著者

片桐 正敏

出版者

JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.25-38, 2019 (Released:2019-11-22)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

1

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the most prominent symptoms are deficits in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) has recently included atypical sensory responsiveness (i.e., hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input). This review discusses attentional hypotheses and sensory processing as a developmental bias to stimulation processing in social interactions in individuals with ASD. The first section reviews the weak central coherence hypothesis (Happé & Frith, 2006) and reviews the enhanced perceptual functioning hypothesis (Mottron et al., 2006), which is a basic, but not necessarily social, disturbance of the perceptual-cognitive style and focuses on detail-focused processing in ASD. These proposed hypotheses are a framework within which the perceptual characteristics of individuals with ASD can be understood. The second section discusses a possible mechanism between specific sensory processing (e.g., arousal system and interoception) and atypical social interaction (e.g., repetitive and stereotyped interests and behaviors) in ASD, based on the discussion of the predictive coding theory. Individuals with ASD limit the input of information by an attentional focus on a part of the stimulus and/or by restricted and repetitive behavior. These aspects of information processing may contribute to the generation and stabilization of models of the internal or emotional self. Thus, attentional biases such as detail-focused processing in ASD are an adaptive mechanism for managing the overabundance of visual information.

著者

森 数馬 岩永 誠

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.215-234, 2014 (Released:2018-07-13)

被引用文献数

2

著者

松本 昇

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.4, pp.451-484, 2015 (Released:2018-06-19)

被引用文献数

1

著者

越野 英哉 苧阪 満里子 苧阪 直行

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.3, pp.376-391, 2013 (Released:2018-08-18)

著者

三中 信宏

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.123-128, 2016 (Released:2018-04-13)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

3

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The recent controversy over statistical data analyses sheds a light on a number of cases of abuse of statistical procedures. In this essay some practical aspects of statistical analyses, mainly in agricultural research, are discussed. During the past century eminent researchers, including K. Pearson, R. A. Fisher, J. Neyman, and E. S. Pearson, have established the theoretical basis of modern mathematical statistics, e.g., experimental design, sampling distributions, and hypothesis testing. Some users in psychology, agronomy, etc. might be liable to commit misconduct in statistical analysis. Of course while they are responsible for what they have done, they must understand not only the proper use of statistical methodology but also the characteristic of each science.

著者

澤 幸祐 栗原 彬

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.46-56, 2016 (Released:2018-04-13)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

6

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The reproducibility and reliability of research are fundamental tenets in science, and in animal psychology. In the field of animal psychology, researchers have used a number of different species in various tasks and settings, such that considerations of the reproducibility are necessary compared with human research. Furthermore, using the appropriate statistical analysis and improving experimental design, a concrete theoretical background underlying each research question seems only to be important for improving the reproducibility between experiments in which the same species were used, but also in the situation where different species have been used. Because it is sometimes difficult to standardize the tasks and settings among investigations in animal psychology, theoretical consideration should help improve the reproducibility of research, as well as the validity of the interpretation of results obtained. Such efforts would also contribute to reduce the unnecessary use of animals from the perspective of animal welfare.

著者

嶋田 総太郎

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.155-168, 2014 (Released:2018-07-13)

被引用文献数

1

著者

定藤 規弘

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.3, pp.274-282, 2016 (Released:2018-02-06)

参考文献数

37

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Development of social cognition is embedded in real-time social interactions between individuals, i.e., inter-subjectivity. To depict its neural underpinning, we have conducted a multi-brain approach utilizing hyperscanning fMRI that enables depiction of the neural activities of the two brains during a real-time interaction, i.e., joint attention. Hyperscanning fMRI of pairs of adults performing joint attention showed inter-individual neural synchronization in the right inferior frontal gyrus after all of the task-related effects were modeled out. To explore how the joint attention and eye-contact generates the state of shared attention, we conducted hyperscanning fMRI in which pairs of participants performed a real-time mutual gaze, before and after the joint attention task. During the mutual gaze, eye-blink synchronization, a behavioral index of shared attention, increased after the joint attention. The increase of eye-blink synchronization correlated positively with the increase of inter-individual neural synchronization within the right inferior frontal gyrus during mutual gaze. This enhanced neural synchronization also correlated positively with enhanced eye-blink synchronization during the previous joint attention. Thus, shared attention is represented and retained by pair-specific neural synchronization of the right inferior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, we have also successfully treated the two brains as a single unit, in order to understand the neural substrates of inter-subjectivity. We will apply this “two-in-one” strategy to various behavioral milestones of the development of social cognition from mutual imitation to prosocial behavior. Our “two-in-one” strategy using hyperscanning fMRI will become an indispensable and ground-breaking method to open the new field of “inter-subjectivity” social neuroscience.

著者

三浦 麻子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.3, pp.272-280, 2019 (Released:2021-02-28)

参考文献数

10

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In recent years, severe concerns exist regarding the replicability and reproducibility crisis of psychological research. In this special issue, to improve this situation as much as possible, we practiced “prereview of pre-registration” of the direct replication of previous research. In this paper, I summarized our practice, which was performed for the first time in Japan, through a progress report and comments by the reviewers. I also provided some perspectives for the future.

