著者

八代 崇 James Takashi Yashiro

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学キリスト教論集 (ISSN:0286973X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.17-41, 1970-03

著者

井上 敏 Satoshi Inoue 桃山学院大学経営学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.85-95, 2009-03-18

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Present Japan is confronted with a grave economic crisis. Museums are being forced to streamline their management under pressure from the economic situation affecting Japanese society overall. But the legal system for museums in Japan is not prepared for optimal management of museums. What is needed is an open discussion on implementing a new system under the concept of "intellectual freedom" in museums. This paper will examine this concept by looking at two key themes. One of these is Dr. Juzo Arai's theory of museum studies. The other is the legal case of the Museum of Modern Art, Toyama. In his theses, Dr. Arai emphasized the importance of selfgoverned organization by gakugeiin ( Japanese Curator) of local museums. This suggestion was indeed used as factual evidence in the legal case of the Museum of Modern Art, Toyama (1986). In Japan's present museum system, little attention is given to the opinions of gakugeiin, creating the need to organize independently from local governments. The concept of "intellectual freedom" in museums must be discussed as a first step toward revising the Museum Act in Japan.

著者

田中 伸樹

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学環太平洋圏経営研究 = St. Andrew's University Pan-Pacific Business Review (ISSN:13455214)

巻号頁・発行日

no.18, pp.79-90, 2017-02-22

著者

金本(遠山) 伊津子

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.43-55, 2021-03-22

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This is a diachronic analysis of two quantitative research studies on the aging of Japaneseand Japanese Americans living in Greater New York. All the data in this paper are based on thefirst research study conducted in 2006 and the second conducted in 2018. This paper revealsboth the social transitoriness and the cultural immutability of the Japanese elderly communityin Greater New York.The following is a summary of the findings :(1)a growing Japanese American communitywith US citizenship, higher academic qualification, and better communication competency hasbeen observed.(2)Not only the concerns and anxieties for later lives but also the plans andpreparations for aging are much the same.(3)The elderly are provided with culturally specificcare(with regard to language, food, and concept of care)— even allowed to live with other Japanese people— and the needs of caregivers who can understand Japanese culture are satiated.(4)The allowable range of private expense to hire personal caregivers has been widened.(5)Almost half of those in the community find it difficult to eliminate the possibility of returningto Japan, and some of them have already chosen to migrate back to Japan.Because of the COVID19 pandemic in 2020, the vulnerability of the healthcare system in theUnited States is circumstantially unveiled among certain ethnic groups— particularly the ethnicelderly— who are widely victimized, and their strategy for their later lives may have changed.Additional research is required to find out the interrelationship between aging and culture.

