著者

相川 聖 高井 秀明

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2022-2017, (Released:2022-08-26)

参考文献数

34

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Previous studies have indicated that imagery is important for the performance of gymnastics. The purpose of this study was to examine the practical effects of imagery training on artistic gymnasts. The subjects chosen for this research were male gymnasts (n=26) belonging to the male gymnastics club of University A. In this study, the group was divided into an image training group (n=16) and a control group (n=10), and imagery training group performed imagery training 5 times a week for 3 weeks. The content of the training was set with reference to the PETTLEP model (Holmes and Collins, 2001). Subjects were asked to answer the Japanese SIAQ (Aikawa et al., 2019) and CSAI-2 (Martens et al., 1990) before and after the intervention, and their performance was measured. The results of this study indicated that the imagery training group members improved their imagery ability and self-confidence. Although there was no statistically significant difference in performance, there was a valuable change in performance in gymnastics. In conclusion, this study revealed the effect of imagery training based on scientific evidence. We consider that this study has provided useful knowledge for gymnasts, coaches, and mental training consultant in sports who use imagery training.

著者

大島 浩幸 山田 憲政

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.65-74, 2010

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本研究の目的は,運動技術レベルと運動観察能力の関連を実験的に検証することであった.実験は,様々なスポーツにおいて一般的な運動でありながら熟練度によって優劣の差がある投球動作を試技として用いた.まず,第一の実験として40人の実験参加者を投球課題中の肘関節と手関節の時間的位相差を指標に各10人の2群に分けた.A群(上位群):肘関節の伸展角速度の増加が手関節の伸展角速度の増加より先に来る.B群(下位群):A群の関係が逆になる.次に第二の実験では,15セットのスティックピクチャーで構成される映像を,モデルとした熟練投球動作を基に時間的位相差の段階的操作により作成し,2群の各10人,計20人がモデルの実行した映像と作成した映像を観察した;それらの運動間の差異を検出したセット数を記録した.その結果,A群はB群よりも有意に早い段階で運動の差異を検出した(p<0.001).この結果は,運動技術レベルが高い実験参加者の運動観察における差異の検出精度は運動技術レベルが低い実験参加者の運動観察における差異の検出精度に比べ有意に高いということを示す.

著者

尼崎 光洋 煙山 千尋

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2013-1207, (Released:2013-08-08)

参考文献数

55

被引用文献数

5 5

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This study primarily examines the usefulness of and the gender differences in the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) to physical activity (PA) among Japanese university students. A total of 1,019 students (age=18-23 years, M=18.73 years, SD=0.64) participated in a selfadministered cross-sectional survey. All participants completed a questionnaire composed of sociodemographic variables (e.g., gender, age), risk perception, outcome expectancy, self-efficacy, behavioral intention, planning, and PA. Data were analyzed using structural and multi-group structural equation analyses. The results indicated that the HAPA model provided a good fit to the data and explained 31% of the variance in PA among Japanese university students. However, the HAPA also revealed several significant gender differences in the standardized path coefficients. These results suggest that the HAPA is a valid model for predicting PA among Japanese university students; however, gender differences in the HAPA should be considered when designing PA interventions.

著者

相羽 枝莉子 松田 晃二郎 児玉 亜由実 杉山 佳生

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.33-47, 2022-03-31 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

34

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The purpose of this study was to develop the Emotion Regulation Strategies scales in Sports competition (ERSS), and to investigate the patterns of tendency to use emotion regulation strategies during games with the competition results. In Study 1, a total of 513 athletes were investigated using a preliminary scale, and through exploratory factor analysis, six factors (positive refocusing, self-blame, conversion of viewpoint, emotional suppression, problem-solving, and rumination) were extracted, and the ERSS was developed. In Study 2, a total of 327 athletes, who different from the subjects in Study 1, completed the ERSS to confirm its validity, together with its related scales. All the subscales correlated with their relevant subscales in the expected directions, and the test–retest reliability was .41–.71 (p < .01). In addition, we analyzed ERSS subscale scores with cluster analysis, and the participants were classified into four clusters. The first cluster consisted of athletes who were more likely to use all the emotion regulation strategies; the second cluster consisted of athletes who were less likely to use all the strategies; the third cluster consisted of athletes who were more likely to use positive refocusing; and the fourth cluster consisted of athletes who were more likely to use problem-solving and emotional suppression. We conducted a chi-square test to investigate the association between the clusters and the level of competition. While we found no significant differences in any of them, we did identify a marginally significant difference in the first cluster.

