著者

伊東 俊太郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.236, pp.225-231, 2005 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

野澤 聡

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.237, pp.1-10, 2006 (Released:2021-08-11)

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While Johann Bernoulli's mathematical researches are well-known and highly appreciated, his researches on mechanics have been less studied. His researches on mechanics have been regarded as an inconsistent aggregation of Cartesian, Newtonian and Leibnizian physics; applying calculus to mehcanics as a Newtonian, advocating "vis viva " as a Lebnizian and adopting vortex theory as a Cartesian. The present paper is aiming at showing insufficiency of traditional researches, which arbitrarily selected examplars from Johann Bernoulli's texts and did not read them as such. The author has argued that Johann Bernoulli used common and consistent framework of "loix de la communication du mouvement " (laws of communication of motion) in his papers of 1724 and 1734. These "loix " embodies both conservation of quantity of motion and that of "vis viva ". In the former paper, he applied the law to collision of two bodies. He extended the explanation to the collisions of multiple bodies and to the motion in a resistent medium. In the latter paper, he introduced the mechanism of "torrent central " (central stream). He applied the same law to it and explained gravitation on the basis of the collisions of subtle matter. These above aspects of his original researches have been overlooked, because his texts were not interpreted properly. The author has also suggested that the "loix de la communication du mouvement " is a crucial concept to understand Johann Bernoulli's mature researches on mechanics consistently.

著者

恒川 清爾

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.236, pp.177-190, 2005 (Released:2021-08-11)

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The Meiji government started constructing a new country by hiring engineers from European countries. But soon trained Japanese engineers replaced them. This paper analyzes the characteristics and roles of these Japanese engineers in Meiji era, by looking at their social and educational backgrounds. At the beginning of Meiji era, a major group of the engineers were artisans and the people who received short term and practical training. They built railways and harbors and conducted waterworks by themselves. They gained a status equal to those of new graduates of college or university. But the workers and contractors of projects usually did not get a good public recogniton, though some of them had good civil engineering skills. After the middle of Meiji era,, graduates of colleges and universities took the managerial positions and became the supervisors of almost all civil engineering projects. This did not mean that the projects needed more higher level of technologies. The engineers who actually supported civil engineering projects were artisans and gishu or middle class engineering officers, who were mostly the graduates of short term training schools. Some graduates of foreign countries and constructors actually contributed to construction engineering, but did not receive fair recognition especially after a bureaucratic system was established. This was a major factor why Japan stayed far behind in the advancement of construction engineering.

著者

木原 英逸

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.230, pp.111-114, 2004 (Released:2021-08-12)

著者

矢崎 裕二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.183, pp.129-137, 1992 (Released:2021-03-25)

著者

岩城 正夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.181, pp.43-50, 1992 (Released:2021-04-07)

著者

井上 隆義

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.161, pp.1-12, 1987 (Released:2021-09-22)

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August F. Horstmann is known to be the first chemist to have applied the second law of thermodynamics to chemical processes. He began to study the decomposition of substances by heat from the view-point of the kinetic theory of gases on one side (in 1868), and by the thermodynamical analogy with vaporizations on the other (in 1869). Next on th basis of the new thermodynamic formulation developed by Clausius in 1862, Horstmann promoted a better understanding with respect to the mutual relations between dissociation and thermodynamics. In 1871 he derived fundamental equations of dissociation equilibrium for substitution of watervapors with irons. A. Naumann criticized Horstmann's theory of dissociation, especially his application of a thermodynamic formula (so-called Clausius-Clapeyron's formula) to dissociation, from a standpoint of the molecular theory. Refuting Naumann's criticism, Horstmann showed that thermoclynamics and every formula deduced from it were not dependent upon any hypothesis on molecular processes, and therefore it was valid to apply thermodynamics to chemical changes Thus, in 1873 he attained a qualitatively high level of theory concerning dissociation equilibrium on the entropy maximization principle (formulated by Clausius in 1865). Then this new level of Horstmann's theory was established through his exact recognizing of the inner connection of chemical processes with the thermodynamic laws, and of the difference and the relation between microscopic processes and macroscopic ones.

著者

日野川 静枝

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.160, pp.235-244, 1986 (Released:2021-09-22)

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A plan of plutonium bomb was existed separately from a plan of uranium bomb at the beginning of the development of atomic bombs. The following is the transition of significance of the plan of plutonium bomb. In December 1940, the plan of plutonium bomb was posed in England and U.S.A. independently. In December 1941, the plan of plutonium bomb was not stated clearly, but it was interested in whether the fission chain reaction using uranium is feasible or not. Because, such reactions will produce the "94" (plutonium) which is material of plutonium bomb. In June 1942, the plan of plutonium bomb was stated clearly, and also it caused Army and Industries to be concerned in the development of atomic bomb in earnest. In December 1942, the chain reaction was proved. So the plan of plutonium bomb was changed from which to be for ending the war to which to be concerned with the atomic power policy of the post war.

著者

菅原 国香 中村 邦光 板倉 聖宣

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.157, pp.34-45, 1986 (Released:2021-04-05)

著者

道脇 義正 木村 規子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.147, pp.160-164, 1983 (Released:2021-09-24)

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In our previous paper we have an invariable among the bends of the touching circles, and to show that the extension⁽¹⁰¹⁾. Later, we applied Wilkey's Theorem⁽¹⁶⁾ 一 which is an extension of the Decartes Circle Theorem⁽¹⁾一 to this result, we have an interesting theorem⁽¹⁰¹⁾. And we show that a part of this result corresponds to Sir Frederick Soddy's "The Hexlet⁽¹⁴⁾". The main object of this paper are as follows: (1) Wasan experts are haven't the notion of bends and (2) Considerations for the concerning literatures.