著者

吉田 一穂

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.73-102, 2023-02-23

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Charles Dickens (1812-70) and Catherine, his wife, sailed from Liverpool on 4 January on board the steamship Britannia. For comfort during their absence of six months, they took with them Catherine’s maid, the ever-reliable Anne Brown, and a delightful sketch of the children by Maclise which was given pride of place in their room wherever they stayed. After a wretched voyage during which they were all extremely seasick, they arrived in Boston to a tumultuous welcome. People lined the streets whenever he went out; they cheered him at the theatre, deluged him with messages of congratulation; they besieged the hotel. In Boston, Dickens formed warm friendships with a number of prominent Bostonians. Among them were the city’s mayor, Jonathan Chapman, several Harvard Professors, and the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-82). Dickens was fascinated by not only the Bostonians but also the city. He mentions University of Harvard as one of the sources of charm of Boston. The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind made a deep impression on him. Dickens explains the institution by the description of Samuel Gridley Howe (1801-76), who is an philanthropist, an abolitionist, and a pioneer of measures to deal with blind and intellectually disabled person. The account which has been published by Dr. Howe, describes the rapid mental growth and improvement of Laura Bridgeman. Dickens’s impression about Boston seems to have a relationship to charity. At south Boston, several charitable institutions were clustered together. One of them, was the State Hospital for the insane; admirably conducted on those enlightened principles of conciliation and kindness. Dickens also mentions the transcendentalists, the group influenced by Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), his friend. Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. Transcendentalism emphasizes subjective intuition over objective empiricism. Dickens seems to feel an affinity with the transcendentalists. In Lowell he discovered that the factory girls were not ashamed to produce their own magazine, to subscribe to a circulating library, to play the piano. It was what Dickens had thought of the United States with hope and admiration. However, Dickens increasingly began to feel that everything had been pulled down. The first rifts appeared when he referred publicly to the Question of International Copyright. He, and indeed many other English writers, felt bitterly about this. He seems to avoid referring to it strongly. In New York, Dickens points out the filth and the wretchedness of the Five Points. In Philadelphia, he thinks that the system of the prison called Eastern Penitentiary is rigid, strict, and hopeless solitary confinement. In Washington, the two odious practices of chewing tobacco and expectorating displeased him. In Baltimore, he felt ashamed of slavery. What has to be noticed that Dickens appreciates the great Temperance Convention led by Theobald Mathew and the neighborly love by the Unitarian church, while he does not like the ascetism of the shakers of the Shaker Village although he recognizes their sincerity and fairness of trade. From the perspective of the memoires of the cities, Dickens reveals not only the good sides but also the bad sides of the cities and shows the nature of ideal cities and ideal Christianity.

著者

楊 嘯宇 大島 一二

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.45-66, 2022-10-22

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This paper investigates an actual case study of migrant labor force in CVillage, Henan Province, and draws the following conclusions. (1) Due to the sluggish agricultural economy in Village C and limitedintra-village employment opportunities, a large number of farmers havevoluntarily migrated out of the village. (2) The face sheet of the migrant labor force can be summarized asfollows:intra-regional migrant workers are mainly concentrated amongthose in their 30s and 40s, while those outside the region are characterizedby young workers in their 20s; In addition, the migrant labor force in Village C is mainly composed ofprimary and middle school graduates, with only a few having technicalschool or high school educations or higher. Therefore, the overall level ofeducation in rural Henan is low, and it is considered necessary to improveeducational institutions in rural areas and related infrastructure. (3) The migrant labor force in the province is mainly engaged in short-term employment or in the construction industry in areas within andoutside the province, where the distance is close. One of the reasons forthis can be attributed to dual employment with agricultural operations. Inaddition, out-of-province migrant workers are mainly moving to coastaland central cities that are quite far from their place of origin. As for out-of-province migration, the concept of distance between the place of originand the destination of migration is weak, indicating that migration to coastal and central cities in search of higher wages is the main source of migration. (4) The average annual income of all surveyed workers was found to beslightly lower than that of the national and provincial average. (5) The duration of service of migrant workers outside the region isconsiderably longer than that of migrant workers within the province. (6) Employment of the migrant labor force is mainly concentrated intemporary and short-term employment. In addition, the overall number ofrural labor force members who are privately owned or regularly employedis seen as quite small. The employment routes of the migrant labor forceconsist of introductions by acquaintances, family members, onlineinformation, and the local labor market, and in both the intra-provincialand extra-provincial regions, there is a tendency for the migrant laborforce to be introduced by acquaintances, family members, or rural laborforce members with migrant experience, indicating that rural labor forcemembers depend on acquaintances and blood relations for their migrantemployment.