著者

三浦 麻子 友永 雅己 原田 悦子 山田 祐樹 竹澤 正哲

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.3, pp.197-204, 2019 (Released:2021-02-28)

参考文献数

17

著者

宮内 哲

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.3, pp.414-454, 2013 (Released:2018-08-18)

被引用文献数

5

著者

山本 晶友 樋口 匡貴

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.3, pp.242-258, 2020 (Released:2022-02-05)

参考文献数

104

被引用文献数

1

---

This article reviews the functions and negative consequences of two emotions that support reciprocal help in humans: compassion and gratitude. Compassion arises when an individual witnesses another individual’s suffering and can be distinguished from the experience-sharing of distress with that person. This emotion has a significant role in the caregiving response to vulnerable offspring and cooperative relations with non-kin. However, compassion may sacrifice the welfare of people who are not the target of this emotion or may hinder the target’s growth. Gratitude is generated when one benefits from someone else’s good intentions, and can be distinguished from a mere positive emotion or indebtedness. This emotion contributes to increasing the morality of the beneficiary and the benefactor and contributes to a high-quality relationship between them. However, gratitude may cause unnecessary harm to the beneficiary’s welfare. In an intimate relationship, unbalanced gratitude may decrease relationship satisfaction. Social emotions largely support reciprocal help in humans; however, these emotions evidently are not the sole requirement.

著者

森口 佑介

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.4, pp.529-539, 2014 (Released:2018-07-13)

著者

大久保 街亜

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.57-67, 2016 (Released:2018-04-13)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

11

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Although null hypothesis significance testing has been strongly criticized for decades, it has been the dominant statistical method in the field of psychology. Non-reproducibility of findings in psychology can be attributed, at least partially, to an arbitrary threshold (i.e., .05) in the null hypothesis significance testing and overrepresentation of p-values. The present study surveyed papers from the Japanese Journal of Social Psychology and examined whether or not such overrepresentation also existed among psychology researchers in Japan. Effect size measures and p-values did not correspond well when p-values were set at around .05. Moreover, the frequency of p-values just below .05 was greater than expected. These results imply that the overrepresentation of p-values can produce unreliable and irreproducible results. Two types of remedies are discussed to alleviate the problems of overrepresentation of the p-values.

著者

鈴木 淳子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.62-80, 2017 (Released:2018-07-20)

参考文献数

116

被引用文献数

4

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Despite the increasing participation of women in the workforce and the establishment of laws prohibiting gender discrimination, it is not clear why gender inequality still persists in Japanese society. To address this question, this paper explains the mechanisms of the persistence of gender inequality from the perspective of work and family. First, the rapid changes in the Japanese society, laws, and economic structure over the past four decades are presented. Next, I review literature on the psychology and sociology of gender role attitudes and the longitudinal changes in these attitudes. In addition, seven gender disparities in the workplace (e.g., gender wage gap and proportion of women in managerial positions) are discussed in relation to family roles.The overall results reveal that the following five factors contribute to the persistence of gender inequalities: 1. division of labor by gender; 2. long working hours, employment systems, and employment practices; 3. gender role stereotypes and expectations; 4. inconsistent management practices between positive attitudes towards promoting women and traditional gender role attitudes; and 5. traditional gender role attitudes and gender identity of a woman as a wife.

著者

清水 裕士

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.22-41, 2018 (Released:2019-07-11)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

13

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The use of Bayesian statistics in psychology has been of recent focus. This paper discusses the effectiveness and usefulness of “Bayesian statistical modeling” in psychological studies by exploring its differences with traditional methodologies used in psychological studies. First, we explain differences between two trends in Bayesian statistics: hypothesis testing using Bayesian statistics and Bayesian statistical modeling. Second, Bayesian estimation and probabilistic programming languages may make it easy for psychologists to use statistical modeling. Third, the three advantages of studies using Bayesian statistical modeling in psychology are demonstrated. These advantages include developing mathematical explanations of behavioral mechanisms, valid estimation of psychological characteristics, and improved transparency and replicability of the data analysis. Fourth, it is argued that Bayesian statistical modeling and traditional psychological methodology could coexist by influencing each other.

著者

河西 哲子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.29-38, 2011 (Released:2018-08-18)

著者

大沢 正子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.25-38, 1975 (Released:2019-09-19)

著者

米田 英嗣 間野 陽子 板倉 昭二

出版者

JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.39-50, 2019 (Released:2019-11-22)

参考文献数

85

被引用文献数

1

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This paper reviews the role of empathy in autism spectrum disorders and psychopathy. Empathy can be subdivided into two categories: cognitive empathy (i.e., the ability to identify the emotions of others) and affective empathy (i.e., the ability to share or match the emotions of the self with those of others). Individuals with autism spectrum disorders lack cognitive empathy, whereas individuals with psychopathy lack emotional empathy. The similarity hypothesis states that people empathize with other people who are similar to themselves in personality and in conditions such as developmental disorders or typical development. The similarity hypothesis predicts that individuals with autism spectrum disorders would emotionally empathize with other people with autism spectrum disorders, and individuals with psychopathy would cognitively empathize with other people with psychopathy. Finally, we attempted to interpret autism spectrum disorders and psychopathy as resulting from the neurodiversity of empathy.

著者

板倉 昭二

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.4, pp.538-550, 1988 (Released:2019-07-24)