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2 0 0 0 OA 「普遍生物学」であるために人工生命研究は何をせねばならないか

著者: 戸田山和久
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.33, no.2, pp.57-71, 2000-11-25 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 20

This paper aims:1) to re-place and re-estimate A-Life in the tradition of universal biology which goes back to Erwin Schrodinger's memorable lecture "What is Life?";2) to clarify the role which the principle of 'multirealizabitily of life' and the idea of 'strong A-Life' played in justification of A-Life as a form of universal biology;3) to show that clinging to the ideal of storng A-Life is not only unnecessary but harmful for A-Lifers to build a universal biology.

2 0 0 0 OA ネオ・ベイジアニズムによる帰納の正当化は未完である

著者: 出口康夫
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.33, no.1, pp.17-30, 2000-05-15 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 7

Neo-Bayesianism, the statistical methodology based on the idea of probability interpreted as degree of belief, formulates inductive inferences in terms of probability theory, and justifies them under assumptions of rationality. Conditional probability with condition of zero probability is among those inductive inferences formulated within the Neo-Bayesian terminology. This paper aims to call attention to the need for the justification of the zero conditional probability by pointing out that so far no theorem has justified it successfully.

2 0 0 0 OA クリプキ以降の真理の理論

著者: 津留竜馬
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.32, no.1, pp.55-66, 1999-05-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

ここまで見てきたようなクリプキやグプタたちの理論をはじめとして,嘘つきパラドクスの解決を目指した真理の理論は多数提出されてきている.しかもそのうちのいくつかは,パラドクスの解決だけにとどまらない幅広い応用領域を持つなどして,非常に実り豊かな成果を挙げているように思われる.このような成果はもっと強調されてよい.しかし我々は,これらの高度にテクニカルな結果を眺めながらも,元々の素朴な非形式的レベルでのパラドクスのことを忘れてはならない.前節で見たように,これら真理の理論が我々が直観的に感じているような嘘つきパラドクスを解決しているとは,到底言えないからである.嘘つきパラドクスを真に解決してくれるような真理の理論は,いまだ現れていないのである.

2 0 0 0 OA 健康という名の規範

著者: 金森修
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.32, no.2, pp.1-13, 1999-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 31

G. Canguilhem posits in his "The Normal and the Pathological" two judgements: (1) the negation of objectivity of the pathology and the physiology because of the necessary interference of the value judgements between the two phases; (2) the importance of the biological normativity, that's to say, the understanding of the health as something essentially related to the norm and value. The health is not a fact, but a norm to which an organism makes an effort to attain by regulating its conducts. After this affirmation of the normativity in the demarcation between the normal and the pathological, I try to link it to the contemporaneous problematic of bioethics. And situating the health as a norm inside of the world of designing, I give a theoretical permission to the selective abortion in condition of a strict limitation, and to a certain positive interference to the genetic information for giving birth to a perfect baby.

2 0 0 0 OA 「生活形式の一致」と「規則の知」

著者: 石井雅史
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.31, no.1, pp.69-83, 1998-05-10 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 9

In this paper, I examine the problem of "Rule-Following" given by Wittgenstein. In discussing this issue, he considers this problem in terms of "Natural History", and characterizes it as blind obedience. So it seems that his purpose is to reduce Normativity to Natural History. In that case, our knowledge about Rule-Following would disapper. But through the consideration about "agreement in form of life", I'll show that a knowledge about Rule could function as negative operation.

2 0 0 0 OA 自然と規範

著者: 伊勢俊彦
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.30, pp.107-122, 1997-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

Hume's account of how conventions establish artificial virtues is an integral part of his attempt to naturalize mo-rality. His argument would be a failure if conventions were irreducibly normative. Hume's conventions, though, are not norms but acts of agreement that establish norms. Their basis is men's sense of interest and their ability to communicate it. No norm or rule can guarantee the success of this communication. The analysis of promises brings this to light, since no rule about forms of words can any more secure that a promise is made, if not backed by the communication of intentions.

2 0 0 0 OA 指示の不可測性は我々自身の言語においても生ずるか

著者: 中村正利
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.30, pp.93-106, 1997-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

This paper deals with Quine's "inscrutability of reference" thesis. In particular, I aim to examine Quine's two problematic claims about this thesis.The first is that reference is relative to a background language. The second claim is that inscrutability of reference extends to our own language, that is, reference is in-scrutable not only in the case of foreign languages but also of our own language. I shall argue that both these claims are untenable. To show the latter is untenable, I use Putnam's "brains in a vat" argument.

2 0 0 0 OA 絶対的真理の"存在論的証明"の点検

著者: 菅沼聡
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.29, pp.169-181, 1996-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 9

It is still an open question whether there exists an absolute truth, i.e., a proposition which is true in every epistemically possible world.I have proposed an argument for the existence of such a truth, in my paper "'Ontological Argument' for the Existence of Absolute Truth". In this paper, I shall examine this argument in the following two points: whether avoiding selfreference by differentiating language levels can invalidate the argument, and whether this argument is circular (com-mits a petitio principii) or not.

2 0 0 0 OA 動的意味論と有限クラス

著者: 中山康雄
出版者: 日本科学哲学会
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.29, pp.139-153, 1996-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 12

During the 1980s, two research programs in formal semantics were established: dynamic semantics (DS), which provides a discourse interpretation, and generalized quantifier theory (GQT), which deals with quantification in natural languages. In the 1990s, proposals to integrate GQT into DS were made; unfortunately, many of them failed to include the problems of anaphora in contexts of quantification. This paper redefines problems of quantification as problems of characterization of finite classes. It defines a semantic framework, dynamic theory for discourse interpretation, and demonstrates how problems of plural pronominal anaphora can be treated properly within it.

2 0 0 0 OA Epistemic and Ontic Theories of Explanation and Confirmation

著者: ROBERT T. PENNOCK
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.28, pp.31-45, 1995-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)
参考文献数: 22
被引用文献数: 1 2

This paper reviews some recent work on issues connecting the theories of scientific explanation and confirmation. Beginning with Harman and Hempel and continuing with Salmon, Miller, Pennock and Ruben, I consider different explications of the explanatory relation that could be used in an Inference to the Best Explanation (I.B.E.) confirmation theory. Causal theories of explanation are currently the most promising and I discuss the strengths of an I.B.E. theory based upon an objective "ontic" view of explanation like Salmon's over an "epistemic" causal view such as Miller's. Finally I show how a causal theorist can address two purported weaknesses of the causal approaches that arise from Humean and Sellarsian arguments.