著者

天本 哲史

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山法学 = St. Andrew's University Law Review (ISSN:13481312)

巻号頁・発行日

no.33, pp.143-193, 2020-10-14

著者

江藤 隆之

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山法学 = St. Andrew's University Law Review (ISSN:13481312)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.15-56, 2023-02-27

著者

中西 啓喜

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学社会学論集 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW (ISSN:02876647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.1-15, 2022-09-28

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Although the use of shadow education has been positioned as aneducational investment strategy for children, mainly in the sociology ofeducation, recent discussions of relative poverty and child poverty suggestthat it is also a necessity for daily life. However, much of the previousresearch has discussed shadow education only in the context of educationalinvestment strategies and poverty studies, respectively.In this paper, we analyze data from a questionnaire survey of parentswith middle school children conducted in 2019 and matched with eighthgrade academic scores. The results revealed that(1)middle schoolstudentsʼ use of shadow education is divided into two aspects: “educationalinvestment strategy” and “necessities of life,” and(2)academicperformance of children from families with poverty as a reason remainslow. Having been able to present such evidence, this paper will havesignificance as a basic resource for examining the need for out-of-schooleducation vouchers.

著者

竹内 真澄

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.139-161, 2021-07-15

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The social contract theory is classified into two types: liberal and democratic. The firsttype is the theory of Hobbes and Locke and is based on the concept of <private man>. Thelatter is Rousseau’ theory based on the concept of <citoyen>. According to Rousseau,<citoyen> is the negation of <private man>.According to Rousseau, citoyen makes a civil society based on general will and not onparticular will. General will prioritizes amour-propre(self-love) over amour de soi(love ofself-interest). Here, Rousseau distinguishes self-preservation from self-interest.Therefore, human beings survive by making social contact. This means that they live inthe society based on public interest and not private interest.Also notable is the theoretical product of self-criticizing in European civilization. Rousseaurefers to the invasion of European people amongthe Caribbeans, wherein he discovered the natural situation of human beings in theCaribbean wherein they live in peace and pity.I examine the historical meaning of the risks pertaining to Rousseau’s theory becausethe Russian revolution seems to imitate the French revolution. Some ideas originate fromthe risks pertaining to Rousseau’ theory.

著者

森本 壮亮

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.4, pp.101-128, 2017-03-07

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This paper examines the critique of the Okishio theorem by thetemporal single system interpretation.The orthodox interpretation of Marx’s value theory determines thevalue/price magnitudes by using simultaneous equations. In this process,the magnitude of constant capital is calculated as current cost, and atechnical innovation results in the increase in the rate of profit (Okishiotheorem). Even though it is diametrically opposite to Marx, this story hasbeen widely supported by not only neo-classical economists but alsoMarxian economists.However, the temporal single system interpretation (TSSI) has criticizedthe Okishio theorem since the 1980 s. The TSSI rejects simultaneousequations to determine the magnitudes of values/prices, and uses the logicof the circuit of capital. In this process, the magnitude of constant capital iscalculated as historical cost. Because the magnitude of constant capitaldoesn’t re-valued, the rate of profit falls in case of a technical innovation.The difference between the orthodox interpretation and the TSSIbecomes apparent when technical innovations are incessant. Especiallywhen incessant technical innovations occur in the sector producing fixedcapital, the gap between current cost and historical cost becomes critical.Such incessant technical innovations are characteristic in the moderncompetition of the global capitalist economy, and we see many capitalsstruggling with losses from incessant technical innovations. In this processcapitals face the fall in the rate of profit, and the TSSI reflects the reality.When Okishio submitted the theorem, the rate of profit of Japaneseeconomy did not fall and the Okishio theorem had the economic base.However, the rate of profit of Japanese economy has been falling since the1970 s and the Okishio theorem does not have the economic base any more.From the viewpoint of the historical materialism, the economic base callsfor a change of the superstructure: from the orthodox interpretation andthe Okishio theorem to the TSSI.