著者

松田 晃二郎 須﨑 康臣 向 晃佑 杉山 佳生

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2018-1715, (Released:2018-09-28)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

2 3

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The present study aimed to explore the psychological growth achieved by athletes during coping with the yips. We interviewed six university baseball players (mean age=21.0 years, SD=1.15 years) who experienced the yips using the episode interview method and then gathered narrative data related to the experience of the yips or the psychological growth accompanying the same. As a result of analysis of the data, it was roughly divided into two types of narratives: “narratives of negative psychological changes accompanying the experience of the yips” and “narratives of psychological growth accompanying the experience of the yips.” Further analysis of the latter yielded the following five category groups on psychological growth: “positive changes in consciousness of competition,” “changes in self-recognition,” “mental margin,” “changes in the views of a way of others,” and “deepening of understanding of competition.” These results suggest that the experience of the yips leads to negative as well as positive psychological changes in the athlete.

著者

増澤 拓也 吉田 茂

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.69-84, 2011 (Released:2011-10-09)

参考文献数

16

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Sense-control (SC) training of ground reaction force when acquiring cornering skills was investigated. SC training can facilitate internal-standardization in the sense-control of loading and reaction forces in the direction of the resultant vector of inertia and gravity. Conversely, conventional (C) training cannot do so because it is based on external criteria given by instructors. Male participants (n=6) of identical skill levels were equally divided into two groups. In Experiment 1, Group A practiced SC training and Group B repeated C training. In Experiment 2, Group A had no training, such that retention could be assessed, whereas Group B practiced SC training to reconfirm its effects. The relevant skills in both groups were analyzed using the riding time of slalom, inward lean angle of the trunk, riding time on a straight 30m course, and cornering sense scores. The results of Experiment 1 showed significant positive effects of SC training on Group A compared to Group B, as indicated by above measures. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that Group A retained the shorter riding time of slalom, whereas after SC training, Group B showed the same riding time of slalom as Group A. We suggested that SC training facilitates acquiring balancing skills in the trunk-skill system by using internal-criteria as combination of sense-control factors. It is concluded that SC training is more effective for acquisition of the relevant skills than C training.

著者

林 晋子 土屋 裕睦

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.1-14, 2012 (Released:2012-04-27)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

4

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Athletes alike continually endure stresses and pressures during the four-year preparation period between Olympic competitions. Olympians often need support for their psychological problems. However, athletes' experiences of such support have not been fully elucidated. This study clarified Olympian's experiences and psychological changes from their interview. In addition, according the result we discussed what kind of psychological supports Olympian needs in the future. We interviewed three, two time Olympic athletes, who did not achieve their Olympic goals and analyzed their experiences using the Trajectory Equifinality Model (TEM). Results showed that the athletes were influenced by social expectations, as well as by their relationship with coaches, teammates, and others. throughout Olympic campaigns. The results also revealed that there were psychological processes by events and the influences of society surrounding the athlete. Four characteristics of psychological support required by Olympic athletes were identified sequentially: (1) change of the competition environment, (2) surge of social attention, (3) environmental changes before the Olympics, and (4) giving meaning to the Olympics. The results also indicated that (3) and (4) were the most significant aspects of support.

