著者

Bai ZHANG Shuqing ZHANG Aihua WANG

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.12, pp.858-865, 2004-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

15

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Using the methods of combining landscape ecology with GIS spatial analysis, this paper analyzes the dynamics of the marsh landscape structure in the Sanjiang Plain in the past 20 years, and further more, taking Fujin County, located in the north of the plain, as an example, analyzes the conversion between marsh and other land use types. It is shown that the marsh in the Sanjiang Plain decreased greatly in the past 20 years but the trend has begun to diminish. The marsh area decreased by 51.33% from 1980 to 1996, whereas it decreased by 4.19% from 1996 to 2000. The fragmentation of the marsh increased; the number of the patches increased by 326 from 1980 to 1996, whereas only by 18 from 1996 to 2000. It is obvious that the speed of increase in patches number was reduced and the marsh fragmentation decreased, which shows that the reclamation of the marsh converted from the fragmentation to the brim in a large area of the marsh. The reclaimed marsh has mainly been converted to paddy field and dry land. The centroid of the marsh moved from the northeast to the southwest on the whole, and the movement of the marsh's centroid from the eastern part to western part was quicker.

著者

Yasushi MOTOKI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.12, pp.838-857, 2004-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

1 2

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This paper examines the transformation of the Chinese grain production during the process of modernization after the economic reform/open door policy, especially focusing on the unshakable position that rice production has historically occupied in China. The first section illustrates how food crops decreased in Chinese agriculture in the period of 1985-2001. Furthermore, the rice production in the south stagnated or decreased, while it gradually became more important in northern China. The second section shows the pattern of local rice production in the Northeast, within northern China, and how a new rice frontier emerged in the north of Heilongjiang Province and the west of Jilin Province (both of which are cold and dry areas with alkaline soil). The third section is devoted to a case study of the rice frontier in the Northeast, which deals with the role of rice production and how production was either supported or restricted. We come to the hypothesis, as a conclusion, that development of the rice production in the Northeast did not only mean an actual increase in Japonica type of rice (high quality rice), but it also had an impact on the situation in the southern rice-growing areas. This might amount to a challenge to the South imposed by the North in the near future

著者

Zengmin JI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.12, pp.827-837, 2004-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1

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This paper will begin with a discussion of the particular characteristics of the area of our focus, namely Yuqi Town in a rural area of the Yangtze Delta. As an aid to understanding land-use patterns and changes in that area, satellite imagery has been utilized, and the results and our analysis thereof are reproduced in the Figures chart herein. The paper will then proceed to analysis and discussion of the guiding plan for the area, entitled “Comprehensive Land Use Plan for Yuqi Town, 1997-2010, ” to determine the actual results thus far of the implementation of this plan. It will conclude with an examination of the mechanisms existing for determining the extent to which the provisions of the plan have actually been put into effect.

著者

Qi LU Peilin WU Guoxia WANG Jinyan ZHAN

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.12, pp.813-826, 2004-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

21

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The impact of social and institutional changes on land resource use is an important component of the driving force of land use/cover changes. This paper primarily studies the characteristics and impacts of social and institutional changes on the use of land resources in China since the 1950s, which have played an important role in land use and land cover changes, but have not been studied enough by Chinese researchers in this field. Through discussion of the relation between social institution changes, changes of land resource management institutions and their impact on the changes of land resources, we identify and discuss the close connection between macro social ideology, institution and policy changes, and land use/cover changes in the context of China over the last 50 years, and establish the explanation and framework to illustrate the relationships and the phenomena.

著者

Yukio HIMIYAMA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.12, pp.783-799, 2004-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

2

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There has been remarkable progress in the study of land-use/cover change in China since the early 1990s, partly because of the pressing need of it for environmental and land resource management, and partly because of the establishment of the LUCC (Land-Use/Cover Change) Programme in 1996. It is argued in this paper that the promotion of Focus 1 of LUCC, i.e. ‘Land-use dynamics-comparative case study analysis, ’ is the key to the success of LUCC in China. The paper reviews Focus 1 studies on China, and raises priority themes and tasks of research, including development and analyses of historical land-use/cover information bases, delineation and use of ‘environmental land-use regions, ’ promotion of field-based regional case studies and comparative studies that together contribute to improved understanding in landuse/cover changes in the whole country, and encouragement of human dimensional investigations in such issues as urbanization, rural sustainability and technology transfer, which have considerable effects on land-use/cover change and sustainable development in China.