著者

小嶌 正稔

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学環太平洋圏経営研究 = St. Andrew's University Pan-Pacific Business Review (ISSN:13455214)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.3-20, 2021-02-22

著者

黒田 隆之

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.3, pp.163-177, 2022-03-18

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This essay explains a necessity of an inclusive education and reasonable accommodationsfor students with intellectual disabilities or some kind of disabilities in high schools inOsaka, Japan. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology hasannounced that we need to build a system of an inclusive education to create an inclusivesociety in Japan. The board of education of Osaka prefecture has also been engaged invarious efforts in order to realize an inclusive education. Two programs of its efforts are introduced, one is an independence support course forstudents with intellectual disabilities, the other is classes for promoting inclusion. Theseare excellent programs not for students with disabilities but also for students withoutdisabilities. However, a number of students who can join these programs is so small thata lot of students with any disabilities can’t access to supports and cares. Therefore, weshould immediately establish an inclusive education system for all students by utilizingknowledges from there.

著者

口野 直隆 浜口 夏帆 大島 一二

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.4, pp.35-69, 2022-02-17

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In this paper, we have examined the potential for overseas expansion offood service companies in Japan that are suffering from market contractionand other factors. Specifically, I focused on Saizeriya from a group of majorfood service companies that have been expanding their business relativelysteadily, and studied what specific factors have enabled them to expandtheir business.From the earnings analysis, it was found that Saizeriya has beenexpanding its stores relatively steadily in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, andSoutheast Asia. The reasons for this are as follows.(1)Store developmentand profitability in Asia and future issues, (2) foodstuff procurementstrategy, and(3)labor management strategy.In the following sections, we will examine how Saizeriya has used thesestrategies to expand in the restaurant markets of China, Taiwan, HongKong, and other countries, and discuss the key points of the overseasstrategies of Japanese restaurant companies.

著者

杉本 尚次 Hisatsugu Sugimoto

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学社会学論集 = St. Andrew's University sociological review (ISSN:02876647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.70-93, 1968-12

著者

中西 啓喜

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学社会学論集 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW (ISSN:02876647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.117-136, 2022-02-23

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Class size reduction is a hot topic in policy.Since2021,elementaryschools will gradually be phased in to35students per class for all grades.However,most sociological studies examining the effects of class sizehave been set on students,such as the correction of academicachievement gaps.It is not only students who are affected by thereduction in class size,but teachers as well.In particular,it would bemeaningful to examine whether the reduction in class size has a positiveeffect on the busyness of teachers,which has become a social issue inrecent years.Therefore,I will empirically clarify the question “Does classsize reduction reduce teacher work hours? “by analyzing elementary schoolteacher data from TALIS2018.In this paper,I used decision tree analysis as the analysis method.Byusing decision tree analysis,it is possible to extract non-trivial informationfrom the data.The analysis of constructing hypotheses from previousstudies and testing them is often prone to manipulation,but it is expectedthat decision tree analysis can present findings that have not been obtainedbefore.Furthermore,decision tree analysis can be read like a flowchart,making it easy to interpret the results.Therefore,even non-experts caneasily interpret the results of the analysis,and the knowledge can beeasily shared between experts and non-experts.The following two findings were obtained from the analysis.(1)Thesmaller the class size,the shorter the working hours of the teachers.(2)There is no statistical relationship between teachers’working hours andthe number of children with low Socio-economic status in their classrooms.Japanese schools do not have as many students with economicallydifficulties,students with limited native language skills,or immigrant andrefugee students as their European counterparts.Nevertheless,if theworking hours of Japanese teachers are the longest in the world,it is aproblem of work culture.Solving “child poverty” is a very importantsocial problem,however perhaps even if this problem is solved,thebusyness of teachers will not go away.A fundamental reconfiguration ofthe work culture of teachers is needed.