著者

藤井 紀之 中本 浩揮 幾留 沙智 畝中 智志 森 司朗

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.93-103, 2014-12-05 (Released:2015-04-14)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

3

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This study aimed to investigate whether individual differences in viewpoint (route or survey [bird's eye] view) while playing football are associated with mental rotation ability and domain-specificity. Seventeen varsity football players were assigned to Experienced and Non-Experienced survey view groups according to a questionnaire about their experiences with survey view while playing football. Three tasks were used to compare mental rotation and viewpoint switching ability between groups: a mental rotation task to assess the ability to operate upon visuospatial mental representations; a viewpoint switching task to assess the ability to switch viewpoint internally from route to survey view in response to non-domain-specific information (e.g., toysʼ configuration); and the complex task to assess the ability to switch viewpoint from route to survey view in response to domain-specific information (e.g., playersʼ configuration) and to operate upon visuospatial mental representations. There were significant between-group differences in response time for the mental rotation and complex tasks, but not in response accuracy for any tasks. This indicates that the experienced survey view group could quickly operate upon mental representations and switch viewpoints from route to survey view, but only in a domain-specific environment. Therefore, individual differences in viewpoint when playing football are associated with mental rotation ability and viewpoint switching ability in response to domain-specific information. More specifically, mental rotation ability and viewpoint switching is contingent upon domain-specific information for the attainment of survey view during football gameplay.

著者

有冨 公教 外山 美樹 沢宮 容子

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2013-1219, (Released:2013-09-18)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

3 2

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Effect of self-talk on motor performance was investigated. High school and junior high school students (N=24) participated in the study. They performed 400 meter timing trials each week for two weeks, such that first week was the baseline trial, and second week was the intervention trial. After the first trial, participants were assigned to one of two groups based on their swimming times: self-talk group (positive self-statements) or control group (thought suppression). In each of two trials, the participants were instructed to swim as easily as possible. After completing each trial, they requested to fill out the questionnaire that asked about their thoughts and perceived exertion rate while swimming, as well as fatigue, anxiety, and depression after swimming. Results indicated no change in the perceived rating of exertion and fatigue among the groups between the two trials. However, the group assigned to self-talk swam significantly faster in the intervention, compared to the baseline trial. Moreover, depression score in the self-talk group decreased significantly after the intervention, in comparison to the baseline. These results show that positive self-statements influence mood and the emotional state, in addition to the physical state and its cognition. The findings of this study suggest the usefulness of using self-talk by participants who aim to improve movements and enhance their performance.

著者

竹内 竜也 幾留 沙智 森 司朗 石倉 忠夫 中本 浩揮

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

2019

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The purpose of the present study was to clarify the influence of individual differences in the automatic imitation tendency on efficiency in observational motor learning. First, twenty participants each having higher or lower automatic imitation tendency were chosen from 210 according to their reaction times in the imitation-inhibition task indicating automatic imitation tendency. Each group performed the observational motor learning that alternately repeated action observation and execution. The participants in each group were further divided into two groups: appropriate model group that observed a model performing the task correctly and inappropriate model group that observed a model performing the task incorrectly. Results revealed that when participants observed the appropriate model, people with higher imitation tendency demonstrated better task performance in the acquisition phase and retention test than did those with a lower imitation tendency. On the other hand, when the participants observed the inappropriate model, the higher imitation tendency group exhibited lower performance in the acquisition phase and the retention test than did the lower imitation tendency group. Additionally, the higher tendency group was more influenced by difference between the appropriate and inappropriate model than was the lower tendency group in learning efficiency. These findings indicate that individual differences in the automatic imitation tendency affect the learning efficiency and retention in observational motor learning. Further, automatic imitation is likely to have a strong influence on observational motor learning regardless of the learnersʼ intention.