著者

斎藤 功

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.11, pp.734-759, 2004-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1 1

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カリフォルニア州のチュラーレ郡を対象に,本郡が大規模な酪農家の転入によりアメリカ最大の酪農郡となった過程を分析し,工業的酪農の実態を明らかにした.酪農の担い手は当初のイギリスやアルプス山麓のヨーロッパ系移民からポルトガル系,次いでオランダ系移民の子孫に変わった.1980年代以降,特に1990年代にロサンゼルス郊外のチノバレーから転入したオランダ系酪農家は,土地の販売代金を元手に2,000~3,000頭を搾乳する酪農場を複数立地させた.彼らはヒスパニック労働力と一度に70頭搾乳できるヘリンボーン式搾乳機等を使い,流れ作業方式の工業的酪農を成立させた.酪農家の耕地には畜舎から出る雑廃水を吸収させるためトウモロコシ・小麦が栽培され,それは家畜用サイレージとされ,循環利用される.また,酪農家にアルファルファベイルの干草棚が並ぶのは,それらがインペリアルバレーやユタ州などから購入されたものであることを示している.加えて,綿実,オレンジ残澤,アーモンドの皮などが酪農家に利用され,酪農家の堆肥も綿花栽培や果樹栽培に利用されている.このような地域間結合の存在も工業的酪農を支える基盤になっている.さらに,チュラーレにはLOLやCDIという農協系の乳業工場に加え,クラフト,サプートなどのチーズを生産する多くの乳製品工場が立地し,飼料会社,肥料散布会社などを含めアメリカ最大の酪農複合地域を形成している.

著者

飯島 慈裕 篠田 雅人

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.11, pp.716-733, 2004-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 1

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八ヶ岳連峰稲子岳の凹地で1997年夏季に形成された冷気湖について,中部日本の大気状態との関係を明らかにするとともに,平野・盆地域での夜間冷却との比較から,山岳地域における夜間冷却の形成条件を検討した.7月下旬の梅雨明け直後には,凹地では秋に匹敵する強さの気温逆転を持っ冷気湖が形成された.これは中部日本が梅雨明けをもたらした大陸からの高気圧に覆われ,山岳地域では顕著な乾燥と弱風という大気状態が継続し,放射冷却が強められたためと考えられる.一方,アメダス観測データによると,中部日本の平野・盆地域では,梅雨明け直後よりも8月下旬の方が冷却の強さや冷気移流が顕著であった.この違いは,平野・盆地域では,大気状態の変化よりも地表面の乾湿状態が夜間冷却の強さに影響を与えるのに対して,山岳地域では大気の乾湿と風速が夜間冷却の強さを大きく支配するためと考えられる.

著者

中村 昭史

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.11, pp.695-715, 2004-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

5 1

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大都市近郊における,多様な住民から構成される地域社会の特性を明らかにするため,住民が形成する近隣での社会関係を2種類の社会的ネットワークの視点から考察した.事例地域は東京大都市圏縁辺に位置する埼玉県鷲宮町旭町地区とした.聞取り調査およびアンケート調査によって得られた事例から近隣ネットワークとパーソナルネットワークの構造を検討した結果,以下の点が明らかになった.地区内の日常的な活動単位である班組織が,地区外出身者の近隣ネットワークの形成に大きく作用しており,地区出身者同士のグループと分離する傾向が確認された.性別および出身別のパーソナルネットワークを見ると,地区出身者は親類・友人知入を近隣に保有する一方で,地区外出身者は地域外の職場関係や友人知人数が多く,近隣での社会関係の分離傾向を促進していることがわかった.しかしこのような中で,地区外出身の女性が世帯内の役割分担のため近隣での交際数を増加させ,複雑なパーソナルネットワークを形成するにつれ,近隣において異なったグループ同士を結ぶ橋渡しの位置を占める可能性が高い.