著者

中井 紀明 Noriaki Nakai 桃山学院大学文学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学キリスト教論集 = St. Andrew's University Journal of Christian Studies (ISSN:0286973X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.41, pp.1-32, 2005-01-20

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Emily Dickinson left almost 1800 poems, many of them in bundles later called fascicles; they have been usually regarded as mss of poems chronologically bound just for preservation. Recently in the United States, however, some scholars find unity in fascicles without clarifying why only their particular fascicles have unity under the editor Dickinson. My hypotheses are: Franklin's "fascicles" are in fact distinct collections of Emily Dickinson's poetry, and his "sets" are groups of poems waiting for later inclusion in further fascicles. My project is to offer the poet a persistent reader taking her fascicles as collections of poems edited by the poet herself and as more than just chronological. My method of reading-thinking-fermenting-writing of/ about the fascicles was formed by Stanley Fish's Reader Response Criticism and has been the main engine in my analyses of Fascicles 1~4 and will take me as far as Fascicle 40. My experiment is to deliberately become me the first reader of her first "published" collection of her poems edited by the poet herself and to intentionally have the recent scholarship on Dickinson's poetry and fascicles stop intruding into my reading. The first reader is supposed to know nothing in terms of interpretations and commentary accumulated later. The only and main source of information on this "publication" is the collection itself, and the tradition of close reading from New Criticism to Reader Response Criticism will help me here. In Fascicle 1 Dickinson the editor juxtaposes nature and man in terms of time: nature rotates and overcomes time; man proceeds in a forward direction, dies and never returns. Fascicle 2 is not just a bundle of poems but an elaborately edited collection of poems, logically following Fascicle 1. In Fascicle 2, against the softening background of nature, are presented big themes like time, the human destiny of death, faith in Christ, and lastly the poet's scrupulous feelings about having faith which seem to be rooted in her own life. Although Fascicle 2 is breathlessly and daringly taking up big themes for only the second fascicle in a work of forty, it quite impressively binds these themes and reveals Emily Dickinson as a skillful editor. In Fascicle 3 Dickinson the editor intentionally repeats many words to bind this fascicle. Flowers are so abundant in this fascicle as to give solace to the reader facing the inevitability of dying. Days "die" into lingering yesterdays and a year "went up this evening", but for the first time in the first three fascicles substantial human deaths are treated. I discuss the eleventh, seventeenth, eighteenth, and the climactic twentythird poem, where, I suggest, the poet and the editor in her are engaged in not so much overcoming as outwitting the human destiny of death. This is the fourth article in my project of reading each of the forty fascicles as a distinct collection of poems chosen and edited by Dickinson. Literary texts are texts whose rhetorical intentions, deliberately and meticulously interwoven into the text by the author, are traceable through reader responses. Since we cannot expect Dickinson herself to deliver an oracle as to her real intentions in the fascicles, I have sought to experience the text of Fascicle 4 as a reader sensitive to the reading process. My conclusion is that, like the first three fascicles, it is a thematically united collection. Through the sixteen poems of Fascicle 4, Dickinson vividly depicts the stream of conflicting thoughts in the narrator's mind against the background of the Gospel According to St. John (King James Version). In the former part of the fascicle (poems #1 through #7), the narrator is at the same time pleased at the rebirth of the land in springtime (poems #1 and #3) and made gloomy by the contrast with the stark reality of human existence (poems #2 through #7). In poem #8, the turning point in the reasoning process of the fascicle, the narrator recapitulates her joy at the rebirth of Nature but reveals at the end of the poem that the fascicle's real concern is not with Nature but with human rebirth (3:5). In the latter part of the fascicle (poems #9 through #16), where death and human resurrection are discussed against the contrasting background of a cheerful description of Nature's rebirth in springtime (poems #10, #11, and #14), we discover the narrator's growing doubt as to the possibility of human resurrection because of the difficulty of maintaining the unconditional "faith" demanded by Jesus. According to Jesus, human resurrection is possible only for those with faith in him as the Son of God: "he that believeth on me shall never thirst"(6:35) and "he that believeth on me hath everlasting life."