著者

熊谷 史佳 門岡 晋 菅生 貴之

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究

巻号頁・発行日

2018

被引用文献数

1

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Event-related potentials and reaction times were compared between athletes and non-athletes using a serial choice reaction task to obtain basic knowledge on cognitive information processing ability of athletes. Three sets of oddball tasks were conducted using visual stimuli that demanded complex assessments. The task was to raise the difficulty step by step from task 1 to 3. Results indicated that the P3 latency of the athlete group was shorter than that of the non-athlete group for all the tasks. Moreover, although the P3 amplitude of the athlete group had been amplifying from task 1 to 3, while the non-athlete group had been attenuated. There was also an interaction between the reaction times. Furthermore, there were no differences between the groups for the task 1, whereas there were differences for the task 2 and task 3, with the athlete group showing significantly shorter reaction times. The results of the reaction times and the P3 latency time obtained in this study indicated that the cognitive processing of stimuli was superior in the athlete group compared to the non-athlete group. Furthermore, athletes processed stimuli using fewer processing resources than non-athletes, which facilitates athletes to continue rapid information processing even in the case of tasks with increasing difficulty.

著者

松竹 貴大 實宝 希祥 門岡 晋 菅生 貴之 浅井 武

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.1-13, 2016

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Primary scientific data for evaluating information processing ability of the central nervous system that are associated with decision making was investigated in football players, by using event-related potentials (ERP; N200, P300) and reaction times. Participants were college football players who were winners of the all Japan university championship (n=8; Elites) and 8 graduate students with no football experience (n=8; Novices). They used an oddball paradigm consisting of a simple visual stimulus (Choice Reaction Task 1: CRT1) and an oddball paradigm consisting of a complex visual stimulus (Choice Reaction Task 2: CRT2). Results indicated that Elites had a significantly shorter reaction time than Novices in the CRT2. This finding corroborated many previous studies, and indicated that reaction times of Elites were faster than Novices. In addition, ERP (N200 and P300) was observed in all participants and there were no significant differences between the two groups in N200, or P300 latencies in the CRT1. However, Elites showed latencies that were significantly shorter than Novices in the CRT2. These results indicated that the process of evaluating and classifying stimuli was faster in Elites, suggesting that information processing ability of Elites was superior to Novices. In conclusion, this study identified basic scientific data on reaction times and ERP associated with evaluating information that are indicative of central nervous system processing ability associated with decision making by football players.

著者

米丸 健太 鈴木 壯

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

2016

被引用文献数

1

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The psychological growth process in becoming an independent athlete, and how others influence this process through psychological counseling was investigated. Counseling was conducted for an athlete that had difficulties in enhancing her performance and complained, "I'm not sure what I am." The counseling continued for three years through 101 interviews. During counseling, she discussed issues related to her performance and how she reconsidered herself. As a result, she became able to take initiatives during competitions and with other people, and grew up to become an independent athlete. Moreover, her performance was enhanced. Analyzing the process of counseling indicated the following. (1) An athlete progresses and becomes independent in the process of attempting to solve performance issues. (2) An athlete that is dependent on the instructions of significant others become a separate individual during the counseling process and grow up to be an independent athlete: namely, the athlete experiences an internal death is reborn as an independent person by overcoming difficulties through trial and error. (3) Listening and understanding an athlete's mind-body experiences can support efforts, lead to new discoveries and to new insights. Ultimately, the athlete accomplishes changes in performance, as well as in personal relationships. These findings suggest that dialogues during counseling are significant for the psychological development and performance enhancements of athletes. These perspectives would help us to understand the process of psychological development in athletes and would be useful for providing future psychological support for athletes.