著者

中澤 高志 荒井 良雄

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.10, pp.675-692, 2004-09-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1

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本稿では,九州と北海道・東北を対象地域とし,情報技術者の移動と技術水準という二っの側面から,地方圏における情報サービス産業の労働市場の特徴を明らかにする.地方圏において,広域中心都市の周辺地域から広域中心都市へと向かう情報技術者の移動は,進学や就職に伴うものか,大都市圏での勤務を経験した後の還流移動が中心である.転職に伴う移動は,県内で行われるローカルなものが中心であり,これに大都市圏一地方圏間移動といったナショナルな空間スケールの移動が続き,その中間に位置する地域ブロックレベルでの県間移動は,活発ではない.大都市圏と地方圏を比較した場合,情報技術者の技術水準は大都市圏の方が高い.しかし大都市圏での勤務経験を有する情報技術者は,大都市圏の高度な技術を地方圏にトランスファーする媒体となり得ていない.むしろ高い技術水準を持った情報技術者は,大都市圏にとどまったままである可能性が強い.つまり技術水準に基づく選択的な人口移動の存在によって,大都市圏と地方圏の情報サービス産業の間に存在する技術水準の格差が維持・拡大されていると考えられる.

著者

近藤 章夫

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.10, pp.649-674, 2004-09-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

1 2

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本稿では,松下電器のテレビ事業部門を事例にして,国内生産の縮小に伴う工場間分業の再編成と地域的に形成されてきた外注連関の変容を検討した.松下電器テレビ事業部門の生産体制は大阪府にある茨木工場と栃木県にある宇都宮工場で担われてきた.長らく両工場は量産拠点として機能してきたが,1990年代に入ると海外生産の進展から国内生産は縮小することになり,両工場の生産機能が明確に分化することとなった.また外注連関も工場間分業の変化と密接に連動しながら変化が生じている.外注連関は茨木工場と宇都宮工場とでおのおの形成されてきた.このことは,両工場の立地展開と密接に関連しながら協力企業が地域的に組織化されてきたことを意味した.しかし,国内生産の減少に伴い外注取引量が減少して域内の外注連関は縮小する一方で,協力企業の選別と淘汰が進み外注連関が広域化するなど,これまで地域的に形成されてきた外注連関は変容しつつある.

著者

早崎 将光 田中 博

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.9, pp.609-627, 2004-08-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

31

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数日スケールの急激な気温変動イベントを対象とし,54年間(1948~2001年)のNCEP-NCAR再解析データを用いて,北半球全域における時空間分布と温暖化傾向に対応した発生回数の変化について調査した.本研究で使用した気温急変イベントは,個々の地点における日平均地上気温が3日以内で±20K変化した場合と定義した.発生回数の多い4地域(西シベリア,アラスカ,カナダ北西部,カナダ南東部)における広域気温急変イベントの発生期間は,大部分が寒候期(11月から2月)に集中していた.発生回数の極大時期は,西シベリア地域では11月・12月,北米大陸上では12月・1月と地域差がみられた.また,寒候期平均気温偏差に対する気温急変現象の平均発生回数を調査したところ,4地域ともに温暖偏差時の発生回数は寒冷偏差時に比べて15~25%程度減少しており,この傾向はとりわけ西シベリア地域とカナダ北西部地域で顕著であった.上記2地域における総観場の時間発展を明らかにするため,典型事例の合成図解析を行った.その結果,カナダ北西部地域での気温低下時には,アラスカ上でブロッキング高気圧が形成され,引き続いてカナダ北西部への寒気の南下がみられた.また,西シベリア地域における気温上昇時には,西シベリア低地から東アジア方面への寒冷域の南東への進行とそれに付随したシベリア高気圧の発達がみられた.これは,典型的な東ブジアへの寒気の吹出しパターンと対応していると考えられる.これらの結果は,将来的な温暖化傾向に伴い,地域的には日々のスケールの気温変動性が減少する可能性のあることを示唆している.

著者

畠山 輝雄

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.7, pp.503-518, 2004-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3 2

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介護保険制度が2000年に導入されたことにより,高齢者福祉施設の利用に大幅な変化が生じたといわれている.本稿は,その中でも最も介護保険制度の影響が大きいと考えられるデイサービスセンターの立地とサービス空間の変化を明らかにすることを目的としている.デイサービスセンターは,高齢者福祉施設の中で最もサービス空間が狭域であり,従来の都道府県,市区町村別の分析では十分な把握が困難であるため,住区別に分析を行った.介護保険制度導入の結果,民間経営の定員の少ない施設が多く立地するようになった.そして,行政による措置制度が廃止されたことにより,各施設のサービス空間は施設を中心とした広がりへと変化し,地域的に拡大した.各住区においてデイサービスセンターの競合が生じており,福祉関連業界においても自由競争が生じ始めている.

