著者

折原 友尊 丹野 貴行

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.1-19, 2022 (Released:2023-09-30)

参考文献数

93

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Since the 1940s, response shaping, also called “shaping of a new operant response,” has been a central issue in behavior analysis. However, most studies have been reports on the artistic practice of response shaping, and limited experimental analysis has been conducted on its control variables. The purpose of this study was to summarize the current status of the scientific research on response shaping and to explore its future prospects. After defining it and summarizing its historical background, studies were reviewed on its success or failure and the experimental analysis of its control variables. Three directions were suggested for the future: standardization of the experimental methods, introduction of an automatic measurement technology of response topography, and a steady experimental analysis of its control variables. The conceptual significance of response shaping is discussed with regard to its current position in modern psychology.

著者

やまだ ようこ

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.3, pp.436-463, 2006 (Released:2019-04-12)

被引用文献数

3

著者

佐藤 德

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.3, pp.217-231, 2016 (Released:2018-02-06)

参考文献数

64

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The ‘we-mode’ is defined as an irreducibly collective mode that enables interacting agents to share minds by representing their contributions to a joint action as contributions to something that they are going to pursue together (Gallotti and Frith, 2013, Trends in Cognitive Science, 17, 160–165). This paper reviews the current empirical findings on joint actions upon which the concept ‘we-mode’ relies heavily. Previous investigations on joint actions have demonstrated that sharing task representations allows individuals to predict and monitor their own actions and those of their partners, as well as their combined action outcomes. It has also been shown that performing actions together allows individuals to spontaneously adopt their partner’s level-2 visual and visuospatial perspective. The implications of these findings for research on the we-mode are discussed.

著者

室橋 春光

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.54-63, 2011 (Released:2018-08-18)

著者

楠見 孝

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.3, pp.251-271, 2018 (Released:2020-01-18)

参考文献数

44

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This study investigated the concept of wisdom as expertise in solving life problems based on an accumulation of life experience. We reviewed and defined the notion of wisdom as practical knowledge and skills, which have developed in the work place. We developed the Wisdom Knowledge Scale (WKS) based on the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm (Baltes & Smith, 2008), and checked the reliability and validity using four measures of wisdom: the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS; Webster, 2007), the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS; Ardelt, 2003), the Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory (ASTI; Levenson et al., 2005), and Brief Wisdom Screening Scale (BWSS; Glück, et al., 2013). Based on three survey data (Ns=1074, 997, 1000), participants’ scores on the Wisdom Knowledge Scale increased with age. Structural equation modeling showed that (a) years of education and work experience affected critical thinking attitude and practical knowledge, (b) critical thinking attitude and practical knowledge affected the Wisdom Knowledge score, (c) curiosity and grit affected the Wisdom Knowledge score, and (d) the Wisdom Knowledge score affected happiness. We discuss possibilities for future research on wisdom as expert knowledge using cross cultural, developmental, and interventional approaches.

著者

長谷川 寿一

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.3, pp.411-420, 2015 (Released:2018-06-19)

著者

田中 優子 楠見 孝

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.256-269, 2007 (Released:2019-04-12)

被引用文献数

3

著者

永澤 美保 外池 亜紀子 菊水 健史 藤田 和生

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.3, pp.324-339, 2015 (Released:2018-06-19)

被引用文献数

1

著者

中西 公一郎

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.3, pp.261-271, 1999 (Released:2019-04-12)

著者

河瀬 諭

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.4, pp.495-510, 2014 (Released:2018-07-13)

著者

髙橋 徹 荻島 大凱

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.3, pp.295-317, 2021 (Released:2023-02-10)

参考文献数

94

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Mindfulness affects a variety of psychological problems, and many psychological concepts have been introduced to explain the mechanism of these effects. However, a unified understanding has not been attained. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of mindfulness from the perspective of the predictive coding model, which has been attracting attention in recent years as a potential unified theory to explain various brain functions. Based on our review, we found that mindfulness is characterized by (1) predominantly minimizing prediction errors via perceptual inference, which updates predictions based on sensations rather than by active inference (which attempts to modify sensations to match predictions); (2) increasing the precision of sensory input by attention, and (3) decreasing the precision of prior predictions by not weighting past experiences. These features may lead to rapid minimization of prediction error and an accurate understanding of the inner and outer environment. By redefining mindfulness in the predictive coding model, we discuss the possibility of understanding the mechanisms of mindfulness from a unified perspective that explains human perception, behavior, cognition, and emotion.

著者

温 若寒 三浦 麻子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.52-63, 2022 (Released:2023-09-30)

参考文献数

46

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On the Internet, the appearance of behaviors that differ from those used in real-life may be observed. The online disinhibition theory, pioneered by Suler (2004), has frequently been cited in empirical studies to explain this phenomenon. However, scholars have not reached a consensus regarding the construct of online disinhibition. In this study, an appropriate construct of online disinhibition for psychological research was explored and a model was proposed to explain its functioning. First, this study highlighted that previous studies have examined online disinhibition from three perspectives. This paper discusses the contributions and limitations of previous studies and postulates that psychological research on online disinhibition should be conducted from the perspective of the mental state. Three significant models that explain the working of online disinhibition were reviewed: the “benign/toxic disinhibition model,” “online disinhibition/behaviors model,” and “online disinhibition and deindividuation model.” Finally, the “motivation-based online disinhibition model” is proposed as an improved model that solves the limitations of the aforementioned models.