著者

金 ウンビ 伊東 明宏 中塚 健太郎 坂入 洋右

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.19-34, 2014

被引用文献数

3

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Two studies were conducted to examine psychological and behavioral effects of adding music and physical contacts to exercise programs. In Study 1,146 college students were divided into four exercise conditions: (1) exercise with music and physical contact (2) exercise with physical contact (3) exercise with music (4) exercise without music and physical contact. The effects of exercise on psychological aspects such as mood, satisfaction with the exercise, and human relationships were compared among the four groups. Results indicated that the pleasure and arousal level of mood state increased after exercise in all four conditions. Moreover, both music and physical contact increased the satisfaction with exercise and the physical contacts promoted human relationships. In Study 2, psychological and behavioral effects of the exercise were compared with almost same exercise but without music and physical contact. The state of anxiety levels and the interpersonal distance and interpersonal behaviors between each subjects and a partner of exercise were investigated in 16 college students before and after exercise. Results indicated that the score of positive affect factor of State-STAI increased after exercise with music and physical contact comparing to exercise without them. Moreover, the effects of exercise on interpersonal relationships, such as perception of interpersonal attraction, shortening of interpersonal distance, and increase of positive interpersonal behavior were significantly higher after exercising in pairs with background music, compared to doing almost the same exercise without music and physical contact. Furthermore, statistically significant correlations were observed between the change of interpersonal distance and the effects such as increase of positive affect and interpersonal behavior. The results of the study suggest the effectiveness of adding music and physical contacts to exercise to improve psychological states and interpersonal interactions of people.

著者

鈴木 啓央 山本 裕二

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2013-1208, (Released:2013-06-20)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to quantify human dexterity by examining the movement involved in switching between forehand and backhand strokes when a ball moved from side to the other during table tennis. The hitting movements of expert and novice table tennis players were observed when balls were repeatedly moving in the same direction (periodic input condition) and when they were moving in two different directions successively (switching input condition). From the viewpoint of the switching dynamical system (Gohara and Okuyama, 1999a), the repeated movement under the periodic input condition was treated as an attractor, and the switching movement between strokes under the switching input condition was treated as transition of attractors. The dexterity with which movement were completed was quantified in terms of the fractal dimension. The fractal dimension was calculated according to Poincaré maps depicting the trajectories of the midpoint and angular velocities at the shoulder. Data from experts and novices almost reflected transitions of the third-order sequence effect, and the fractal dimensions included non-integers, which indicate that these fractal transitions had fractal properties. However, the fractal dimension of experts was lower than that of novices. The two output patterns corresponding to the two input patterns overlapped more for novices than for experts. The results suggest that the dexterity shown in switching movements can be quantified in terms of the fractal dimension based on the switching dynamical system.

著者

竹内 高行 猪俣 公宏

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.47-59, 2012 (Released:2012-04-27)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purpose of the present study was to examine visual search strategies employed by batters during a pitcher's pre-release motion. Eye movement, response time, and response accuracy were measured and analyzed while subjects were asked to observe images of pitches thrown by a pitcher edited using spatial occlusion techniques and to press a pushbutton switch when they decided to swing the bat. The results showed that the batters gazed at the pitcher's pitching wrist, elbow, and arm during the final period. When the pitcher's pitching arm was selectively occluded, the response time was significantly delayed compared with when the pitcher's other body parts were occluded. The findings suggest the importance of strategies for acquiring visual cues for batting by watching a pitcher's pitching arm during the final period. When the pitching wrist and wrist plus elbow were selectively presented during the final period, the response time was significantly delayed compared with when the pitcher's pitching wrist plus elbow plus arm, upper body, and lower body were shown. These results indicate that experts set their visual pivot on the pitcher's elbow and predict cues of the pitching arm from the whole pitcher's motion.

著者

門田 浩二

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.123-131, 2010 (Released:2010-10-08)

参考文献数

56

被引用文献数

1 2

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It is a well-known fact that the control of our body movements is processed implicitly. Each movement we make activates various sensory receptors, and these signals can elicit motor reactions without intentional control of the individual. These smart, effortless systems for processing of sensorimotor information seem to underpin the generation of quick and diverse motor patterns to adapt to fluctuations of the external / internal environments. Much debate has arisen on how to account for the interactions between the system and volition of movement. Over the past two decades, many hidden aspects of implicit / automatic sensorimotor behavior and the underlying neural substrate have been clarified by neurophysiological and neuropsychological studies. The findings of these studies provide a good insight into how to clarify and / or refine the relationships among intention of movement, sensory information, and actual motor patters generated by the individual. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of implicit visuomotor controls and may lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of motor control in sports.