著者

Yuka SAITO Katsuyuki TAKENAKA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.5, pp.241-261, 2004-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 3 2

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Wine industry in Spain, consolidated as a sector with ancestral traditions, has experienced in the last decades a new dynamism that raises it to a highly competitive position in the international market. However, against what could be expected from the current situation, commercialization of wine production arrived in Spain in relatively recent periods and was limited, at least in the initial stages, to some few areas of the country. In this article, three pioneer regions, Jerez, Penedès and Rioja, are selected to analyze the transition to commercial wine production in a comparative perspective. Special attention is paid to the leading entrepreneurs of each region that played an important role to develop the potential of the sector with modern vinification methods. Careful survey on these three regions reveals that what distinguishes each region from the others is not only the geographical or economic origin of the leading entrepreneurs, but the way they responded to the physical and locational conditions proper to each region. Distinctive behaviors of the leaders also conditioned to a great extent the relationship to be established with the other operators involved in the wine industry. Finally, some spatial implications of this relationship are pointed out through considerations on the physical and functional differences found inside of the region.

著者

Tetsuya ITO

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.5, pp.223-240, 2004-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 1

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This study uses the case of Nuremberg (Nürnberg) to investigate areal differences of renewal in urban residential areas in Germany since the 1970s when the supply of dwelling units surpassed demand and city authorities introduced urban renewal projects. It focuses on the renewal from the viewpoint of physical and social changes. The analysis of housing data for Nuremberg indicates that “well-cared-for urban residential area” is located within 3 kilometers from the urban center to the northern, eastern and southeastern sectors and “urban residential area in decline” is found within 3 kilometers from the urban center to the western and southern sectors. In a sample area for the former sectors, many reconstructions and renovations in the 1980s and 1990s led to the increase in the number of high quality dwellings, into which many German households, of medium or high socioeconomic status, moved. The physical improvement of dwellings in the area was made mainly by renewal projects, official financial support for social housing units and private investment. In a sample area for the latter sectors, the renewal projects in the 1980s did not contribute to the increase both in reconstruction of old buildings and in renovation by private investment. In the latter area, a large part of dwellings are classified into middle or low quality dwellings with low rent, into which people of low or middle incomes move. The population of this area decreased during and even after the urban renewal projects.

著者

立見 淳哉

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.4, pp.159-182, 2004-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

6 2

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近年の集積研究では,地域経済の発展におけるローカルな関係性の重要性が強調される.しかし,ローカルな関係性が地域経済の発展に寄与するための諸条件については,必ずしも明示的に扱われていない.本稿は,この問題に取り掛かる上で,関係性資産の概念とストーパー・サレの「生産の世界」論に注目する.「生産の世界」論は,経済活動の調整装置であるコンヴァンシオンの重要性を提起するだけではなく,「生産の可能世界」概念によって,構築されたコンヴァンシオンが一定期間にわたって安定し,経済発展の資産として機能するための条件を提示する.「生産の世界」論を用いて,実際に児島アパレル産地の分析を行った.児島産地では明示的な協力関係が存在せず企業間関係は競争的であるが,特定の製品部門において,ダイナミックな活動が展開されていた.それらの製品部門では,「可能世界」の経済論理と実際のコンヴァンシオンとの間に,論理的な整合性が認められた.集積地の発展にとって,「可能世界」の経済論理と構造的に両立するようなコンヴァンシオンが構築できるか否かが鍵となる.これらの分析道具を用いることで,関係性資産の条件にアプローチする道が拓ける.

著者

Noritaka YAGASAKI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.12, pp.894-909, 2003-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 1

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Three research frontiers need to be explored by geographers in understanding Japanese immigrants and their overseas communities: analyses of immigrant communities in the context of local and national host societies, comparative studies of immigrant groups settled in the same local host society, and economic segregation and occupational sequent occupance. This paper explored the third theme by presenting a case study in southern California prior to World War II. Japanese immigrants successfully attained vertical dominance in production, wholesale, and retail of fruits and vegetables in Los Angeles and the surroundings of southern California from the 1900s through the early 1940s. The process in which Japanese came to occupy such economic niches was documented with special reference to the adaptive strategy they applied in establishing their economic bases. Ethnic organizations and occupational preference played an important role, while growing economy and population created a soaring demand for fresh produce, marketing system had not yet been established, and the role of the Chinese was fading after the turn of the century. Considering the fact that the economic niche that Japanese occupied in the supply of fresh produce was taken over by other immigrant groups following World War II, the idea of “occupational sequent occupance” was proposed. Documenting such sequence in the occupational structure will contribute to the comprehensive understanding of immigrant groups as well as culturalhistorical geography of American cities.

