dual processes: intuitive system 1 and reflective system 2. The relationship between these two systems has been examined based on the difference between correct and incorrect answers in bias task. However, recently, another possible position, which questions the classification based on these answers, has been identified. For example, it is known that even if a participant provides an incorrect answer in a bias task, they may be able to detect a conflict between information about the correct and incorrect answers. In this study, participants were categorized according to their responses provided in the bias task and the presence or absence of conflict detection. The results showed that the functions of the two systems differ within the same answer. This result suggests that the classification based on the bias tasks is incomplete and that researchers need to consider a classification of participants based on the presence or absence of conflict detection.

著者

髙木 幸子 平松 沙織 田中 章浩

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.344-362, 2014-09-01 (Released:2015-05-12)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

1

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This study aims to further examine the cross-cultural differences in multisensory emo-tion perception between Western and East Asian people. In this study, we recorded the audiovisual stimulus video of Japanese actors saying neutral phrase with one of the basic emotions. Then we conducted a validation experiment of the stimuli. In the first part (facial expression), participants watched a silent video of actors and judged what kind of emotion the actor is expressing by choosing among 6 options (i.e., happiness,anger, disgust, sadness, surprise, and fear). In the second part (vocal expression), they listened to the audio part of the same videos without video images while the task was the same. We analyzed their categorization responses based on accuracy and confusion matrix, and discussed the tendency of emotion perception by Japanese.

著者

石橋 健太郎 岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.51-59, 2004 (Released:2007-04-13)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

5

---

According to Arnheim (1977), the perception of artworks means our total experience in our interaction with them. From this point of view, people can interact with artworks in various ways such as looking, copying, and reading reviews on the artworks. Different ways of interaction with artworks provide different kind of perceptual experiences. In this paper, we focused on the copying of artists' works and proposed the hypothesis that copying encourages the copiers' creativity as well as their acquiring knowledge of the artworks. We presumed that copying has the following two aspects: (1) understanding others and (2) understanding oneself. In the former aspect, the knowledge about the artistic products (to be copied) would be deepened by means of inferring the art making processes. In the latter aspect, the copiers' own taste for expression may become clarified by means of comparisons with others' artworks. Thus, the latter aspect is particularly important for creativity, because it might facilitate the copier's ability to produce her/his own original artworks. Our recent experiment (Ishibashi & Okada, 2003) revealed that copying facilitated students' creativity for drawing. Some of the verbal protocols in the copying session of the experiment indicate that the students participated in these two aspects of copying processes.

著者

寺井 仁 三輪 和久 松林 翔太

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.223-234, 2015-06-01 (Released:2015-12-01)

参考文献数

33

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Reconstructing explanations perform a crucial role not only in the progress of science,but in educational practice and daily activities including comprehension of phenomena. We focused on the transition of attention on a key fact that contradicts the preceding explanation and has a central role in its reconstruction. We used a short story as an experimental material in which the participants first constructed a prior explanation and reconstructed it. The experimental results are summarized as follows. First, when the prior explanation was rejected, a new explanation was required, after attention on the key fact was inhibited. Second, hypothesized premises not inconsistent with the prior explanation were sought to protect the prior explanation. Third, the explanation reconstruction was facilitated by having the participants focus on the key fact. Last,attention on the key fact was recovered through explanation reconstruction.

著者

工藤 彰 岡田 猛 ドミニク チェン

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.573-590, 2015

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the writing style and revision process of<br>a contemporary fiction writer from a cognitive science perspective. We focus on the<br> work of Mishima Prize winning author, Otaro Maijo. Using Type Trace, a text editor<br> devised by Dividual Inc., as an analysis tool for observing the writing process, we con-<br>sider features that have not been detected by creative experiment, protocol analysis or<br> manuscript research. Based on observations of Maijo's writing process, firstly revisions<br> are categorized as additions, deletions, substitutions, distributions, or consolidations.<br> Secondly, revisions are further classified as "revisions at a generative point", "revisions<br> in a generative sentence", "revisions in a generative paragraph", or "revisions beyond<br> the generative paragraph", according to the remoteness of the revision from the point<br> of composition. The results reveal that revisions such as the substitution of words and<br> adjustments in sentence length were mostly performed together with text generation.<br> All revisions that were made after an interlude took the form of revisions far removed<br> from sentence generation. We find that Maijo's writing style tends to be maintained<br> for several weeks to months and then changes substantially.

著者

田中 吉史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.26-49, 2018-03-01 (Released:2018-09-01)

参考文献数

34

---

Beginners of art appreciation generally have “reality constraints” in that they show a strong tendency to insist on identifying depicted objects and their realistic expression in artwork. We examined the effect of reading commentaries on artwork on the relaxation of reality constraints and the time taken by appreciators to respond to paintings. In the first session of the experiment, 24 pairs of participants appreciated one of two paintings:either one by van Gogh (“Terrasse du caf´e le soir”) or one by Sisley (“Landscape in summer”). In the second session, the participants appreciated two paintings, by Renoir and Matisse, with the help of any of the following three methods: reading commentaries on the objects depicted in each painting, reading commentaries on the formal aspects of the paintings, and reading no commentary. In the third session, the participants viewed a painting (either van Gogh’s or Sisley’s) that they had not viewed in the first session. In each session, the participants freely talked to one another while viewing the painting for 5 minutes. The verbal protocols and gestures, such as pointing to objects in the painting, in the first and the third sessions were analyzed. In the case of the van Gogh painting, the participants generally tended to focus on the salient objects in the painting in the early stage of appreciation and to gradually shift their attention to more peripheral objects. The participants shown the formal commentary tended to focus on formal aspects of the painting, especially on the exaggerated perspective integrating the objects. On the contrary, in the case of the Sisley painting, the participants showed a strong tendency to insist on identifying the depicted objects. The characteristics of the paintings and the effects of the commentaries are discussed.

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.8-27, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

25

著者

眞嶋 良全

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.22-38, 2012-03-01

参考文献数

104

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現代は科学技術が高度に発達し,科学技術の成果が広く応用されることで社会の発展が進むと同時に,科学技術の高度かつ専門的な細分化に伴って,特定の領域の専門家以外の公衆(他分野の科学者も含む)の理解が追いつかなくなっている.さらには,従来のように科学が真理の探究のみを目標としていた時代と異なり,価値判断や政策的意思決定などをも含む,科学だけでは解決できないが,一方で科学とは切り離せないような問題,あるいは"科学に問うことはできるが,科学だけでは答えられない"(トランスサイエンス)問題が生じている(小林, 2007; Weinberg, 1972).このような状況の中で,科学と社会とを繋ぐ科学技術コミュニケーションの重要性が指摘されるだけでなく,学校教育,あるいは生涯教育としての科学リテラシーの重要性も認識されるようになっている.リテラシーは,元来,言語による読み書き能力を指す言葉であるが,近年は,情報一般の活用力を指す情報リテラシー,健康や医療の面での情報活用力とそれに基づいた意思決定の能力を指すヘルスリテラシー,科学の成果とその方法論を理解し,批判的に評価する能力を指す科学リテラシーなどさまざまな能力を指す言葉として用いられている.科学リテラシーをどのように定義するか,あるいはどこからどこまでを科学リテラシーの範囲とするかについては未だに議論があるが1),いずれの定義においても,科学の諸分野における基本概念や科学の方法論を理解することと,科学的な主張を批判的に評価するためのスキルを獲得することが重視されている(川本・中山・西條, 2008; National Research Council,1996; OECD, 2007a).

著者

市川 伸一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.195-196, 2019-06-01 (Released:2019-12-01)