著者

横川 博一

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.3, pp.292-307, 2016 (Released:2018-02-06)

参考文献数

39

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By examining the communication scenes that occur between people, we consider the nature of we-mode that occurs in individual-to-individual interactions. First, we consider the basis of we-mode emergence from the perspective of speech acts and various communicative functions within the framework of verbal communication. Next, we examine the psycholinguistic models of verbal communication, referring to Levelt (1989), in order to describe the mechanisms of dialogue. Subsequently, we focus on the interactive alignment found in dialogue as a form of we-mode that arises in verbal communication and consider we-mode by examining the phenomenon of linguistic priming. In addition, after investigating whether this linguistic priming arises in communication between learners of foreign languages, as well as between native speakers, we refer to various foreign language teaching methodologies and second language acquisition theories to consider how communication has been viewed in foreign language education in the past and attempt to understand the identity and role of we-mode in verbal communication and foreign language acquisition.”

著者

森川 和則

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.348-361, 2012 (Released:2018-08-18)

被引用文献数

3

著者

内田 由紀子 荻原 祐二

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.26-42, 2012 (Released:2018-08-18)

被引用文献数

2

著者

市川 伸一

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.4, pp.367-378, 2017 (Released:2019-03-22)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

1

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Cognitive psychology, which focuses on the learner’s cognitive processes using the terms schemas, naïve concepts, metacognition, learning strategy, and so on, has provided a theoretical foundation for educational psychology. However, the contribution to education was not clear a few decades ago. This was likely due to the fact that the researchers were not participating in educational programs. Cognitive counseling (Ichikawa, 1989) is practical research activity performed by cognitive psychologists in Japan in which the counselor makes a diagnosis and tutors the students with learning difficulties. It was once a local activity but now there are collaborations among research groups, schools, and educational programs. The examples shown in this paper are the seminars for students on study skills based on cognitive psychology and the instructional design called “thinking-after-instruction approach.” Furthermore, these ideas have influenced the national curriculum in Japan through discussions in the central council for education. Several publications and social activities in cognitive and educational psychology were also reviewed in this paper.

著者

小林 敬一

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.143-161, 2016 (Released:2018-04-13)

参考文献数

96

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In our society, exposure to conflicting information concerning public issues is the norm rather than the exception. Despite this, to date there has been no comprehensive assessment of studies examining the effects of exposure to conflicting information on attitude formation and change. Therefore, the present article reviewed empirical studies across three relevant research areas: social network heterogeneity, competitive framing, and attitude polarization. Synthesis of these findings suggest that exposure to conflicting information weakens the strength of preexisting attitudes, encourages the formation of moderate attitudes, enhances the impact of a frame (a stronger frame, an antecedent frame, or a subsequent frame) on attitude formation, or leads to perceived attitude polarization. As a unified explanation of these effects, a model is presented. This model posits that a certain aspect of conflicting information communicated, including a conflict of claims, arguments, and frames, is highlighted by moderating factors (e.g., the presence or absence of social network as an information source, the accessibility of preexisting attitudes), thereby bringing about different exposure effects. Finally, some directions for future research are proposed.

著者

玉井 颯一

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.170-182, 2020 (Released:2021-08-05)

参考文献数

52

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Belongingness is a fundamental human need. Adverse consequences occur with social exclusion. Terms related to pain such as “broken heart” and “hurt,” which are used to reflect individuals’ emotional state when they are socially excluded, are found across a wide variety of cultures. Research indicates that when individuals experience threats to their social bonds, their brain responds in the same way as it does to physical pain. In essence, the psychological reaction associated with being excluded is akin to physical pain. However, several recent studies have criticized the view that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region in the brain, has a key role in the physical–social pain overlap. In this review, I discuss recent trends in the pain overlap theory and relevant topics for future research.

著者

伊藤 裕子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.91-94, 2017 (Released:2018-07-20)

参考文献数

19

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The various underlying causes of both gender differences and gender inequality were investigated by analyzing previous studies on social perspectives, gender stereotypes, heterosexuality, and marital motives. To date, researchers have used different approaches for analysis of the public and private aspects of gender differences. For public aspects, they have investigated complaints about gender discrimination as a human rights issue in social settings. Private aspects have been related to the issue of forming male-female couples, i.e. heterosexual or marital motives. All of the above approaches are considered as the field of social psychology. This study attempted to approach these issues from the perspective of developmental psychology.

著者

藤島 喜嗣 樋口 匡貴

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.84-97, 2016 (Released:2018-04-13)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

1

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There is currently an ongoing debate about reproducibility in social psychology. One reason for low reproducibility is the excessive use of questionable research practices, called “p-hacking”. We present two direct replication studies of social priming and embodied cognition that failed to replicate the original findings under the circumstances of high statistical power. However, a variety of p-hacking attempts made it possible to obtain some false-positive findings based on the data from these two studies. We note that selectively reporting the results and deriving the hypothesis after the results are obtained may disguise the presence of p-hacking, and argue that pre-registration of studies and fair publishing of negative results could inhibit p-hacking.