(6:47) The narrator, fearing that compared with the annual rebirth of Nature in springtime human resurrection is difficult, finds herself unable to respond to the message of St. John's Gospel, which gradually comes to weigh more and more heavily on her mind. For such a scrupulous narrator, to believe in Jesus as the Son of God without seeing for herself the miracles St. John claims for Him is problematic. Should we believe in things we have not seen? "Blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed"(20:29). If so, then the narrator, who has not seen and therefore cannot believe, is unblessed. She cannot face Jesus because she does not qualify to stand among those disciples chosen for their unshakeable belief in Him. She feels unqualified to be added to those selected for their trustworthiness as the Twelve Disciples, and finally turns herself into a humble daisy devoid of heart and mind and free from all demands (poem #12). At this point (poems #9, #13, #15, and #16) the narrator uncovers some graves. She learns that many of the dead, either because they are animals without minds or because they are without belief, are left abandoned in their graves even when springtime comes, while an exceptional woman, presumably being possessed of a firm faith, has been raised to Heaven immediately following her death in springtime. It is as if she has been resurrected not on this earth but in Heaven itself. Are we being pressured to accept the reality that God discriminates among the dead and favors those with faith in Jesus? The narrator's skepticism toward the possibility of human resurrection, which takes belief in Jesus as its key, and her nihilistic fear of being incapable of faith gradually pervade the fascicle. Are we doomed to wander in helpless anguish through this haphazard world, buffeted by Fate, waiting only to die? In this fascicle Dickinson is engaged in what I call"polemical reasoning". Each poem is an independent narrative but at the same time is contributing through "polemical reasoning" to the formation of the fascicle's overall narrative of the difficulty of human resurrection. Dickinson is referring the reader to the words of Jesus in St. John's Gospel that "I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live; and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die". (11:25) Though enchanted and moved by this Gospel prophesy, the poet finds herself unable to respond to it. In the return of flowers in the springtime she sees human resurrection, yet she cannot hold on to the belief in Jesus as the Son of God. As we read the poems in this fascicle, we follow the theme of rebirth in Nature, which is simultaneously contrasted to the narrator's fear of the difficulty of human resurrection due to her increasingly shaky belief in Jesus. We will now trace how the narrative of each of the sixteen individual poems contributes to the fascicle's overall narrative of "polemical reasoning". The first line of each poem is shown in parentheses following the poem number. In Poem #1 ("Perhaps you'd like to buy a flower,") the narrator rejoices, confident of Nature's seasonal rebirth. In Poem #2 ("Water, is taught by thirst.") the narrator lets us know that there are both bright and dark sides to everything on this earth, and that we should admit that we recognize and appreciate things most deeply when we suffer from their lack. At the beginning of the poem we have the "water of life" whose lack leads to thirstiness; we must wait until the Nicodemus Mystery in poem #8 for "water" that does not lead to thirstiness (4:14) and that gives rebirth (3:5). It is said that love is most dearly felt when the loved one dies, but the stark reality is that dying means not returning to dwell on the earth. In Poem #3 ("Have you got a Brook in your little heart,") the flowers of poem #1 and the water of poem #2 are linked, and a new item, "life is " added. In the first and second stanzas we see how water gives life to flowers and to birds, but the same river, we learn in the third and the fourth stanzas, can also at times flood or dry up. That the narrator seeks to draw our attention to this harsh reality at the end of the poem is perhaps the result of her jealousy toward Nature's guaranteed annual rebirth, but probably also because she cannot bring herself to celebrate unreservedly the renewal of Nature thanks to her pessimistic view of the possibility of human resurrection. Poem #4 ("Flowers - Well - if anybody") provides readers with a puzzling problem of definition. Flowers, as the embodiment of Nature, give us "transport" with their return at their successive springtime, but at the same time "trouble" through the fact that the dead among us can never return. The "extasy" caused in us by this combination of "transport" and "trouble" humbles us. There is one more point that must be mentioned here in connection with the fascicle's overall narrative of "polemical reasoning." The narrator wants to find, even at the expense of a reward, someone who could truly claim to be represented by the following words of Jesus: "…but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life (my emphasis)."