著者

Kiyomi YAMASHITA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.12, pp.910-923, 2003-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

5 11

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In Japan, so-called Chinatowns have been formed only in three cities of Yokohama, Kobe and Nagasaki, and are named respectively Yokohama Chinatown, Kobe Chinatown, and Nagasaki Chinatown. Based on the author's previous studies and fieldwork, this paper aims to clarify the regional characteristics of Chinatowns in Japan. Every Chinatown in Japan exists as a very important tourist spot with highly concentrated Chinese restaurants of various sorts. From the global point of view, this appears to be the most remarkable regional characteristic of Chinatowns in Japan. Compared with those in Southeast Asia, Europe and North America, Japanese customers and tourists play a more important role than the ethnic Chinese in the functions of Chinatowns in Japan. This remarkable characteristic would be that the ethnic Chinese in Japan have been trying to adapt themselves to the Japanese community by promoting Chinatowns as tourist spots. They have been positively utilizing the tradition of Chinese culture, especially food culture, as a tourist resource. Chinatown in Japan is a town that embodies the image of China, cherished by so many Japanese. This is based upon the historical interest in Chinese culture among the Japanese people.

著者

Simon R. POTTER

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.12, pp.823-842, 2003-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 1

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Japan has a plenitude of maps on display to the public. Some of them are utilitarian “land diagrams” that have been designed simply to help people find places, but others also serve as advertisements or explanations and have pictorial embellishments. Six examples of the former and twelve of the latter are reproduced and commented on in this study, which aims to explain the artistic side of such maps by categorizing the types of illustrations (abstract symbols, symbolic resemblances, idealized portraits, realistic portraits, and cartoon characters) and to establish links between the contemporary embellished maps and Japanese maps from the past, as well as to styles of pictorial art that have flourished in the history of Japanese art.

著者

Takashige KAWAI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.12, pp.843-853, 2003-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

11

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The variability in sea ice extent in the Sea of Okhotsk during the sea ice disappearance period and its response to the atmospheric circulation in early summer are investigated. Significant correlations were found between the disappearance in sea ice in May and the geopotential heights in and around the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk in June. A disappearance in sea ice is defined as the difference in the sea ice area between the end of the current month and the end of the previous month. Thus, large sea ice disappearance years and small disappearance years are selected from a time series of sea ice disappearance for the month of May. Composite maps of the geopotential heights in the northern part of East Asia are investigated annually. In small sea ice disappearance years, anticyclones and ridges of the geopotential heights are prominent in and around the Sea of Okhotsk in June. Conversely in large sea ice disappearance years, surface cyclones and troughs are dominant in and around the Sea of Okhotsk. A strengthening of the Okhotsk anticyclone is presumed to be related to variability in the decrease in sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk.

著者

Takaaki KAWASUMI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.12, pp.854-868, 2003-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

3 3

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This paper reconstructs the flow directions and extent of glaciers on the western slopes of Mt. Tateyama (3, 015m asl) in central Japan from distribution, materials, and facies of two glacial sediments and related deposits. The timing of the larger glacial expansion during the Last Glacial period is then discussed on the basis of their stratigraphic relationships with dated tephras such as K-Tz (95 to 90 ka), Tt-E (ca. 70 ka), and DKP (52 to 50 ka), The wider glacial extension occurred and deposited the Jodosawa Gravel during Murodo Stade I (95 to 70 ka) in MIS 5b to 4 (marine oxygen isotope stage 5b to 4). In this substade, the glaciers extended from the non-volcanic Tateyama Main Ridge onto the flat surface of the pyroclastic flow deposits erupted from the Tateyama Volcano, and overflowed to the north from the basin. The glaciers eroded the pyroclastic flow deposits during Murodo Stade I, and extended to at least 2, 300m asl. Between Murodo Stades I and II, the glaciers were forcefully melted by the pumice fall erupted from the Tateyama Volcano, and temporarily retreated upstream. During Murodo Stade II (70 to 50 ka) in MIS 4 to early MIS 3, the snout of glaciers readvanced to about 2, 350m asl, and deposited the Murodo Gravel. The glacial readvance was restored in size soon after the pumice fall had finished.