著者

大網 功

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.141, pp.16-26, 1982 (Released:2021-05-13)

著者

田邉 豊

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ペインクリニック学会

雑誌

日本ペインクリニック学会誌 (ISSN:13404903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.14-22, 2019-02-25 (Released:2019-03-12)

参考文献数

5

著者

田代 尚範 井上 拓保 駒場 一貴 川手 信行

出版者

一般社団法人 日本呼吸理学療法学会

雑誌

呼吸理学療法学 (ISSN:24367966)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7th.Meeting, pp.O3-2, 2021 (Released:2022-08-02)

著者

清水 奈緒 大澤 義明 小山 泰代 小林 隆史

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.639, pp.1059-1066, 2009-05-30 (Released:2009-11-30)

参考文献数

27

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The balance of the sexes affects economic and social relationships within a community. The imbalances in the number of men and women may affect marriages and fertility patterns, labor force participation and the sex roles within the society. Therefore, many types of regional and urban planning such as community services requires sex ratios. First, we show the quantitative procedure to evaluate such imbalance based on a test of statistical hypothesis. Then, we measure such an imbalance of prefectures and cities in Japan.

著者

都築 誠二

出版者

分子シミュレーション学会

雑誌

アンサンブル (ISSN:18846750)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.27, pp.26-29, 2004-07-31 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

14

著者

都築 誠二

出版者

分子シミュレーション研究会

雑誌

アンサンブル (ISSN:18846750)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.26, pp.23-27, 2004-04-30 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

著者

森本 泰夫 田中 勇武

出版者

公益社団法人 日本産業衛生学会

雑誌

産業衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:13410725)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.37-48, 2008 (Released:2008-04-04)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

9 9

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ナノ粒子の有害性評価:森本泰夫ほか.産業医科大学産業生態科学研究所―ナノ粒子の有害性に関する研究において,既に有害性評価がなされている繊維状物質やPM2.5などの大気汚染物質の試験法やそのエンドポイントを参考として展開されていることが多い.作業環境における曝露としては,経気道的曝露が想定されるため,吸入曝露試験や気管内注入試験等の動物試験の結果が,有害性評価への貢献度は高い.動物試験のエンドポイントとして,慢性期における持続炎症や線維化及びその関連因子は,ナノ粒子の肺傷害の指標として有用と考えられる.一方,有害性評価試験の結果に差異が認められることがある.この主な原因は,試験に用いたナノ粒子のキャラクタリゼーション(ナノ粒子の物理化学的特性を明らかにすること)が充分に行われていないことにある.そのうち,特に,ナノ粒子の分散性の確認,それも曝露する直前の状態(吸入試験では動物曝露室,気管内注入試験においては,注入する懸濁液)で確認することが重要である.現状では数は少ないが,ナノ粒子のキャラクタリゼーションを行った有害性評価試験の報告が徐々に増加しており,このことが信頼性の高い有害性さらにはリスク評価につながると考えられる.(産衛誌2008; 50: 37-48)

著者

若名 咲香

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.133-144, 2020 (Released:2022-02-16)

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This paper analyses John William Waterhouse’s female flower pickers in his works; ‘Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May’ (1909), Narcissus (1913) and Flora (c. 1914). Comparing Waterhouse’s works and the myth of Persephone clarifies that some descriptions remind the myth of Persephone in his works. For instance, some narcissuses, which were picked by Persephone immediately before she was abducted to the underworld by Hades, are drawn in some of Waterhouse’s works. Thus, Waterhouse’s female flower pickers overlap with the image of Persephone. Additionally, in the late 19th century Britain, a new idea of ‘Dark’ Greece was advocated. This view of Greece contains anxiety and grief as opposed to Winckelmann’s immaculate and idealised view of Greece. Persephone symbolises fertility and death, and she embodies the idea of ‘Dark’ Greece. Waterhouse knew this idea through Greek Studies by Walter Pater and The Golden Bough by James Frazer. In Waterhouse’s works, an ominous of rape, tension, anxiety and chaos are suggested by representing the scene just before the rape of Persephone, and his works resonant with the ‘Dark’ Greece. Thus, Waterhouse’s images of female flower pickers link with the myth of Persephone and evoke the ‘Dark’ Greece.

著者

石田 圭子

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.49-60, 2020 (Released:2022-02-16)

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The purpose of this paper is to consider the meaning of “suddenness (Plötzlichkeit)” proposed by K. H. Bohrer (1932-). First, I try to clarify the meaning of “suddenness” by elucidating the historical range of art that this notion can be applied to, the elements that consist of this idea, and the scope of its genealogy. Second, I examine the relationship between suddenness and fascist ideology, because Bohrer points out that one of the important sources of the concept is decisionism (Dezisionismus), the pre- fascistic thought. Yet, Bohrer tries to distinguish suddenness from such a pre-fascistic idea. “Suddenness” can be explained as an alternative to “appearance” or “semblance” (Schein), conveying a quality that has been understood as beauty. Nevertheless, he insists that suddenness is so momentary and subjective that it should be deprived of any metaphysical implication that appearance and semblance originally had, such as truth and Utopia. Bohrer says that art based on suddenness should be autonomous and can have no relations with any social and political context, for such context can never be possible without historical and continual time. Therefore, Bohrer’s strategy is to defend aestheticism by suggesting the rigid aestheticism based on suddenness.

著者

パフチャレク パヴェウ

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.140, 2019 (Released:2021-05-08)