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With the implementation of the highly systematic and well organized Iqta system, which depended on the completion of the cadastral survey (1313-25), referred to as al-rawk al-Nasiri, in Mamluk ruled Egypt and Syria (1250-1517), the Mamluk state and political system were constructed on this foundation. In this manner, the regimes of foreign military rulers, which were based on the Iqta system, which had been developed in the Arab-Muslim world since the latter half of the tenth century, reached an apex in the highly systematized Mamluk regime. As the fundamental land system of the period, the Iqta system served as the axis of political, military and governmental systems and formed the system that was the core of the ruling structure in which the Mamluks, who comprised the ruling class, controlled rural areas through possession of the Iqta lands and thereby held a grip on the supply of food, public works, economic and religious activities of the cities through the redistribution of the wealth obtained from the rural areas, and this influence reached throughout the entire society. However, the rapid expansion of the amount of land designated as waqf (religious endowment) following the latter half of the fourteenth century had a great influence on the Mamluk regime. This was not limited to the fact that due to the transformation of the state's land (amlak bayt ai-mal) into the waqf, the amount of land that could be distributed for the Iqta's was decreased and the economic foundation of the Mamluks continued to shrink. The increasing importance of the waqf, which was fundamentally independent from state control, as a self-regulating system for the redistribution of wealth that linked the cities and rural areas is thought to be link to the problem of relativizing and reduction of the social role of the Iqta system. From this point of view, I employ narrative and archival sources in this study to consider the sudden expansion of the waqf, whose social role from the late fourteenth century to the early sixteenth century in Egypt and Syria reached a stage that could not be ignored, the influence of the expansion of the waqf on the Mamluk regime, and amidst these factors, how the Mamluk military ruling class maintained the ruling structure, particularly in regard to the economic aspect. As a result, I make clear that they were involved at various levels in the waqf system as donators and beneficiaries, as administrators, and as leaseholders of waqf land, and thereby they were able to obtain wealth and social influence and were also able to maintain the Mamluk regime of ruling structure by incorporating the waqf system within it.

2021-07-27 05:59:48
3 + 3 Wikipedia

3 0 0 0 OA 「第三者という当事者」であることがわかる「歴史的瞬間」(意見論文,Re:リ・コロン[再論]第4号特集1「社会のなかで〈社会〉と向き合う」)

著者: 山田富秋
出版者: 日本質的心理学会
雑誌: 質的心理学フォーラム (ISSN:18842348)
巻号頁・発行日: no.5, pp.99-101, 2013

2021-07-27 01:30:06
3 + 3 Twitter

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009804530

3 0 0 0 IR 昭和20年代の小学校の授業における鬼遊びの扱われ方

著者: 鈴木邦明
出版者: 帝京平成大学
雑誌: 帝京平成大学紀要 (ISSN:13415182)
巻号頁・発行日: no.32, pp.183-188,

The current study has focused on elementary school curriculum guideline during a decade from 1945 when game of tag was positively adopted as a class at school. Objective was to analyze how the game of tag was handled and clarify educational system and social situation back then. A characteristic of game of tag is that players move their bodies in various ways. Previous studies have found that the game helps improve such abilities as stamina, running, and agility. Also, the game has been found to be good for not only physical aspects but also children's sociality and cooperation. As a result of the research, it has been proved that ratio of game of tag using certain tools was lower in the school curriculum guideline back then compared with that in 2017. It is believed to be associated with lack of supplies after the war. The game is also characterized as being playable without any tools. Furthermore, its rule is so flexible that it can be played depending on conditions. Those characteristics may have led to the results this time.

2021-07-26 18:59:58
3 + 4 Twitter

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120007038050

3 0 0 0 平安時代における任用国司 : 受領の推薦権を中心に

著者: 渡辺滋
出版者: 續日本紀研究会
雑誌: 續日本紀研究 (ISSN:0559894X)
巻号頁・発行日: no.401, pp.1-20, 2012-12

2021-07-26 15:56:18
3 + 2 Twitter

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40019772658

3 0 0 0 IR 新世紀の都市化へ : パリ第9区の出現

著者: 久末弥生
出版者: 都市経営研究会
雑誌: 都市経営研究 (ISSN:24363146)
巻号頁・発行日: no.1, pp.1-19, 2021-03

現代社会における都市のイメージは、19世紀に始まる都市化の時代を牽引したフランスの首都パリ、とりわけ19世紀後半から急速な都市化を実現したパリ第9区に、その原点を見いだすことができる。19世紀のパリにおける猛烈な人口増加を背景に、金融、不動産取引、商業、娯楽といった近代都市に不可欠な領域と、文化、芸術というフランスのアイデンティティーを支える領域のいずれにおいても、世界の中心地として繁栄したパリ第9区は、都市化の1つの到達点を早期に示したエリアでもあった。19世紀後半に本格化した都市化の時代すなわち人口の大都市集中の時代から約150年を経た今、2020年に生きる我々は新たな段階を迎える転換期に立っている。本稿では、都市化の時代を象徴するパリ第9区に着眼し、現代まで継承されてきた都市のイメージを概観すると共に、新たな都市の展望を探る。

2021-07-26 00:00:02
3 + 2 Twitter

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120007026799

3 0 0 0 IR ベトナム,モン・クメール系諸民族の起源説話の共通性

著者: 本多守
出版者: アジア文化研究所
雑誌: アジア文化研究所研究年報 = Annual Journal of the Asian Cultures Research Institute (ISSN:18801714)
巻号頁・発行日: no.55, pp.78-96, 2021-01

2021-07-25 23:58:55
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3 0 0 0 IR 民族共同体と法(一九) : NATIONALSOZIALISMUSあるいは「法」なき支配体制

著者: 南利明
出版者: 静岡大学
雑誌: 靜岡大学法経研究 (ISSN:02872005)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.44, no.3, pp.179-216, 1995-11

2021-07-25 23:39:06
3 + 3 Wikipedia

3 0 0 0 IR ソーシャルワーク実践における価値のジレンマを巡る課題(1)ソーシャルワーク実践における価値論の変遷から

著者: 田中尚
出版者: 岩手県立大学社会福祉学部
雑誌: 岩手県立大学社会福祉学部紀要 (ISSN:13448528)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.2, no.1, pp.61-68, 1999-09

In this paper, I would like to review some of the philosophical foundations of ethical principles. I will focus on three perspectives and values on social work practice, These are ; (a) the practical values and respect for individuals as rationale and self-determining human beings (Kantian approach), (b) practical values and principles as part of a welfare bureaucracy with a social control and resource-rationing function (Utilitarian Values), and (c) moral thinking encompassing anti-oppressive approach as against practice (Radical approach). As such my objective is to provide the framework on dilemmas of values to explore social work practice through discussing the three perspectives :