著者
鈴木 雄治郎
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.2, pp.385-397, 2016-06-30 (Released:2016-09-12)
参考文献数
60

The dimensions of volcanic plumes (i.e., heights and spreading area) are the key observable data to estimate the intensity of eruptions, and they are commonly used as an initial input for the calculation of tephra dispersal models. The relationship between these observed data and the eruption conditions such as mass eruption rate in the various atmospheric conditions has been investigated by analytical methods, simple numerical models, and large numerical simulations. In this paper, we have overviewed the recent progress of these numerical models. The latest three-dimensional fluid-dynamics model of eruption clouds has been tested from a viewpoint of comparison with the observed data of the Pinatubo 1991 eruption, the Shinmoe-dake 2011 eruption, and the Kelud 2014 eruption. To develop an operational model of eruption clouds, the effective values of the empirical constants used in the simple numerical models are estimated on the basis of the simulation results of the three-dimensional model. We propose the diagrams to quickly estimate the plume height when the eruption and atmospheric conditions (e.g., mass eruption rate and wind velocity) are given.
著者
中田 節也 田中 雅人
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, no.1, pp.113-121, 1991
被引用文献数
4

Unzen Volcano, Kyushu, Japan, has grown since about 0.5 Ma in a graben where N-S tensile stress is dominant. It contains three volcanic cones with individual life times of 10<sup>5</sup>y. Historical eruptions occurred at intervals of several hundred years. The products with the total volume of 103 km<sup>3</sup> are composed mainly of thick lava flows/domes of hornblende biotite dacite and their collapsed deposits. Seismological data indicated relatively low-density materials at 8 to 18 km depth under the youngest volcanic cone, although there is no direct evidence showing a large magma chamber. A focal solution for an earthquake suggested that a vertical, open crack formed in an EW direction at about 10 km depth, implying magma intrusion. These facts give an idea that multiple, small, vertically standing magma plates (lenticular batches) oriented in an EW direction have existed beneath Unzen Volcano like dike swarm. The Unzen volcanic rocks show the evidence for mixing of felsic and mafic magmas just before or during eruption. The phenocryst assemblages estimated for mixing-endmember magmas were not uniform among lavas. The bulk compositions of rocks do not show a simple trend of mixing between two endmembers. It is likely that lavas of Unzen Volcano erupted from separate magma batches in that felsic magmas overlay high-alumina basaltic magmas. The felsic magmas may have been produced both by partial melting of crustal materials and by fractional crystallization of the mafic magmas. As a mass of magma in a small, separate lenticular batch can cool easily in the uppermost crust, the life time of each magma batch may have been as short as several hundred years. Probably, any large, shallow magma chamber has not formed beneath Unzen Volcano. However, magmas rising from the upper mantle may have been tapped successively in a large, flat chamber between the upper and lower crusts, where they evolved into high-alumina basaltic magma through fractional crystallization, mixing, and contamination processes.
著者
下司 信夫 嶋野 岳人 長井 雅史 中田 節也
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.5, pp.419-434, 2002
参考文献数
36
被引用文献数
6

Erupted magma of the 2000 eruption of the Miyakejima volcano changed from basaltic andesite to basalt during the caldera formation, from aphyric basaltic andesite with SiO<sub>2</sub>=54 wt.% to plagioclase-phyric basalt with SiO<sub>2</sub>=51.5 wt.%. Whole-rock compositions of the basaltic andesite of the June and July eruptions are plotted on the extension of the temporal variation of the previous eruptive materials, suggesting that the andesitic magma erupted in June and July eruptions were driven from the magma system worked for the last 500 years. Petrological character of the basalt in the eruptive materials of August, by contrast, is different from the previous lavas of the Miyakejima volcano. This shows that a new basaltic magma ascended to the shallow magma system after the caldera collapse. Identical ratio of the incompatible elements among the eruptive materials of the 2000 eruption and the recent eruptions suggests that they were driven from a common parental magma.
著者
中田 節也
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山.第2集 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.2, pp.95-110, 1986
被引用文献数
6

Eruptions of lava domes and thick lava-flows of hornblende andesites characterize the Daisen volcanic belt in Kyushu, whereas eruptions of voluminous pyroclastics and thin lava-flows of pyroxene andesites do the Kirishima volcanic belt. The hornblende andesites contain more abundant phenocrysts and have higher Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> ratios than the pyroxene andesites. Sixty-two samples of rocks from the two volcanic belts were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The hornblende andesites are lower in Fe/Mg, K/Ba and Rb/K ratios, poorer in Zr, Y, Rb and Cu contents, and richer in Nb, Sr and Ba contents than the pyroxene andesites. Along the Daisen volcanic belt, K/Rb and Ba/K ratios, and Sr and Ba contents in rocks increase eastwards. On the other hand, Fe/Mg ratio and Ti, K, P, Nb, Zr, Y, Sr, Rb, Ga and Ba contents in rocks increase northwards along the Kirishima volcanic belt. Although fractionation of hornblende and magnetite from hornblende andesite magma gives a possible explanation to the difference in major-oxide, Y and V compositions, the difference in other trace-element compositions between the hornblende and the pyroxene andesites may reflect differences in source materials. Chemical variations along the Kirishima volcanic belt may have originated either from northward increase in the degree of fractionation at higher pressures or from northward decrease in the degree of partial melting of source materials.