(4:14). Like Thomas the Apostle, she is not one of those "that have not seen, and yet have believed"(20:29) Unable to see what Jesus did with her own eyes, she cannot believe in Him. In Poem #5 ("Pigmy seraphs - gone astray -") the narrator, looking at the roses she has raised, cannot resist dwelling upon the limited opulence of human affairs: human splendors are nothing compared with the natural world around us. In Poem #6 ("Heart not so heavy as mine") the narrator, gloomy thanks probably to the stress on the harsh reality of human existence in poems #2 through #5, receives solace from a song she overhears. Poem #7 ("Soul, Wilt thou toss again?") describes another feature of harsh human reality which is dominated by haphazardness and lack of planning. In Poem #8 ("An altered look about the hills - ") the narrator recapitulates her concern with the seasonal rebirth of Nature, while in the last two lines her real concern with human resurrection is made clear. At the end of the poem the reader finally learns why flowers and the water that gives them life appear so repeatedly in poems #1 through #4. We also learn about "Nicodemus' Mystery" which, though concerned specifically with human resurrection, is here being applied to natural rebirth too. The reference comes from the passage in the Gospel According to St. John: "Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God"(3:5). We understand for the first time here that the theme of human resurrection is the main theme of this fascicle over and above that of natural rebirth. In the following poems the possibility of human resurrection is implicitly doubted because of its dependence on unwavering faith in Jesus. In Poem #9 ("Some, too fragile for winter winds") the narrator, after having rejoiced in the springtime rebirth of Nature, is trying to see into some graves to find out whether those buried there are also revived. The graves have protected those within - children, sparrows and lambs - from the winter. The words "unnoticed by the Father" deserve notice. What is happening here to those in the grave who, like the children, are too immature to profess "faith," or to those who, like the sparrows and lambs, have no mind that would enable them to have faith? Are they unnoticed by the Father simply because they don't have faith? Does being unnoticed by the Father mean that they must remain in the grave without the possibility of resurrection? In Poem #10 ("Whose are the little beds, - I asked") the narrator is watching the flowers revived in springtime and now enjoying sleep different in kind from that in the graves. . Poem #11 ("For every Bird a nest - ") presents, as in poem #10, flowers and birds making homes for themselves and enjoying their lives in springtime. Poem #12 ("'They have not chosen me,' he said,") is a crucial poem in the greater narrative of the fascicle, centering on the story of the Twelve Disciples. Jesus chooses the twelve for their "trustworthiness" or "promising nature"(15:16). Elsewhere Jesus tells them "I chose you" in the knowledge that one of them, Judas, would betray Him (6:70). Reading Jesus' thoughts at the moment of betrayal, the narrator is hesitant to be added to the twelve disciples chosen for their "promising" nature. Knowing that her faith is too unstable to live up to Jesus' expectations, she feels happier to be regarded by Jesus as no more than a roadside daisy, lacking in consciousness and consequently free from the demands of faith. Poem #13 ("She bore it till the simple veins") tells of a woman who died at the end of spring. This woman did not stay in the grave but went immediately to Heaven, presumably because her firm belief in Jesus had been recognized. She was resurrected, but not on the earth as flowers are. Are people with faith resurrected only in Heaven? Is going to Heaven the only way to be born again? Is God discriminating between the woman raised to Heaven in this poem and those remaining in their graves in poems #9, #15, and #16? Does lack of faith mean that we must remain in our grave deserted by God? Poem #14 ("We should not mind so small a flower") talks about the significance of a flower, symbol of the rebirth of the garden she lost, and the relative difficulty of human resurrection. "Faith", a keyword crucial to the "polemical reasoning" in this latter part of the fascicle, is repeated in this poem and the next. In Poem #15 ("This heart that broke so long ?") the narrator, uncertain of her faith, sympathizes with the dead left deserted in their graves. At the end of the first stanza she explains why this keyword "faith" has become so crucial: she had sought after Jesus as her Savior, but her search had been "in vain." In Poem #16 ("On such a night, or such a night,") the narrator's sympathy is with the small children laid so early in their tiny graves. Must they remain there forever because of their lack of faith?

著者

道上 真有 Mayu Michigami 桃山学院大学経済学部兼任

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.53-97, 2007-09-28

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Russian market economy, focused on the Russian housing market. The evolution of the housing privatization in Russia is described. The results of author's analysis are the following.1.The housing privatization is developed and its share is about 80%.2.The private dynamism has improved the housing quality, particularly since 2000.3.The housing affordability has improved since 1999.4.Russian economic development let the task of housing policy change from the housing supply to the improvement of housing quality.5.The reform of the utility system has started by increasing in utility rate since 2001.6.The Russian municipal authorities should consider the renewal of the real estate value. It will promote the mobility of housing market.7.The correlation between the share of Russian housing investment and the Russian economic development draws the inverse U curve. It shows that Russia has already been the developed economy.8.The appreciation of housing price in Russia's big cities is emerging. The disparity in housing price widens among regions in Russia.

著者

松村 昌廣 Masahiro Matsumura

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = St. Andrew's University bulletin of the Research Institute (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.47-55, 2008-06

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On January 12, the divided Japanese Diet finally enacted a legislative measure that authorised the Fukuda administration to restart replenishment support for the US-led maritime interdiction operation in the Indian Ocean. Earlier, in the Upper House, the leading opposition Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) and other mini-parties together voted down the already passed House bill with a simple majority. Subsequently, in the Lower House, the ruling coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Komei Party resorted to their two-third majority to override the Upper House decision.During the impasse of five and a half months since then-Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's crushing defeat in the July 2007 Upper House election, the issue of replenishment support continued to represent the major focal point of the political power struggle in Tokyo. This prolonged impasse revealed that the battle between both the LDP and the DPJ was devoid of any ideological divide, a state of affairs that did not sharpen the national debate at all. Worse, it also suggested that neither party had more than a handful of competent next-generation leaders to constitute an effective power nucleus in decade to come.Accustomed to a one-party-dominated system over several decades, both LDP and DPJ leaders are afraid of legislative stalemates and popular distrust of their respective parties. As the result, the confrontation between both parties has continued. LDP leaders are reluctant to accelerate and intensify the current partisan strife, even though doing so would vindicate their policy positions and thereby benefit them in the coming national election. Further, the LDP leadership is not ready to take a full advantage of the Constitutional rules for steering the Diet, while the DPJ counterparts remain opportunistic.Although the Japanese public remains highly skeptical of the inexperienced DPJ that has been incapable to present effective policy alternatives, the LDP under Fukuda is drifting because the Prime Minister is only an excellent manager, but neither an innovator nor a risk-taker who is able to carry out a systemic overhaul, ranging from a resolution to the hung Diet, to the attainment of political leadership over bureaucrats, and to policy innovations on issues that various policy strategists have already proposed.The current Japan's current political stasis awaits a big bang that will bring competent nextgeneration leaders into the power nucleus. This is unlikely to be expected from the existing parties, but possibly feasible either through a reformed LDP or an evolved DPJ, or even a new party to be born out of a reorganization of the two parties along ideological lines. The good news is that we already know the prescription for a more proactive and prosperous Japan. The bad news is that time is running out when rapidly changing international security and economic conditions require Japan to respond promptly and offer visionary leadership.

著者

宮津 和弘

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.3, pp.155-180, 2022-01-20

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Survey on consumer sentiment was conducted to explore impact onchanges in their sets of values during COVID-19 pandemic. This studyrevealed self-support awareness and willingness to disseminate one’sthoughts through SNS increased to evade isolation from society and thatfirms became more considerate of customer needs to further developrelationship. With such consumer sentiment changes and acceptance tomarket, this study suggests three focus areas of corporate marketing ITstrategies to be competitive during and after COVID-19 pandemic.